Estimation Techniques in Civil Engineering
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GobardhanEstimation Techniques in Civil Engineering
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GobardhanPECI5405 Estimation, Costing & Professional Practice
7th Sem Civil
Module – I
Quality estimation:
Principles of estimation, methods and units, Estimation of materials in
buildings, Culverts and bridges.
Module -II
Topics Principles of general and detailed specification for various types building
Covered works.
Analysis of rates, description, Prime cost, Schedule rates, Analysis of rates
for various types of works.
Module – III
Network techniques, Introduction to CPM/ PERT methods and their use in
project planning construction schedules for jobs, materials equipments,
labour and finance.
1. Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering Theory & Practice, B.N.
Dutta, UBS Publishers
2. PERT and CPM, L.S. Sreenath, East West Press
Books [Link] engineering contracts and estimates by B.S. Patil, University Press.
Under Review
Module – I
ESTIMATE AND ESTIMATION
WHAT IS AN ESTIMATE ……
Before taking up any work for its execution, the owner or builder should have a
thorough knowledge about the volume of work that can be completed within the
limits of his funds or the probable cost that may be required to complete the
proposed work.
It is therefore necessary to prepare the probable cost or estimate for the proposed work from its plan
and specification.
Otherwise, it may so happen that the work has to be stopped before its completion due to the shortage
of funds or of materials.
Besides the above , an estimate for any public construction work is required to be
prepared and submitted beforehand so that sanction of necessary funds may be
obtained from the authority concerned .
Thus an estimate for any construction work may be defined as the process of calculating
the quantities and costs of the various items required in connection with the work .
It is prepared by calculating the quantities, from the dimensions on the drawings for the
various items required to complete the project and multiplied by unit cost of the item
concerned.
To prepare an estimate , drawing consisting of the plan , the elevation and the
section through important points, along with a detailed specification giving specific
description of all workmanship , properties and proportion of materials , are
required.
PURPOSE OF ESTIMATING:-
To ascertain the necessary amount of money required by the owner to complete
the proposed work . For public construction work, estimates are required in
order to obtain administrative approval , allotment of funds and technical
sanction.
To ascertain quantities of materials required in order to programme their
timely procurement. To procure controlled materials, if any, like cement ,
steel, etc. quantities of such materials are worked out from the estimate of
the work and attached with the application for verification.
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To calculate the number of different categories of workers that is to be employed to complete
the work within the scheduled time of completion.
To assess the requirements of tool , plants and equipment required to complete the work according to
the programmed.
To fix up the completion period from the volume of works involved in the estimate.
To draw up a construction schedule and programmed and also to arrange the funds required according
to the programming.
To justify the investment from benefit cost ratio.(for ideal investment ,this ratio should be more than one)
To invite tenders and prepare bills for payment.
An estimate for an existing property is required for valuation
TYPES OF ESTIMATE
ROUGH COST ESTIMATE
PLINTH AREAESTIMATE
CUBICAL CONTENT ESTIMATE
A QUANTITY ESTMATE
APPROXIMATE QUANTITY METHOD
DETAILED OR ITEM RATE ESTIMATE
REVISED ESTIMATE
SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATE
REPAIR AND MAINTENANCEESTIMATE
A COMPLETE ESTIMATE
ROUGH COST ESTIMATE
IT is prepared to decide the financial policy [Link] is prepared on basis of
practical knowledge and cost of similar works. The competent sanctioning
authority accords “Administrative approval
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These estimates are also referred to as rom estimate and are useful for go /no kind
decision making which essential refers to whether the project should or should not
be pursued
Some of the methods they can be useful for such estimates are investment per
annual capacity turnover and capital ratio .
PLINTH AREA ESTIMATE
IT Is prepared on the basis of plinth area of the building multiplied by plinth area rate
prevalent in the region.
Plinth area rates are fixed from the cost of similar buildings constructed in the locality having
similar finishing’s and amenities
The cost of construction is determined by multiplying plinth area with plinth area
rate. The area is obtained by multiplying length and breadth (outer dimensions of
building). In fixing the plinth area rate, careful observation and necessary enquiries
are made in respect of quality and quantity aspect of materials and labor, type of
foundation, height of building, roof, wood work, fixtures, number of stores etc.
CUBICAL CONTENT ESTIMATE
This estimate is worked out on the basis of the cubical contents of proposed building to be
constructed and then applying to it the rate per cubic meter.
