1. State Limitations of Statistics?
The important limitations of statistics are:
(1) Statistics laws are true on average. Statistics are aggregates of facts. So single observation
is not a statistics, it deals with groups and aggregates only.
(2) Statistical methods are best applicable on quantitative data.
(3) Statistical cannot be applied to heterogeneous data.
. 2. Define Relative Frequency and Frequency Density?
Histograms and Frequency Density. ... On a histogram the y axis always shows something
called “frequency density”. Frequency Density = Frequency / Class Width.
Relative Frequency. How often something happens divided by all outcomes. Example: Your
team has won 9 games from a total of 12 games played: the Frequency of winning is 9.
the Relative Frequency of winning is 9/12 = 75%.
3 .Explain different types of charts with Example?
A chart, also called a graph, is a graphical representation of data, in which "the data is
represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a
pie chart". ... A data chart is a type of diagram or graph that organizes .Bubble chart,
Waferfall chart, Timeline chart, Tree chart, Pedigree chart.
5. What is Range and Coefficient of Range?
the range of a set of data is the difference between the largest and smallest values. The
measure of the distribution based on range is the coefficient of range also known as range
coefficient of dispersion which can be calculated using this calculator.
[Link] Merits and Demerits of Standard Deviation?
Merits of Standard Deviation:
1) It is rigidly defined.
2) It is amenable to further algebraic treatment.
3) It is least affected by fluctuations of sampling.
Demerits:
1) It is more affected by extreme items.
2) It cannot be exactly calculated for a distribution with open-ended classes.
3) It is relatively difficult to calculate and understand.
.8. Two cards are drawn from a well –shuffled deck of 52 cards. Consider the following
events.
A. Both cards are queens
B. Both cards are red
C. One card is red and one is black
D. A queen and a king is drawn
It's quite simple and it has already been answered correctly. :D
Anyway, here's the solution.
Total number of ways of drawing 2 cards from a pack of 52 cards (without
replacement) = 52C252C2 = 1326 ways
number of ways of drawing 2 aces out of 4 = 4C24C2 = 6
∴∴ required Probability = 61326
9. Explain Scatter Diagram with Example?
a scatter diagram, or scatter plot, is a graph of your data.
Notice that the number of tomatoes on a plant increases as the exposure to the
sunlight increases. We can see this easily by drawing a trend line that best fits
all your data points.
[Link] the concept of Applications of Correlation in Various Field?
Statistics is the mathematical science involving the collection,
analysis and interpretation of data. Importance of Statistics in Different
Fields
very field like Industry, Commerce, Trade, Physics, Chemistry, Economics,
Mathematics, Biology, Botany, Psychology, Astronomy etc…,
(1) Business: (2) In Economics: (3) In Mathematics: (4) In Banking: (5) In
State Management (Administration): (6) In Accounting and Auditing: (7)
In Natural and Social Sciences: (8) In Astronomy:
[Link] different examples of Discrete random variable and Continuous
Random Variable?
A discrete random variable X has a countable number of possible values.
Example: Let X represent the sum of two dice.
A continuous random variable X takes all values in a given interval of
numbers.
12. Explain the concept of "Chi-Square Distribution"?
Chi square distribution is a type of cumulative probability
distribution. Probability distributions provide the probability of every
possible value that may occur. The Chi-Square Distribution, denoted
as χ2 is related to the standard normal distribution such as, if the
independent normal variable, let’s say Z assumes the standard normal
distribution, then the square of this normal variable Z2 has the chi-
square distribution with ‘K’ degrees of freedom.
The probability function of Chi-square can be given as:
14. State Merits and Demerits of Median?
Merits:
Following are the main merits of the median:
(i) Simplicity;
It is very easy to calculate and is readily understood.
(ii) Unaffected by Extreme Values:
(iii) Graphic Measurement:
Median can be measured graphically.(iv) Qualitative Suitability:(v) Certainty:
(vi) Typical Observations:
Demerits:
Median suffers from the following limitations.
