P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio de una

ecuación parabólica semilineal1

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López

Departamento de Matemática
IBILCE/UNESP - São José do Rio Preto

X Fast WorkShop on Applied and Computational Mathematics

06 de Enero de 2017

1
Dr. G. Lozada-Cruz (IBILCE/UNESP/SJRP)
Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio
Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio
The semilinear parabolic problem

We consider the problem


ut = Lu + f (u), t > 0, x ∈ Ω

u(t, x) = 0, t > 0, x ∈ ∂Ω (1)

u(0, x) = u 0 (x),


where u 0 ∈ H01 (Ω), Ω ⊂ Rn is a bounded domain with smooth

boundary ∂Ω, n ≥ 2, L is second order elliptic operator given by
n n
X ∂  ∂u  X ∂u
Lu = aij (x) + bj (x) + (c(x) + λ)u, (2)
∂xi ∂xj ∂xj
i,j=1 j=1

with coefficients aij , bj , c : Ω → R smooth, λ ∈ R and

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

f : R → R is a nonlinear function of class C 2 (R) satisfying

|f 0 (s)| ≤ C (1 + |s|γ−1 ), ∀s ∈ R, (C)

n+2
where 1 ≤ γ < n−2 if n ≥ 3, and γ ≥ 1 if n = 2, and

f (u)
lim sup ≤ 0. (D)
|u|→∞ u

We assume that L is uniformly strongly elliptic operator, that is,

there is a constant ϑ > 0 such that
n
X n
X 
aij (x)ξi ξj ≥ ϑ ξk2 ,
i,j=1 k=1

for all x ∈ Ω, ξ = (ξ1 , ..., ξn ) ∈ Rn with aij = aji , ∀i, j = 1, ..., n.

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

Let X = L2 (Ω) be and define the linear operator A : D(A) → X by
Au = −Lu, for all u ∈ D(A) = H 2 (Ω) ∩ H01 (Ω).
Assume that λ is chosen s.t. Re σ(A) > 0. Then, X 1 = D(A),
X 0 = L2 (Ω) and X 1/2 = H01 (Ω).
With this notation, the problem (1) can be written in the abstract
form (
u̇ + Au = F (u)
(AP)
u(0) = u 0 ∈ X 1/2 ,

where F : X 1/2 → X is given by F (u(t))x = f (u(x, t)).

From condition (C), we obtain that F is locally Lipschitz continuous
in X 1/2 and continuously Fréchet differentiable.

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

As the operator A is sectorial can be associated with a sesquilinear
form σ(·, ·) : X 1/2 × X 1/2 → C such that

σ(u, v ) = hAu, v iX , u ∈ D(A), v ∈ X 1/2 , (3)

1/2
|σ(u, v )| 6 c1 kukX 1/2 kv kX 1/2 , u, v ∈ X (4)
Re σ(u, u) > c2 kuk2X 1/2 , u ∈ X 1/2 , (5)

where the constants c1 , c2 = ϑ/2 are positive.

We see that A(D(A)) = X and A−1 : X → X 1/2 is bounded. Hence
0 ∈ ρ(A) and A has compact resolvent in 0. Thus, A−1 ∈ K0 (X ).
Also, from the fact that A is sectorial, there are constants θ1 ∈
(0, π/2) and M1 > 0 such that

S0,θ1 = {z ∈ C : θ1 6 | arg(z)| 6 π, z 6= 0} ⊂ ρ(A) and (6)

M1
k(z − A)−1 kL (X ) 6 , ∀z ∈ S0,θ1 . (7)
|z|

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

Discretization of parabolic problems via FEM
In [2]: FUJITA, H.; MIZUTANI, A. On the finite element method
for parabolic equations I: approximation of holomorphic semi-
groups, 1976 (n = 2).
In [2] Figueroa-López, R. N.; Lozada-Cruz, G. J., Some estimates
for resolvent operators under the discretization by finite
element method, Comput. Appl. Math., 2014 (n > 2).
Definition 1
Let Ω ⊂ Rn be a given domain and let {T h }h∈(0,1] be a family of
subdivisions such that max{diam(T ) : T ∈ T h } ≤ h diam(Ω). The
family {T h }h∈(0,1] is said to be quasi-uniform if there exists ρ > 0
such that

min{diam(BT ) : T ∈ T h } ≥ ρh diam(Ω), ∀h ∈ (0, 1], (8)

where BT is the largest ball contained in T such that T is star-

shaped with respect to BT .
Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio
Definition 2
Ω is star-shaped with respect to a ball B if, for all x ∈ Ω, the closed
convex hull of {x} ∪ B is a subset of Ω.

