Engineering
CIV2226
Design of Concrete & Masonry
Structures
Dr. Ye Lu
Lecture #3 (week 4)
Previously on this topic…
Strength Check
Rd >= Ed (Design capacity >= Design action effects)
Rd = φ Ru
Ed =1.2 G + 1.5 Q
Serviceability Check
Long term load, Ed = G + ψl Q
Short term load, Ed = G + ψs Q
Simplified Method for Continuous Beams
Moment = Coef. * Fd Ln2
Today’s Lecture (Chapters 3)
Serviceability Check for RC Beams
• Deflections
• Crack Control
Some Notations
bef
tf
d
D
Ast
bw
bef : Effective width of flange
bw : Width of web
b =bef = bw
Ast : Area of tensile reinforcement
tf : Thickness of flange
D: Overall depth
d: Effective depth (from extreme compression fibre to resultant tensile force)
Review of Beam in Bending
Which one is correct for S = ?
S: First Moment of Area b
A. b*h*d
h
B. b*h*d/2
h/2
C. b*h*d/4
d N.A.
Review of Beam in Bending
b
Which one is correct for I = ?
I: Second Moment of Area
A. b*h3/8 h N.A.
B. b*h3/12 h/2
C. b*h3/6
What if N.A. is not at the middle of the section?
b
I = b*h3/12+b*h*d2
h
h/2
d N.A.
Review of Beam in Bending
ε σ
y
N.A.
ε σ
Stress and strain distribution
My For elastic range: σ = Eε
σ =
Ig Deformation (strain) compatibility
y: Distance to neutral axis
Serviceability Check
• Deflections
Short term deflection – instant deflection by loads
Long term deflection – additional sustained-load deflection by creep
UDL: w
EI
∆=?
Simply Supported Beam
Mid-Span Deflection:
Different materials with different elastic moduli (Es, Ec)?
Cracked and Uncracked Sections
a) uncracked
b) cracked
N.A.
Different sections with different I?
Section Transformation (Uncracked)
, the modular ratio (steel to concrete)
Section Transformation (Fully Cracked)
b b
dn
D d
n Ast
Ast
, the modular ratio (steel to concrete)
Uncracked Elastic Section
b εc σc
dn
D d
εst σst
εct σct
Ast n Ast (n-1) Ast
Determine the N.A.
d
2
b n =b
(D − d n ) + (n − 1)A (d − d )
2
st n
2 2
D
bD × + ( n − 1) A st d
dn = 2
bD + ( n − 1) A st
Calculate Ig
2
1 D
Ig = bD 3 + bD d n − + ( n − 1) Ast ( d − d n ) 2
12 2
b εc σc
dn
D d
εst σst
εct σct
Ast n Ast (n-1) Ast
σc =
Md n M (D − dn )
Calculate stress σ ct =
Ig Ig
ε st d − d n σ st E s d − d n
=
=
ε ct D − d n σ ct E c D − d n
M (d − d n )
σ st = n
Ig
Cracking occurs when σct =σcr
Cracking moment: Mcr = σcrIg/(D-dn)
Fully Cracked Elastic Section
b b εc σc
kd/3
dn=kd
d
D
jd=d-kd/3
C
εst σst
n Ast T = Ast σst
Ast
1
b d n = n A st ( d − d n ) dn = kd ; p = Ast/bd
2
Determine the N.A.
2
1 d 1
I cr = bd n + bd n ( n ) 2 + n Ast ( d − d n ) 2 = bd n + n Ast ( d − d n ) 2
3 3
Calculate Icr
12 2 3
M dn ε st d − d n σ st E s d − d n M (d − d n )
Calculate stress σc = = = σ st = n
I cr εc dn σ c Ec d n I cr
Doubly Reinforced Fully Cracked Section
M dn
σc =
b (n-1) Asc I cr
M (d n − d sc )
dsc σ sc = n
I cr
Asc dn=kd
d
D
M (d − d n )
σ st = n σ c = n
I cr
Ast n Ast
1
b d n + ( n − 1) Asc ( d n − d sc ) = n Ast ( d − d n )
2
Determine the N.A.
