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Understanding Cardiac Function and Output

This document discusses the cardiac cycle, electrocardiograms, and cardiac output. The cardiac cycle involves ventricular relaxation and filling (diastole), ventricular contraction (systole), and ventricular relaxation. During this cycle, pressure and valve openings control blood flow. Cardiac output is determined by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume and is influenced by factors like preload, contractility, and afterload. Electrocardiograms graphically record the heart's electrical activity in three phases.

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8 views5 pages

Understanding Cardiac Function and Output

This document discusses the cardiac cycle, electrocardiograms, and cardiac output. The cardiac cycle involves ventricular relaxation and filling (diastole), ventricular contraction (systole), and ventricular relaxation. During this cycle, pressure and valve openings control blood flow. Cardiac output is determined by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume and is influenced by factors like preload, contractility, and afterload. Electrocardiograms graphically record the heart's electrical activity in three phases.

Uploaded by

vinnie0905
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Outline

• Electrocardiograms
Cardiology 2 • Cardiac cycle
• Cardiac Output
11/13/09

Intrinsic conduction system: Electrocardiograms


the heartbeat (ECG, EKG)
• Graphic record of heart’s electrical activity
1. SA node
• Electrodes record the APs
2. AV node
3. AV bundle
• Detect 3 waves:
time
(of His)
mV

Purkinje fibers
1. P: atrial depolarization
Interventricular
septum
2. QRS complex: ventricle
A series of action potentials depolarization
(depolarizations):
change in electrical charges 3. T: ventricle repolarization

Fig. 18.14 Fig. 18.17

1
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac cycle
One cycle = one heartbeat
1. Ventricles relax and fill: mid-late diastole
Relaxation: Diastole
- Pressure low
Contraction: Systole - AV valves:
- Atria contract (systole) and relax (diastole)
Blood flow determined by
1. Pressure
2. Valves

Fig. 18.20

Cardiac cycle Cardiac cycle

2. Ventricles contract: systole 3. Ventricles relax: early diastole


- Pressure low
- Pressure high
- SL valves close
- AV valves:
- No blood flow
- SL valves:
- Ventricular ejection
Atria are filling
- pressure increases
- AV valves: open
- Phase 1. ventricles fill
Fig. 18.20 Fig. 18.20

2
Cardiac cycle Cardiac output
0.8 s 1. diastole 2. systole 3. diastole
• Amount of blood pumped out by each
ventricle per minute
• Determined by
1. Heart rate: beats/min
Pressure low high low 2. Stroke volume: mL/beat
in ventricles
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
AV valves open closed closed (CO) (HR) (SV)
SL valves closed open closed mL mL
CO = 75 beats x 70 = 5.25 L
min beat = 5250 min min
Blood flow into ventricles out of ventricles No flow

Factors affecting stroke volume Factors affecting stroke volume

SV = End diastolic End systolic = amount of SV = End diastolic End systolic


volume (EDV) volume (ESV) blood that left volume (EDV) volume (ESV)
the heart in
one beat

1. Preload:
degree of muscle stretch
blood filled blood remaining
“Frank sterling law”

Fig. 18.20

3
Factors affecting stroke volume Factors affecting heart rate
cardiac output (CO) = heart rate x stroke volume
SV = End diastolic End systolic
volume (EDV) volume (ESV) • Intrinsic control
• Extrinsic control
– Sympathetic ANS: HR
2. Contractibility: – Parasympathetic ANS: HR
Contractile strength of muscle
3. Afterload:
Pressure needed to Medulla in brain:
Baroreceptors
overcome to eject blood In blood vessels Cardioacceleratory center
Cardioinhibitory center SA / SV
nodes

Factors affecting heart rate Homeostatic imbalance


of coronary circulation and cardiac output
Others:
• Hormones: epinephrine, thyroxine • Angina pectoris
• Ions: e.g. Ca++, K+ • Myocardial infarction (MI): “heart attack”
• Temperature • Congestive heart failure (CHF): low CO
• Gender
• Age
• Physical conditioning

4
Summary Next time
• Electrocardiograms record 3 phases of
Cardiovascular system:
electrical activity of the heart.
Blood vessels
• The cardiac cycle consist of diastole and
systole. Pressure controls valve openings and where are they going?
which controls blood flow.
• Cardiac output is determined by heart beat
and stroke volume. Several factors
contribute to CO.

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