Figura: Example of a T ∈ T h star-shaped with respect to ball BT in R2 .

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

Theorem 3
Let {T h }h∈(0,1] be a quasi-uniform family of subdivisions of a
polyhedral domain Ω ⊂ Rn and (K , P, N ) the reference element,
satisfying
(i) K is star-shaped with respect a some ball,
(ii) Pm−1 ⊆ P ⊆ W m,∞ (K ) and

0
(iii) N ⊆ C ` (K ) .
Suposse 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and or m − ` − n/p > 0 when p > 1 or
m − ` − n ≥ 0 when p = 1. For all T ∈ T h , h ∈ (0, 1], let
(T , PT , NT ) be the afin-equivalence element. Then, there exist a
positive constant C depending of the reference element, n, m, p and
ρ in (8) such that for 0 ≤ ` ≤ m,

kυ − I h υkW `,p (Ω) ≤ Chm−` |υ|W m,p (Ω) , ∀υ ∈ W m,p (Ω). (9)

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

Assumption 4

Let Ω ⊂ Rn be a polyhedral domain with n > 2 which has

{T h }h∈(0,1] a quasi-uniform family of subdivisions with positive
constant ρ and let (K , P, N ) be a reference element of class C 0
satisfying
(i) K is star-shaped with respect to some ball,
(ii) P1 ⊆ P ⊆ W 2,∞

0 (K ) and
(iii) N ⊆ C (K ) , for some ` ∈ Z+
`
0.

With the Assumption 4 we can define the finite element space

1/2
:= {I h υ : υ ∈ C ` (Ω), υ ∂Ω = 0} ⊂ X 1/2 ∩ C (Ω),

Xh

1/2
where I h is the global interpolation operator. The space Xh is
finite dimensional.

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

We observe that in Assumption 4 the value of ` is not determined.
In order to use Theorem 3 (see Theorem 4.4.20 in Brenner and Scott
[3]) we need the condition m − ` − n/p > 0 with p ∈ [1, ∞] for
v ∈ W m,p (Ω). In our case, m = 2 = p and n > 2, which implies
` < 1. Thus, ` = 0.
From Assumption 4, Remark 2 and Theorems 2 and 3 in [2], we
conclude that there exist positive constants C and Ĉ such that

kv − I h v kL2 (Ω) 6 Ch2 |v |W 2,2 (Ω) , ∀v ∈ X 1 , (10)

kv − I h v kW 1,2 (Ω) 6 Ch|v |W 2,2 (Ω) , ∀v ∈ X 1 , (11)
1/2
kv kW 1,2 (Ω) 6 Ĉ h−1 kv kL2 (Ω) , ∀v ∈ Xh . (12)

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

 1/2
We define the orthogonal projection Ph : X → Xh defined by
1/2
hPh g , v iX = hg , v iX , ∀v ∈ Xh . (13)

Hence, kPh g kX s 6 C kg kX s for all g ∈ X s with s = 0, 1/2 (see [2]).

1/2 1/2
The operator of aproximation Ah : Xh → Xh of A is define by
1/2
hAh φh , ψh i = σ(φh , ψh ), ∀φh , ψh ∈ Xh . (14)
1/2
The operator Ah is sectorial operator in Xh (see [3]).
With this in mind, we can establish the discretization of the problem
(AP) and write it in the form
(
u̇h + Ah uh = Fh (uh )
1/2 (APh )
uh (0) = uh0 ∈ Xh ,

1/2 1/2
where Fh := Ph F : Xh → Xh for all h ∈ (0, 1].