This is more accurate than plinth area estimate.
The cubic content rates are deduced from the cost of similar buildings constructed in the
same locality
This method is generally used for multi-storied buildings. It is more accurate that the other
two methods viz., plinth area method and unit base method.
The cost of a structure is calculated approximately as the total cubical contents (Volume of
buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic Rate.
The volume of building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height. The length
and breadth are measured out to out of walls excluding the plinth off set
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A QUANTITY ESTIMATE OR QUANTITY SURVEY
This is complete estimate or list of quantities for all items of work required to complete
the concerned project.
The quantity of each individual items of work is worked out form respective
dimensions on the drawing of the structure to find the cost of an item in quantity is
multiplied by the rate per unit from that item.
The purpose of the bill quantity i.e. to provide a complete list of quantities
necessary for the competition of any engineering project and when price
given to the estimated cost of the project.
APPROXIMATE QUANTITIES
Regarded as the most reliable and accurate method of estimating, provided that
there is sufficient information to work on. Depending on the experience
of the surveyor, measurement can be carried out fairly quickly using
composite rates to save time.
The rules of measurement are simple, although it must be said; they are not standardized
and tend to vary slightly from one surveyor to another.
One approach involves grouping together items corresponding to a
sequence of operations and relating them to a common unit of
measurement; unlike the measurement for a bill of quantities,
where items are measured separately
Composite rates are then built up from the data available in the office for that sequence of
operations
All measurements are taken as gross over all but the very large openings
Initially, the composite rates require time to build up, but once calculated they may be used
on a variety of estimating needs
Reasonably priced software packages are now available. An example for a composite is
shown below for substructure:
This is an approximate estimate to find out an approximate cost in the short
time and thus enable the authority concerned to consider the financial
aspect of the scheme for according sanctioned the same.
Such an estimate is framed after knowing the rates of similar works and form
practical knowledge in various ways for various types of work such as
Plinth area or square meter method.
Cubic rate or cubic meter method.
Serve unit or unit rate method.
Bay method.
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Approximate quantities with bill method.
Cost comparison method
Cost from materials and labor.
DETAILED OR ITEM RATE ESTIMATE
This estimate is an accurate and is based on the plan and sanctions of the building.
The quantity of items under each sub head of work are calculated from the
dimensions taken from drawing and then total cost is worked out in a form
called abstract of cost
This include the detailed particulars for the quantities ,rate and cost of all the items involved
for satisfactory completion of a project
Quantities of all items of work are calculated from their respective dimension
on the drawing on a measurement sheet .multiplying these quantities by their
respective rate in separate sheet, the cost of all items of work are worked out
individually and then summarized
A detail estimate is accompanied by
Report
Specification
Detailed drawing showing plane Design data and calculation
Basis of rates adopted in the estimate
REVISED ESTIMATE
IT Is also a detailed estimate and is prepared a fresh when the original sanctioned
detailed estimate exceeds by 10% or more ,either due to rates being found
insufficient or due to some other reasons
It is always possible that in spite of all precaution in the planning stages it becomes clearly
during execution the actual cost of a project will exceed the original estimate ,now generally a
certain cushion of the cost is available ,if the exceedance is higher
It is prepared on the basis on estimate on which sanction was obtained showing the existing
sanction and the progress made up to date
The revised estimate should be accompanied by comparative statement
showing the original and revised rate and quantity
SUPPLEMENTARY ESTIMATE
This is a fresh detailed estimate of the additional work in additional work in addition
to the original one and is prepared when additional work is required to supplement
the original work
There is always a like hood that while executing a certain project it may be
considered worthwhile to carry out additional work ,which was not foreseen
in initial stages and therefore not actual for the preliminary estimate
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Execution of such work required drawing up and approval of supplementary
estimate and the exercise is essential similar to that of drawing up the
estimate for the main work it is naturally expected that the cost of additional
work will be much smaller than the main work
In case where a substantial section of a project in abandoned or where
material deviation from the original proposals are expected to result in
substantial savings the estimate is revised by the department and intimated
to engineer in charge for execution of work
But in case where the saving is due to a material deviation of structural nature from
the design originally approved supplement estimate is prepared
for a revised technical sanction
The method of preparation of supplementary estimate is the same as that of detail
estimate and it should be accompanied by full report of the circumstances which
render it necessity.
