Introduction to
Earthquake Engineering
Behaviour of structures
under earthquakes
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Uwe E. Dorka
Stand: September 2013
Conventional rc-frame structure under Kobe earthquake
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 2
Non-linear cyclic behaviour of frames
Plastic hinge
From Petersen (9)
Failure in soft storey
From Müller, Keintzel (2)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 3
Non-linear cyclic behaviour of walls
flexural failure shear failure sliding failure rotation of foundation
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 4
Behaviour of reinforced concrete structures
Flexural cyclic behaviour in plastic hinges
From Earthquake Spectra (10)
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 5
Concrete columns
Buckling of longitudinal reinforcement
From Wakabayashi (1)
From Earthquake Spectra (10)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 6
Concrete columns
Behaviour under combined bending and axial load:
From Wakabayashi (1)
From Wakabayashi (1)
From Petersen (9)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 7
Short columns
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 8
Short columns
Extreme pinching of hysteresis loop and failure in shear
From Wakabayashi (1)
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 9
Rc frame corners
pinching effect and deterioration due to large shear
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 10
Complicated details in rc-frames:
From Müller, Keintzel (2)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 11
Shear walls
Brittle behaviour, but large capacity!
From Wakabayashi (1)
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 12
Coupled shear walls
Brittle failure in shear!
From Wakabayashi (1)
From Earthquake Spectra (10)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 13
Coupled shear walls
Large shear in connecting
beam leads to “Impossible”
detailing requirements for
an rc-solution!
Better: steel beam, but
special attention must be
paid to the connection!
From Müller, Keintzel (2)
From Müller, Keintzel (2)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 14
Pre-cast structures
“Domino effect” due to
sudden connection failure
often leads to total collapse!
From Wakabayashi (1)
From Earthquake Spectra (10)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 15
Behaviour of steel structures
Conventional steel structure under Kobe earthquake: soft storey
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 16
Steel beams
Plastic hinges
From DGEB (8)
Local buckling under cyclic loading
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 17
Steel beams
Moment-rotation hysteresis loop of a steel beam
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 18
Steel columns
Hysteresis of column with P-D effect Instable load bearing due to negative
post-yield stiffness can lead to total
collapse of structure
Rapid deterioration due to local
buckling
Columns should not yield, only beams!
From Wakabayashi (1)
Strong column – weak beam concept!
From Petersen (9)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 19
Steel struts
Cyclic buckling of struts
From Earthquake Spectra (10)
From Wakabayashi (1)
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 20
Braced steel frames
Braced full-scale portal frame under constant vertical
load and cyclic horizontal load.
Combined action of beam plastic hinges and cyclic
strut behaviour: stiff but ductile!
P= 0,5* Npl P= 0,5* Npl
H H
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 21
Steel connections
Brittle fracture in welds
Both Pictures from earthquake Spectra (10)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 22
Steel connections
Brittle fracture in welds
and rupture of bolts
Both Pictures from earthquake Spectra (10)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 23
Steel connections
Seismically sound connections in
frame corners
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 24
Behaviour of timber structures
Modern Japanese residential structure under Kobe earthquake:
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 25
Behaviour of timber structures
Insufficient connections can lead to brittle failure
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 26
Timber wall with cladding
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 27
Timber wall with cladding
Load-deflection relationship for a timber wall with cladding under cyclic shear
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 28
Behaviour of masonry structures
Typical crack pattern between openings and at corners
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 29
Behaviour of masonry structures
Typical crack pattern between openings and at corners
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 30
Behaviour of masonry structures
From Earthquake Spectra (10)
Collapse of chimneys and
out-of-plane failure of roof
gable walls due to insufficient
lateral support
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 31
Masonry walls
Horizontal load-deflection relationship for a wall subjected to cyclic shear and
constant vertical load showing rapid deterioration of hysteresis loop
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 32
Masonry in-filled rc-frames
Non-linear mechanism with compression strut developing in masonry wall
causing shear failure in rc-columns
From Wakabayashi (1)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 33
Behaviour of historic structures
Many old historic structures
behave well having sustained
several earthquakes during their
history
“Intact” historical structural systems
are usually quite safe, sometimes
with surprising effects
From Earthquake Spectra (10)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 34
Behaviour of historic structures
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 35
Behaviour of historic structures
“New” (18th – 20th century) historic
structures are often derived from
“non-seismic” countries like Britain
or Germany with modern structural
systems not capable of resisting
large earthquakes
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 36
Behaviour of historic structures
Modern alterations often lead to a change in behaviour and collapse
Car parking or shops
create soft storeys
Rc- additions change
historic load paths
etc.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 37
Behaviour of bridges
Horizontal shear failure in deck due
to differences in deformations of
supporting frames (short frame vs.
long frame)
Both Pictures from Earthquake Spectra (10)
Relative motion of single-
span deck caused drop-off
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 38
Behaviour of bridges
Brittle shear failure in columns
(short column effect) and
frame corners
Both Pictures from Earthquake Spectra (10)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 39
Behaviour of bridges
Toppling due to P-D effect
From Petersen (9)
Both Pictures from Earthquake Spectra (10)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 40
Behaviour of bridges
Both Pictures from Earthquake Spectra (10)
Bearing failure due to large
mass effect
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 41
Behaviour of bridges
Both Pictures from Earthquake Spectra (10)
Insufficient retrofit due to neglect
of differential motion between
large masses:
“band-aid” solution!
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dorka | Behaviour of structures under earthquakes 42
References
(1) Wakabayashi –
Design of Earthquake-Resistant Buildings
McGraw-Hill Book Company
(2) Müller, Keintzel –
Erdbebensicherung von Hochbauten
Verlag Ernst & Sohn
(3) Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Erdbebeningenieurwesen - DGEB
Schriftenreihe der DGEB, Heft 2
Elsevier
(4) Petersen
Statik und Stabilität der Baukonstruktionen
Vieweg
(5) Jack P. Moehle
Earthquake Spectra – April 1995
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