Organic compounds

– Carbohydates
Lipids and Proteins
– Lipids (fats)
– Proteins
9/25/09
– Nucleic Acids

Outline Lipids
• Lipids Structure:
– Triglycerides – Contain C, H, O (less than carbs), some P
– Phospholipids – Insoluble in water
– Steroids
• Proteins 3 main types:
– Structure 1. Triglycerides
– Fibrous and globular proteins 2. Phospholipids
– Enzymes 3. Steroids

1. Triglycerides
What did you eat for breakfast? (neutral fats)
• Structure:
Triglyceride formation
by dehydration synthesis

Glycerol 3 fatty acid chains Triglyceride, 3 water

or neutral fat molecules

Figure 2.16a

1
 1. Triglycerides 1. Triglycerides
(neutral fats) (neutral fats)
• Structure:
• Structure: saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids
Non-polar chains

Solid = fat Trans fat

Hydrophobic:
does not interact “unhealthy”
saturated
with water
Omega 3 fatty acids
triglyceride Liquid = oil
“healthy”
unsaturated
Solid = fat Liquid = oil
• Function: energy storage • Function: energy storage

2. Phospholipids 2. Phospholipids
• Structure • Structure
Modified triglycerides
Polar head: hydrophilic – water loving
Example
Phosphatidylcholine Polar
“head” amphiphatic

Nonpolar Non-polar tail: hydrophobic - water fearing

“tail”
(schematic
phospholipid) • Function: cell membrane
Phosphorus- Glycerol 2 fatty acid chains
containing backbone (nonpolar “tail”) heads
group (polar
cell H2O
“head”) tails
Figure 2.16b H2O

3. Steroids
Outline
• Structure:
Flat molecule with four rings • Lipids
Side chain varies
– Triglycerides
– Phospholipids
– Steroids
Cholesterol
• Proteins
Functions: – Structure
Cell membranes
Vitamin D – Fibrous and globular proteins
Steroid hormones – Enzymes
Bile salts
Figure 2.16c

2
 Proteins Proteins
• Structure: a chain of amino acids • Structure: a chain of amino acids
Peptide
Dehydration synthesis bond

Amino acid Amino acid Dipeptide

Hydrolysis

20 amino acids
C, O, H, N, some S and P (appendix C) Figure 2.18

Proteins: Proteins:
4 structural levels 2 classes
Primary Tertiary Structure Function
Amino acid a.a. a.a. a.a. a.a. 1. Fibrous: strandlike Structural support of cells

Secondary 2. Gloubular: compact, Functional role (ie. enzymes)

Quaternary spherical

Alpha (α)-helix Beta (β)-sheet

Denaturation
Figure 2.19

A specific protein: enzymes A specific protein: enzymes

• Catalysts: speed up a chemical reaction • Lower activation energy

without being used up WITHOUT ENZYME WITH ENZYME
Activation
energy Less activation
required energy required
Most enzymes end in -ase

Enzyme Reactants Reactants

Reactants Products
(Substrates)
Product Product

Figure 2.20

3
 A specific protein: enzymes Summary
• Mechanism of enzyme action
Product (P) • The 3 main groups of lipids are triglycerides,
e.g., dipeptide
Substrates (S) Energy is
phospholipids and steroids. They store energy,
Water is
e.g., amino acids absorbed;
released.
Peptide
bond
compose cell membranes and regulate body functions.
bond is H2 O
+ formed.

Active site • Proteins are chains of amino acids organized in

primary to quaternary structures. They provide
Enzyme-substrate structural support and functional roles. Enzymes are
complex (E-S)
Enzyme (E) Enzyme (E) crucial globular proteins that speed up reactions.

Figure 2.21

Next time

The final organic compound:

Nucleic Acids (and heredity)

Protein Synthesis (from DNA)