The abstract must show the amount of original estimate and the total of
sanctioned required including the supplementary amount.
REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE ESTIMATE
In order to keep the structure roads etc in proper condition annual repairs and
carried out annually for which an estimate is prepared. The estimated amount
should not be more than 1.5%of the capital cost of work
There are more than 10,000 maintenance, repair and preventive maintenance
tasks for all types of facilities. With advances in telecommunications, computers
and other workplace technologies, the list is growing rapidly. In a downsized,
fiscally conservative environment, facilities are seen as vital capital assets that
affect employee productivity. The demands for technical expertise and cost-
effective plant operations have increased dramatically.
proper function
After completion of a work it necessary to maintain the same for the
and for the same an estimate is prepared for items which required
renewal, placement, repairs, etc in form of detailed estimate
For building, such items of work like white washing, color and painting of
doors and windows etc. quantities are based on the previous measurement
recorded in measurement book as standard measurement books .for pretty
works such as replacement of glass panes, repairs of floors patch repairs to
cement plaster walls and changing roof tiles or similar natural works
The total estimate coat of maintenance of structural is generally kept within the
prescribe limits on percentage basis of the cost of the construction of the structure
and its imp.
The total estimated cost of maintenance of structure is generally kept within
the prescribed limits on percentage basis (Variable according to the age
and importance of the structure) of the cost of the construction of the
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structure and its importance.
COMPLETE ESTIMATE
This is an estimated cost of all items which are related to the work in addition to main
contractor to the detailed estimate
One may think that an estimate of a structure includes only the cost of land and
the cost items to be included.
Under Review
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNIT
The Traditional Metric System (MKSA system)- Metre, Kilogram, Second,
Ampere System) does not include the unit of Thermodynamic temperature and the unit
of Luminous intensity. The International Conference adopted the International System
of Units (SI) which includes six basic units. The six basic units with their symbols are-
Metre(M) for length, Kilogram(Kg) for mass, Second(S) for time, Ampere(A) for electric
current, Degree Kelvin(K) for thermodynamic temperature and Candela(Cd) for
luminous intensity. The SI unit covers the co-herent units of the system (the basic
units, supplementary units and the co-herent derived units and decimal multiples and
sub-multiples of the units formed by the uses of the prefixes. The co-herent units only
are designated SI units.
A system of unit is co-herent if the product or quotients of any two units
quantities in the system is the unit of the resultant quantity – for example, in ay co-
herent system, unit of area results when the unit length is multiplied by unit length; unit
velocity when the unit length is divided by unit time; and unit force when the unit mass
is multiplied by unit acceleration etc.. Whatever be the system of units, the magnitudes
of some physical quantities must be arbitrarily selected and declared to have unit
value. The magnitudes form a set of standard and are called “basic unit”. All other units
are derived units related to the basic units by definition.
Basic SI Units
Units of Length- Metre(M)- The metre is the length equal to 1650673.73 wave
lengths in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the
levels 2 p 10 and 5 d 5 of the Krypton 86 atom.
Unit of Mass-Kilogram (Kg)- The kilogram is the unit of mass and is equal to the mass of the
international prototype of the Kilogram.
Unit of Time- Second(s)- The second is the duration of 9192 631 770 periods of
between the hyperfine levels of the
the radiation corresponding to the transition
ground state of the Cesium 133 atom.
Unit of Electric Current- Ampere(A)- The ampere is that constant current
which, if
maintained in two straight parallel conductors of indefinite length, of
negligible circular cross-section and placed one metre apart in vacuum,
-7
would produce between these conductors of force equal to 2 x 10 Newton
per unit length.
Unit of Thermodynamic Temperature- Kelvin (K)-The Kelvin unit of the
thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. Kelvin may be used
0
for expressing a temperature interval. The degree Celsius ( C) is a unit of
the International practical Temperature scale on which the thermodynamic
temperature of zero point is 273.16K. The degree Celsius is equal to Kelvin
0
(1 C-1K). The degree Celsius may also be used for expressing a
temperature interval.
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Unit of Luminous Intensity- Candela (cd)- The candela is the luminous intensity, in
the perpendicular direction of a surface of 1/600,000 square metre of a black body
of freezing platinum, under a pressure of 101.325 Newton’s per
at the temperature
square metre.