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

Lemma 5
If (4) and (5) hold, then there is a positive constant C such that

kPh v − v kX s ≤ Ch2(1−s) kAv kX , ∀v ∈ X , s = 0, 1/2. (15)

Theorem 6 (Main result in [2])

If Assumption 4 holds, then there is a constant C > 0 and an acute

angle θ1 such that for any a ∈ X and z ∈ S0,θ1 , we have

k(z −A)−1 a−(z −Ah )−1 Ph akX s 6 Ch2(1−s) kakX , s = 0, 1/2. (16)

Lemma 7
If (4), (5) and Assumption 4 hold, then there is a constant C > 0
such that

kA−1 −1
h Ph v −Ph A v kX 6 Ch
s
2(1−s)
kv kX , ∀v ∈ X , s = 0, 1/2. (17)

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

We assume that (AP) has a equilibrium point u ∗ ∈ D(A) ⊂ X 1/2 ,
that is, u ∗ is a solution of

Au ∗ = F (u ∗ ). (18)

Denote by E the set of solutions of (18).

The family of equilibrium points {uh∗ }h∈(0,1] of the discrete problem
1/2
(APh ) is defined by, for every uh ∈ Xh that satisfies

Ah uh∗ = Ph F (uh∗ ), ∀h ∈ (0, 1]. (19)

1/2
As before, denote by Eh the set of solutions of (19) in Xh .

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

Definition 8
We say that uh∗ ∈ Eh is hyperbolic if the spectrum σ(Ah − Fh0 (uh∗ ))
is disjoint from the imaginary axis, i.e., σ(Ah − Fh0 (uh∗ )) ∩ iR = ∅ for
all h ∈ [0, 1].

Proposition 9 ([1])

/ σ(A0 − F00 (u0∗ )) for all u0∗ ∈ E0 , then E0 is a finite set.

If 0 ∈
Moreover, if all point of E0 are hyperbolic then this have an odd
number of elements.

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

The main goal of this paper is to compare the solutions of the
discretized problem (19) and the solutions of the continuous problem
(18) when h tends to 0.
As the solutions belong to different spaces we need a tool that allows
1/2
us to compare the functions defined in the spaces Xh and X 1/2 .
1/2
This will be resolved using the elliptic projection Rh : X 1/2 → Xh
defined by (26).
Then we can give the following definition of R−convergence:
R
uh −→ u0 if, and only if,
h→0
kuh − Rh ukX 1/2 −→ 0.

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

The main result

Theorem 10
If Eh is the set of solutions of (19) for h ∈ (0, 1] and E is the set of
solutions of (18), then for any sequence uh∗ ∈ Eh with h → 0, there
are a subsequence, which also denoted by uh∗ , and a u ∗ ∈ E such
that
kuh∗ − Rh u ∗ kX 1/2 → 0 as h → 0. (20)
Moreover, there exists a positive constant C which is independent
of h such that
kuh∗ − Rh u ∗ kX 1/2 6 Ch. (21)
Also, For any hyperbolic equilibrium point u ∗ ∈ E, there are η > 0
and h0 > 0 such that there exists an equilibrium uh∗ of (19) such
that
kuh∗ − Rh u ∗ kX 1/2 6 η, ∀h ∈ (0, h0 ]. (22)
Furthermore, (20) and (21) is satisfied.
Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio
Convergence compact
Let {Xh }h∈[0,1] be a family of Banach spaces and P = {Ph }h∈(0,1]
be a family with Ph ∈ L (X0 , Xh ), for h ∈ (0, 1], with the following
property:
h→0
kPh u0 kXh −→ ku0 kX0 , ∀u0 ∈ X0 . (23)

Definition 11
A family {uh }h∈(0,1] with uh ∈ Xh P−converges to u0 ∈ X0 if

kuh − Ph u0 kXh → 0 as h → 0.
P
We write this as uh −→ u0 .
Similarly, the P−convergence of sequences is defined as: A
n→∞
sequence {uhn }n∈N with uhn ∈ Xhn such that hn −→ 0
P−converges to u0 ∈ X0 if

kuhn − Phn u0 kXhn → 0 as n → ∞.

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

Definition 12
An operator Ah : Xh → Yh PQ−converges to an operator A0 :
Q P
X0 → Y0 as h → 0 if Ah uh −→ A0 u0 whenever uh −→ u0 . We
PQ
write Ah −→ A0 as h → 0.

Definition 13
n→∞
A sequence {un }n∈N , with un ∈ Xhn and hn −→ 0, is P−relatively
compact if for any subsequence {un0 } de {un }n∈N , there are a
P
subsequence {un00 } of {un0 } and an u0 ∈ X0 such that uhn00 −→ u0 .