(i) Lacks Representative ness:
(ii) Erratic:
(iii) Incapable of Algebraic Treatment:
(iv) Effect of Fluctuations:
[Link] the scope and importance of Statistics?
Scope and importance of Statistics:
1. Statistics and planning: Statistics in indispensable into planning in the modern
age which is termed as “the age of planning”. Almost all over the world the govt. are
re-storing to planning for economic development.
2. Statistics and economics: Statistical data and techniques of statistical analysis
have to immensely useful involving economical problem. Such as wages, price, time
series analysis, demand analysis.
3. Statistics and business: Statistics is an irresponsible tool of production control.
Business executive are relying more and more on statistical techniques for studying
the much and desire of the valued customers.
4. Statistics and industry: In industry statistics is widely used inequality control. In
production engineering to find out whether the product is confirming to the
specifications or not. Statistical tools, such as inspection plan, control chart etc.
5. Statistics and mathematics: Statistics are intimately related recent advancements
in statistical technique are the outcome of wide applications of mathematics.
6. Statistics and modern science: In medical science the statistical tools for
collection, presentation and analysis of observed facts relating to causes and
incidence of dieses and the result of application various drugs and medicine are of
great importance.
7. Statistics, psychology and education: In education and physiology statistics has
found wide application such as, determining or to determine the reliability and
validity to a test, factor analysis etc.
8. Statistics and war: In war the theory of decision function can be a great assistance
to the military and personal to plan “maximum destruction with minimum effort.”
16. Explain the Concept of "Coefficient of Skewness"?
Pearson's Skewness Coefficients. Given a statistical distribution with
measured mean, statistical median, mode, and standard deviation
, Pearson's first skewness coefficient, also known as the
Pearson mode skewness, is defined by. Pearson’s Coefficient of
Skewness #1 uses the mode. The formula is:
[Link] the Concept of "Mode for Grouped Data"?
Mode of Grouped Data. The mode is the "most popular" number in a
given data. ... The mode or modal value is that value in a series of
observations which occur with the greatest frequency.
19. State the different Merits and Demerits of Mode?
Merits or Uses of Mode:
2. It is not affected by extreme values hence is a good representative
of the series.
3. It can be found graphically also.
t is the most used average in day today life, such as average marks of
a class, average number of students in a section, average size of
shoes, etc.
Demerits or Limitations of Mode:
1. Mode cannot be determined if the series is bimodal or
multimodal.
3. Mode is most affected by fluctuation of sampling.
4. Mode is not so rigidly defined.
5. It is not capable of further algebraic treatment
. Describe the concept of "Coefficient of Kurtosis"?
In probability theory and statistics, kurtosis (from Greek: κυρτός, kyrtos
or kurtos,meaning "curved, arching") is a measure of the
"tailedness" of the probability distribution of a real-valued random
variable.
*Write a note on pie chart?
A pie chart (or a circle chart) is a circular statistical graphic which is divided into slices to
illustrate numerical proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each slice (and consequently
its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents.
A histogram is a display of statistical information that uses rectangles to show the
frequency of data items in successive numerical intervals of equal size.
Merits : It can be easily calculated; and can be easily understood.
Demerits: It cannot be located graphically.
The n-th moment about zero of a probability density function
f(x) is the expected value of Xn and is called a raw
moment or crude moment. The moments about its mean μ
are called central moments; these describe the shape of
the function, independently of translation.
The scatter diagram graphs pairs of numerical data, with one variable on
each axis, to look for a relationship between them. If the variables
are correlated, the points will fall along a line or curve. The better
the correlation, the tighter the points will hug the line.
A discrete variable is a variable whose value is obtained by
[Link]: number of students present. number
of red marbles in a jar.
an F-test for the null hypothesis that two normal populations
have the same variance is sometimes used.
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable is a
list of probabilities associated with each of its possiblevalues.
-The advantags of tabular presenation-
Tabulated data can be easily understand .
It saves space and Time.
A cumulative frequency graph, also known as an Ogive, is
a curve showing the cumulative frequency for a given set of
data.