Supplementary Units- In the International System of units, the quantities, plane
angle and solid angle are treated as independent quantities with SI units radian
(rad.) and steradian (sr.) respectively.
One radian is the angle between two radii of a circle which cuts off on the
circumference an equal in length to the radius.
One steradian is the solid angle which having its vertex in the centre of a
sphere cuts of an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of square with
sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere.
Derived Units- The expressions for the derived SI units are stated in terms of the
basic units as the SI units for velocity is metre per second (m/s). For some of the
derived units, special names have been adopted together with special letters
symbols, as the SI unit for force is Newton (N), for energy is (J), for power is
watt(W), etc.. Some derived SI Units are also expressed in terms of the units from
2
which they are derived as the SI unit for area is square metre (m ) for volume is
3 3
cubic metre(m ) for density is kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m ) etc..
Under Review
METHOD OF ESTIMATING
The quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinth and super
structure etc., canbe workout by any of following two methods:
a) Long wall - short wall method
b) Centre line method.
c) Partly centre line and short wall method.
LONG WALL-SHORT WALL METHOD:
In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be long wall while
the wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. To get the Measurement of
Materials and Works length of long wall or short wall, calculate first the centre line lengths
of individual walls. Then the length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated after adding
half breadth at each end to its centre line length. Thus the length of short wall measured
into in and may be found by deducting half breadth from its centre line length at each end.
The length of long wall usually decreases from earth work to brick work in super structure
while the short wall increases. These lengths are multiplied by breadth and depth
to get quantities
B) CENTRE LINE METHOD:
This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections. Here the total centre line
length is multiplied by breadth and depth of respective item to get the total quantity
at a time. When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls join with main all, the
centre line length gets reduced by half of breadth for each junction. such junction or
joints are studied carefully while calculating total centre line length. The estimates
prepared by this method are most accurate and quick.
C) PARTLY CENTRE LINE AND PARTLY CROSS WALL METHOD:
This method is adopted when external (i.e., alround the building) wall is of one
thickness and the internal walls having different thicknesses. In such cases, centre
line method is applied to external walls and long wall-short wall method is used to
internal walls. This method suits for different thicknesses walls and different level of
foundations. Because of this reason, all Engineering departments are practicing this
method.
HOW TO PREPARE A DETAILED ESTIMATE
Detailed Estimate:The unit-quantity method is followed to prepare a
Under Review
detailed [Link] this method the rates per unit work of one item
including profit are considered first and the total cost for the item is
found,by multiplying the cost per unit of rate by the number.
The procedure for the preparation of a detailed estimate is divided into 2
parts:
DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES .
MEASUREMENT FORM: -
Item no Description -No length Breadth - Height Content Remark
or or Depth or
particulars quantity
Abstract of estimate form
Sl Description or Quatity Unit Rate Unit of Amount
.no particulars Rs. P. rate Rs. P.
Functions of an abstract of estimate
The main functions of an abstract of estimate are:
and the different items of works required to complete
The total estimated cost
project can be known.
Basis on which % rate tenders are calledafter excluding the amount for
contingency and work-charged establishment.
A part of tender document and a contractor can arrive at his own rates from the
schedule of work described in the description column.
This is the basis on which bills are preparedfor payement. Comparative
costs of different items of works can be known.
Data required for preparing detailed estimate
DRAWING
SPECIFICATIONS(both general and detailed)
RATES
UPDATED MODE OF MEASUREMENT
STANDING CIRCULARS
FACTORS CONSIDERED DURING DETAILED ESTIMATION
(a) Quantity of materials
(b) Availability of materials
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(c) Transportation of materials
(d) Location of site
(e) Local labour charges
Principle of Units for Various Items Of Works-
The units of different works depend on their nature, size and shape. In
general, the units of different items of work are based on the following principle:-
i) Mass, voluminous and thick works shall be taken in square unit or
volume. The measurement of length and breadth or height shall be taken
to compute the volume or cubic contents.
ii) Shallow, thin and surface works shall be taken in square units or in area. The
measurement of length and breadth or height shall be taken to compute the area.
iii) Long and thin work shall be taken in linear or running unit, and linear
measurement shall be taken.
iv) Piece work, job work, etc.,shall be taken in number.
The units of payments and measurement of various items of work in metric
system are same except for earthwork. Earthwork is measurement in cu m but
payment is made per 100 cu m(per % cu m).