2
1
I cr = bd n + n Ast ( d − d n ) 2 + ( n − 1) Asc ( d n − d sc ) 2
3
Calculate Icr
3
Stiffness (EI) Change with Bending Moment
EIcr
EIg
EIcr
EIg
At service loads (points C1 and C2), the
average EI values are between EIg and EIcr
Effective Ief (Clause 8.5.3)
1 d 1
Ief > Icr I cr = bd n + bd n ( n ) 2 + n Ast (d − d n ) 2 = bd n + n Ast (d − d n ) 2
3 3
12 2 3
b b
dn=kd
D d
n Ast
Ast
2
1 D
Ief < Ig I g = bD 3 + bD d n − + (n − 1) Ast ( d − d n ) 2
12 2
b
D d
Ast n Ast
Effective Ief
Ig,
Ig,
0.6Ig,
Short term load: w = G + ψs Q
Mcr: Cracking bending moment
b b
dn=kd
P/Ag, Pe: Prestress contribution, without considering this, we have: D d
Mcr = Z(f ’ct,f - σcs)=σcr*Ig / (D-dn) σcr = f ’ct,f - σcs
Ast n Ast
f cf' = 0.6 f c '
Ast / bw d
[Link]
g
Short Term Deflection (Mid-Span)
Short term load, w = G + ψs Q
Simply supported beam:
Continuous beam:
Continuous beam
Mm
Stiffness (EI) Change with Location
The EI value will vary along the length of a beam because of different
bending moments.
AS3600 p114 or Textbook p108
For simplicity, in practice class question:
Ief = Ief, at mid-span
Long Term Deflection
• ∆l = kcs ∆[Link]
• ∆l : Long-term deflection
• ∆[Link] : immediate deflection due to sustained
load (G + ψl Q)
Long term deflection factor
• ∆tot = ∆l + ∆s
• ∆tot ≤ ∆allow (allowable deflection)
Deemed to Comply Span-to-Depth Ratios
for Deflection Control
Ec: the concrete elastic modulus, bef: the effective width of the flange (Textbook P141)
≤
Fd,ef = effective design load per unit length, taken as:
= (1.0 + kcs) G + (ψs + kcs ψl) Q for total deflection
or
= kcs G + (ψs + kcs ψl) Q for additional deflection, which
occurs after the addition or attachment of partitions.
kcs = Long term deflection factor
∆ / Lef = deflection limit
Crack Control of Beams
1) Check reinforcement ratio (Clause 8.6)
A D
2
f ct' , f
OR p = st ≥ p min = α b
bw d d f sy
bef: the effective width of the flange
fsy: the characteristic yield strength of steel reinforcement
f’ct,f: the characteristic tensile strength of concrete
bw
Ds: overall depth of a slab
Crack Control of Beams
2) Check concrete cover and bar spacing (Clause 8.5.3)
c s
bw
c <=100 mm
s <=300 mm
Crack Control of Beams
3) Check tension stress in bars
C
jd
Ms = T j d = Ast fst jd
fst = Ms / (Ast jd) < the larger stress from tables 8.6.1 (a) and (b)
Ms is determined by short term load (G + 0.7 Q )
Assume j ≈ 0.9
3) Check tension stress in bars
3) Check tension stress in bars
Serviceability Design - Summary
• Step 1: Locate neutral axis
• Step 2: Define Icr and Ig
• Step 3: Define Ief with Mcr
• Step 4: Determine serviceability load combinations
(short term and long term)
• Step 5: Serviceability check
Serviceability Design - Summary
Deflection < Limit deflection
1. calculate ∆tot = ∆l + ∆s ≤ ∆allow
2. check span-to-depth ratios Lef/d
Crack control
check 1) reinforcement ratio
2) concrete cover and bar spacing
3) steel stresses