Definition 14
An operator Ah ∈ K0 (Xh , Yh ) converges compactly to an operator
A0 ∈ K0 (X0 , Y0 ) if for any {uh }h∈(0,1] with uh ∈ Xh s.t. kuh kXh =
1, for all h ∈ (0, 1], the family {Ah uh }h∈(0,1] is Q−relatively
PQ CC
compact and Ah −→ A0 . We denote Ah −→ A0 as h → 0.
Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio
Assume Ah : D(Ah ) ⊂ Xh → Xh and Fh : Xh → Xh for all h ∈ [0, 1],
satisfying

CC
Ah close,compact resolvent, 0 ∈ ρ(Ah ), and A−1 −1
h −→ A0 . (Hh )

CC
Ah satisfy (Hh ) and A−1 −1
h Fh −→ A0 F0 . (Jh )

Proposition 15 (P−continuity at h = 0)

If the condition (Jh ) is satisfied and uh∗ ∈ Eh , for h ∈ (0, 1]. Then,
taking subsequences if necessary, there is a solution u0∗ ∈ E0 such
that kuh∗ − Ph u0∗ kXh → 0 as h → 0.
If u0∗ ∈ E0 is an hyperbolic equilibrium point and the conditions (Jh )
holds. Then, there are h0 and δ > 0 such that for h ∈ (0, h0 ] exists
at least one equilibrium uh∗ ∈ Eh ∩ {wh ∈ Xh : kwh − Ph u0∗ kXh 6 δ}.
Moreover, kuh∗ − Ph u0∗ kXh → 0 as h → 0.

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

Linearization of the resolvent operator

Now we begin our discussion of problem (APh ) and its linearization

around uh∗ . We use the ideas in [3].
1/2 1/2
We introduce the finite element approximation Ãh : Xh → Xh
of the operator à := A − dI (where d(x) = f 0 (u ∗ (x)) with x ∈ Ω
and d ∈ L∞ (Ω)), defined by
1/2
hÃh φh , ψh iX = σ(φh , ψh ) − hPh dφh , ψh iX , ∀ φh , ψh ∈ Xh . (24)

Let α := supx∈Ω f 0 (u ∗ (x)), so that the bilinear form

σ̃(u, v ) = σ(u, v ) + h(α − d)u, v iX (25)

is coercive in X 1/2 , that is, σ̃(·, ·) satisfies the condition (5).

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

 1/2
We also define the Ritz projection operator Rh : X 1/2 → Xh given
by
1/2
σ̃(Rh u − u, φh ) = 0, ∀φh ∈ Xh . (26)
Using the identity (26), (14), (3) and (13), we obtain

A˜h Rh = Ph [Ã − α(Rh − I )]. (27)

Under the Assumption 4, the standard error analysis for elliptic

problems yields

kRh u − ukX + hkRh u − ukX 1/2 6 Ch2 kukX 1 , ∀u ∈ X 1 . (28)

see [2, Theorem 4].

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

The following result gives rise to the PR−convergence of the
operators A−1
h and A
−1 as h → 0.

Lemma 16
1/2 1/2
The operator A−1
h : Xh → Xh , h ∈ (0, 1], compactly converges
to the operator A−1 : X → D(A) ⊂ X 1/2 . Furthermore,

kAh−1 Ph u −Rh A−1 ukX s 6 Ch2(1−s) kukX , ∀u ∈ X , s = 0, 1/2. (29)

Proof. First, the family {A−1h }h∈(0,1] consists of compact linear

operators since all of them have finite rank. Given u ∈ X , from
Lemma 7, [2, Lemmas 2 and 5] and (28), we get

kAh−1 Ph u − Rh A−1 ukX s 6 Ch2(1−s) kukX + kPh (I − Rh )A−1 ukX s

6 Ch2(1−s) kukX + Ch2(1−s) kA−1 ukX 1
6 Ch2(1−s) kukX .

PR
Hence, A−1 −1
h −→ A .
Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio
 1/2
Let {uh }h∈(0,1] be a sequence with uh ∈ Xh and kuh kX 1/2 = 1.
Since (z − A)−1 is compact for all z ∈ ρ(A) then µ((z − A)−1 v )=0,
for all v ∈ X and where µ(·) is the measure of noncompactness.
From inequality (16), it follows

µ((z − Ah )−1 uh ) 6 µ((z − A)−1 uh ) + µ((z − A)−1 uh − (z − Ah )−1 uh )

6 lim sup k(z − A)−1 uh − (z − Ah )−1 Ph uh kX 1/2
h→0
= 0,

where (z − Ah )−1 uh is bounded. With this, we have shown that

{A−1
h uh }h∈(0,1] is R−relatively compact.
CC
Therefore, A−1 −1
h −→ A .