Under Review
THE UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS AND PAYMENTS FOR VARIOUS ITEMS OF
WORK AND MATERIALS
SL. Particulars of Items Units of Units Unita of
NO. measurements in payment in payment in FPS
MKS MKS
Earthwork-
1. Earthwork in excavation in
ordinary soil, earthwork in
mixed soil with kankar cu m Per % cu m % cu ft
bajri,[Link] in hard
soil.
2. Rock excavation cu m Per % cu m % cu ft
3. Earth filling in excavation
in foundation. cu m Per % cu m % cu ft
4. Earth filling in foundation cu m Per % cu m
trenches % cu ft
5. Earth filling in plinth cu m Per % cu m % cu ft
6. Earthwork in
banking,cutting,in road and cu m Per % cu m % cu ft
irrigation channel.
7. Surface dressing and
levelling,cleaning,etc sq m Per sq m % sq ft
8. Cutting of trees(Girth no.
specified) Per no. Per no.
9. Pudding,puddle clay core cu m Per % cu m % cu ft
10. Sand filling cu m Per cu m % cu ft
11. Quarrying of stone or cu m Per cu m % cu ft
boulder
12. Blasting of rock (blasted
stone stacked and then cu m Per cu m % cu ft
measured)
Concrete-
1. Lime concrete(L.C)in cu m Per cu m % cu ft
foundation
2. Lime concrete(L.C) in roof sq m per sq m % sq ft
terracing,thickness specified
3. Cement concrete(C.C) cu m per cu m per cu ft
4. Reinforced cement cu m per cu m per cu ft
concrete(R.C.C.)
5. C.C. or R.C.C. Chujja,sun cu m per cu m per cu ft
shade
6. Precast [Link] R.C.C. cu m per cu m per cu ft
7. Jali work or jaffri work or
C.C. tracery sq m per sq m per sq ft
panels(Thickness specified)
8. Cement concrete bed cu m per cu m per cu ft
Under Review
D.P.C.-
9. Damp proof course-Cement
concrete,rich cemen sq m per sq m % sq ft
[Link],etc.(Thicknes
s specified)
Brickwork-
1. Brickworkin foundation and
plinth in super structure,in cu m per cu m % cu ft
arches,etc., in cement,lime
or mud mortar
2. Sun dried brickwork cu m per cu m % cu ft
3. Honey-comb sq m per sq m %sq ft
brickwork,thickness
specified
4. Brickwork in jack arches,if cu m per cu m % cu ft
measured separatly
5. Jack arch roofing including sq m per sq m % sq ft
top finishing
6. Brickwork in well steining cu m per cu m % cu ft
7. Half-brickwork with or sq m per sq m % sq ft
without reinforcement
8. Thin partition wall sq m per sq m % sq ft
9. Reinforced brickwork cu m per cu m % cu ft
([Link])
10. String course,drip
course,weather meter per m per r ft
course,coping
etc.(Projection specified)
11. Cornice(Projection and type meter per m per r ft
specified)
12. Brickwork in Fire cu m per cu m % cu ft
place,Chullah,Chimney
13. Pargetting Chimney,fire meter per m per r ft
place flue
14. Brick edging (by road side) meter per m per r ft
STONE WORK-
1. Stone masonry,Random
Rubble masonry,Coursed cu m per cu m % cu ft
Rubble masonry,Ashlar
masonry in walls, in
arches,etc.
2. Cut stone work in lintel cu m per cu m per cu ft
beam,etc.
3. Stone slab in
roof,shelve,etc.,stone sq m per sq m % sq ft
chujjas,stone sun shed etc.
4. Stone work in wall facing or sq m per sq m per sq ft
lining( Thickness specified)
WOOD WORK-
Under Review
1. Wood work, door and and
window frame or Cu m per cu m per cu ft
chowkhat,rafter beams,roof
trusses,etc.
2. Door and window shutter or
leaves,panelled,battened,gla
zed,part panelled and part Sq m per sq m per sq ft
glazed,wire
gauged,etc.(Thickness
specified)
3. Door and window fittings as
hinges tower bolts,sliding No. per no. per no.
bolts,handles,etc.
4. Timbering,boarding(Thickn sq m per sq m per sq ft
ess specified)
5. Timbering of trenches(Area sq m per sq m per sq ft
of face supported)
6. Sawing of timber sq m per sq m per sq ft
7. Woodwork in partition,ply sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
wood,etc.
