2.2.
3 Environmental considerations:
The project manager, the contractor and the project owner must be aware on the
environmental consequences linked to the bridge construction project. The
environmental issues have normally to be considered from the project definition and
must continue to be examined regularly along the project execution. Those issues
will be link to work on site, like materials and the construction methods, and to
work impacts. The environmental includes the physical environment, the habitats,
natural species and humans/social activities. The utilization of resources, air,
water and earth pollution and the undesirable effects on the habitats, flora and
fauna by the activities link to the construction are all examples of environmental
impacts.
Many environmental considerations are specific to the site, link to the local
characteristics and regulations. Hence, it can be necessary to carry out an
environmental evaluation during the phase of the project. The environmental
considerations also include a perennial use of resources in material, which
requires: Effective use of materials, Waste minimization, Recycling of waste.
Social aspects like, hygiene and security of workers, and stakeholder consultation
are also important. Environmental and social aspects must be considered for all the
life cycle of the structure; including in service, in maintenance and end of life;
not only at the conception stage.
2.2.4 Social considerations:
The projects are almost carry out for the benefit of the society; The social aspect
that are necessary to consider during the project phase execution are the
following:
? Hygiene and security:
Work in aquatic or marine environment are sometimes dangerous by nature of the
environment. The coastal or marine environment can be very unstable, sometimes
unpredictable, with sudden and important changes of wind, swell and water level.
The gutters can also be difficult, subject to flash floods and significant seasonal
flows. The risk for the work, equipment and the workers have not to be
underestimated and must be considered during the planning, investigation and
construction. An appropriated signalling can be used to inform the public on the
dangers and draw its attention on the roles of the structure. And it is essential
to reduce risks at the source, earlier in the construction phase.
? The social impacts of the construction and the operation of the development:
The construction work can perturb and embarrass residents. The constraints and the
opportunities have to be determined associating the public and identify since the
project phase. Where possible, the constraints must be overcome from the design
phase. The points to resolve are the following:
� Local job opportunities;
� Access plan to the site;
� Reduced working hours;
� Specific construction method;
� Public access on and around the site
? Implication of the stakeholders:
When the involved parties are consulted from the beginning, a more acceptable
design can be produced and the problem avoided. There can be a big difference
between what the designer conceive as a problem and the perception of concerned
parties. In many cases, taking into account local needs has a low impact on the
cost and the construction of the structure, but can improve the service quality of
the structure.
The commitment from the beginning of involved parties helps to inform the person
affected by the technical process; on the motivation and technical reasons who
drive to certain decisions, for example. This understanding may result in
acceptability of construction methods choose despite the short-term
[Link] some parts of the world, the use of local material and the local
labour bring important benefits for the population in terms of revenues and
employment. Different conceptions may be expected in these circumstances.