This Blog

 
Linked From Here

 
The Web

Saturday, August 8, 2009

Present project is designed using 8051 microcontroller to avoid railway accidents happening at
unattended railway gates, if implemented in spirit. This project utilizes two powerful IR
transmitters and two receivers; one pair of transmitter and receiver is fixed at up side (from
where the train comes) at a level higher than a human being in exact alignment and similarly the
other pair is fixed at down side of the train direction. Sensor activation time is so adjusted by
calculating the time taken at a certain speed to cross at least one compartment of standard
minimum size of the Indian railway. We have considered 5 seconds for this project. Sensors are
fixed at 1km on both sides of the gate. We call the sensor along the train direction as ‘foreside
sensor’ and the other as ‘aft side sensor’. When foreside receiver gets activated, the gate motor is
turned on in one direction and the gate is closed and stays closed until the train crosses the gate
and reaches aft side sensors. When aft side receiver gets activated motor turns in opposite
direction and gate opens and motor stops. Buzzer will immediately sound at the fore side
receiver activation and gate will close after 5 seconds, so giving time to drivers to clear gate area
in order to avoid trapping between the gates and stop sound after the train has crossed.
The same principle is applied for track switching. Considering a situation wherein an express
train and a local train are traveling in opposite directions on the same track; the express train is
allowed to travel on the same track and the local train has to switch on to the other track. Two
sensors are placed at the either sides of the junction where the track switches. If there’s a train
approaching from the other side, then another sensor placed along that direction gets activated
and will send an interrupt to the controller. The interrupt service routine switches the track.
Indicator lights have been provided to avoid collisions. Here the switching operation is
performed using a stepper motor. Assuming that within a certain delay, the train has passed the
track is switched back to its original position, allowing the first train to pass without any
interruption. This concept of track switching can be applied at 1km distance from the stations.

The project is simple to implement and subject to further improvement.

Model of Automatic Railway Gate Control & Track Switching

Railways being the cheapest mode of transportation are preferred over all the other means .When
we go through the daily newspapers we come across many railway accidents occurring at
unmanned railway crossings. This is mainly due to the carelessness in manual operations or lack
of workers. We, in this project has come up with a solution for the same. Using simple electronic
components we have tried to automate the control of railway gates. As a train approaches the
railway crossing from either side, the sensors placed at a certain distance from the gate detects
the approaching train and accordingly controls the operation of the gate. Also an indicator light
has been provided to alert the motorists about the approaching train.

Gate control

Hardware Description

The project consists of four main parts:

8051 Microcontroller

The I/O ports of the 8051 are expanded by connecting it to an 8255 chip. The 8255 is
programmed as a simple I/O port for connection with devices such as LEDs, stepper motors and
sensors. More details of the 8255 are given later.
 The following block
diagram shows the various devices connected to the different ports of an 8255. The ports are
each 8-bit and are named A, B and C. The individual ports of the 8255 can be programmed to be
input or output, and can be changed dynamically. The control register is programmed in simple
I/O mode with port A, port B and port C (upper) as output ports and port C (lower) as an input
port.

Block diagram of 8051 Microcontroller

This circuit has two stages: a transmitter unit and a receiver unit. The transmitter unit consists of
an infrared LED and its associated circuitry.

IR Transitter

The transmitter circuit consists of the following components:

The IR LED emitting infrared light is put on in the transmitting unit. To generate IR signal, 555
IC based astable multivibrator is used. Infrared LED is driven through transistor BC 548.

IC 555 is used to construct an astable multivibrator which has two quasi-stable states. It
generates a square wave of frequency 38kHz and amplitude 5Volts. It is required to switch ‘ON’
the IR LED.

IR Transmitter

IR Receiver

The receiver circuit consists of the following components:

The receiver unit consists of a sensor and its associated circuitry. In receiver section, the first part
is a sensor, which detects IR pulses transmitted by IR-LED. Whenever a train crosses the sensor,
the output of IR sensor momentarily transits through a low state. As a result the monostable is
triggered and a short pulse is applied to the port pin of the 8051 microcontroller. On receiving a
pulse from the sensor circuit, the controller activates the circuitry required for closing and
opening of the gates and for track switching. The IR receiver circuit is shown in the figure
below.

IR Receiver

Stepper motor circuit

Stepper motor circuit

Here a stepper motor is used for controlling the gates. A stepper motor is a widely used device
that translates electrical pulses into mechanical movement. They function as their name suggests
- they “step” a little bit at a time. Steppers don’t simply respond to a clock signal. They have
several windings which need to be energized in the correct sequence before the motor’s shaft
will rotate. Reversing the order of the sequence will cause the motor to rotate the other way.

Track Switching

Using the same principle as that for gate control, we have developed a concept of automatic track
switching. Considering a situation wherein an express train and a local train are travelling in
opposite directions on the same track; the express train is allowed to travel on the same track and
the local train has to switch on to the other track. Indicator lights have been provided to avoid
collisions .Here the switching operation is performed using a stepper motor. In practical purposes
this can be achieved using electromagnets.