Corollary 17
1/2 1/2
The operator Ah : Xh → Xh satisfy the condition (Hh ).

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

Rates of convergence of hyperbolic equilibria
Proposition 18

Let u ∗ be a hyperbolic equilibrium of (18) and {uh∗ }h∈(0,1] be a

R
sequence of hyperbolic equilibria (19), satisfying that uh∗ −→ u ∗ in
X 1/2 . Then there exist positive constants C and h0 such that

kuh∗ − Rh u ∗ kX 1/2 6 Ch, for all h ∈ (0, h0 ]. (30)

Proof. We first note that there is a constant C > 0 such that

kÃ−1
h Ph v kX 1/2 6 C kv kX , ∀v ∈ X , (31)

if h is sufficiently small. In fact, we use (5) for σ̃(·, ·), (24) and (13)
1/2
with χ = Ã−1 h Ph v ∈ Xh to find

c2 kχk2X 1/2 6 |σ̃(χ, χ)| = |hÃh χ, χiX | = |hPh v , χiX | 6 kv kX kχkX 1/2 .

This proved the desired bounds where C := c2−1 .

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio
Thus, using the identity (27) and F̃ (v ) := F (v ) − dv , we get
Ãh (uh∗ − Rh u ∗ ) = Ph F̃ (uh∗ ) − Ãh Rh u ∗
= Ph [F̃ (uh∗ ) − Ãu ∗ + α(Rh u ∗ − u ∗ )]
= Ph [F̃ (uh∗ ) − F̃ (u ∗ ) + α(Rh u ∗ − u ∗ )],
so that
uh∗ − Rh u ∗ = Ã−1 ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
h Ph [F̃ (uh ) − F̃ (u ) + α(Rh u − u )]. (32)
For other side, from (32), we obtain
kuh∗−Rh u ∗ kX 1/2 6 C kF (uh∗ )−F (u ∗ )−F 0 (u ∗ )(uh∗ −u ∗ )kX +C αkRh u ∗−u ∗ kX 1/2 .
If we choose R so that C0 (R)C 6 1/2, we obtain
1 1 
kuh∗ − Rh u ∗ kX 1/2 6 kuh∗ − Rh u ∗ kX 1/2 + + C α kRh u ∗ − u ∗ kX 1/2 .
2 2
We have, by inequalities (28),
kuh∗ − Rh u ∗ kX 1/2 6 Ch.

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

The following diagram shows the relationship between P−convergence
and R−convergence.

F /X A−1 / D(A) ⊂ X 1/2

X 1/2

Rh Ph Rh

  
Fh A−1
1/2
Xh / X 1/2 h
/ X 1/2
h h

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

 P R
The following results tell us that Fh (uh∗ ) −→ F (u ∗ ) as uh∗ −→ u ∗ .

Corollary 19

Under the conditions of Proposition 18, we have

kFh (uh∗ ) − Ph F (u ∗ )kX 6 C (R)h. (33)

Furthermore, the condition (Jh ) is satisfied.

Proof. From Proposition 18 and inequalities (28), we obtain

kFh (uh∗ ) − Ph F (u ∗ )kX 6 kF (uh∗ ) − F (Rh u ∗ )kX + kF (Rh u ∗ ) − F (u ∗ )kX

6 C (R)(kuh∗ − Rh u ∗ kX 1/2 + kRh u ∗ − u ∗ kX 1/2 )
6 C (R)(Ch + ChkAu ∗ kX )
6 C (R)h.

Finally, the condition (Jh ) holds by Lemma 16 and (33).

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

Proof of Theorem 10. By using the Moser-Alikakos method, we
see that the set of equilibrium points Eh is bounded in L∞ (Ω) for
all h ∈ [0, 1] with a constant independent of h.

Moreover, the condition (Jh ) holds by using Corollary 19.

Applying now Proposition 15, we show (20) and (22).

The result (21) follows directly from Proposition 18.

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

 Gracias !!!!!!!!!!!!!

Rodiak Nicolai Figueroa López P−Continuidad de los puntos de equilibrio

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