8. Ballies(Diameter specified) meter per m per r ft
Steel work-
1. Rolled steel per cwt
joists,channel,angles,T- quintal per q
irons,flats,squares,rounds,et
c.
2. Steel reinforcement quintal per q per cwt
bars,etc.,in R.C.C.,R.B
work
3. Bending,binding of steel quintal per q per cwt
reinforcement
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4. Fabrication and hoisting of steel
work…….. quintal Per q Per cwt
5. Expended metal(X,P.M), size
specified….. sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
6. Fabric reinforcement, wire
netting………. sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
7. Iron work in stress… quintal Per q Per cwt
8. Gusset plate (Minimum rectangular
size from which cut)….. quintal Per q Per cwt
9. Cutting of iron Joists & channel….. cm Per cm Per inch
10. Cutting Angles, Tees & Plate….. sq m Per sq m Per sq inch
11. Threading in iron….. cm Per cm Per inch
[Link],solder of sheets, plates
(Welding of rails, steel, trusses, rods per cm Per cm Per inch
no.)
[Link] holes in iron no. Per no. Per no.
[Link] iron(C.I) pipe, Dia. specified metre Per m Per ft.
[Link],Bolts and nuts,Anchor
bolts,Lewis bolts,holding down bolts,etc. quintal Per q Per cwt
[Link] wire fencing metre Per m % r ft
[Link] gate
(may also be by weight,quintal) sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
[Link] hold fast
(may also be by no.) quintal Per q Per cwt
[Link] railing(heigt and types specified) metre Per m Per r ft
[Link] grill,collapsible gate
(may also be by weight,quintal) sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
[Link] shutter sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
[Link] doors and windows(type and
fixing specified) sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
Roofing-
[Link] roof-----Allahabad tile,Faizadad
tile,Mangalore tile,etc. including battens sq m Per sq m % sq ft
[Link] tile roof including bamboo
jaffri… sq m Per sq m % sq ft
[Link] iron(G.C.I)roof,Asbestos sq m Per sq m % sq ft
cement (A.C)sheet roof
Under Review
4. Slate roofing, timber roofing Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
[Link] roofing including
bamboo jaffri (Thickness
specified) Sq m Per Sq m % sq ft
[Link] board(Thickness specified) Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
7.R.C.C., R.B. slab roof(excluding
steel) Cu m Per cu m Per cu ft
[Link] concrete roof over and
inclusive of tiles,or bricks, or
stones slabs, etc,( Thickness Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
specified)
9. Mud roof over and inclusive of
tiles, or bricks, or stone slab, Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
etc,(T hickness and type specified)
10. Ridges,valleys,gutters,(Girth
specified) Metre Per m Per r ft
11. Tar felting,Bituminous
painting Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
[Link] layer in roof of sand
and clay,asphalt,etc. Sq m Per sq m %sq ft.
[Link],contraction or
construction joint… Metre Per m Per r ft
[Link]--- Timber,A.C. Sheet
plain,cloth,Cement plaster on
XPM, Paste board,etc… Sq m Per sq m Per sq ft.
[Link] and shuttering Form
work ---Surface area of R.C.C. or
R.B. work supported(may also be
per cu m(cu ft)of R.C.C. or R.B. Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
work)
Plastering, Pointing and Finishing
:-
1. Plastering – Cement, motar, sq m per sq m % sq ft
lime motar, mud, etc.
(Thickness, proportion
specified).
2. Pointing – Struck, fluch, sq m per sq m % sq ft
weather, etc.
3. Dado (Thickness and type sq m per sq m % sq ft
specified)
4. Skirting (Thickness type and metre per m per r ft
height specified)
5. Cement motar or lime motar sq m per sq m % sq ft
rubbing
6. White washing, colour sq m per sq m % sq ft
washing, cement washing
(number of coat specified)
7. Distempering (number of sq m per sq m % sq ft
coats specified)
8. Snow cement washing or sq m per sq m % sq ft
Under Review
finishing (number of coat
specified) sq m per sq m % sq ft
9. Painting, varnishing (number
of coat specified) sq m per sq m % sq ft
10. Polishing of wood work
(number of coat specified) no. per no. per no.
11. Painting letters and figures
(height specified) sq m per sq m % sq ft
12. Oiling and clearing of door
and windows sq m per sq m % sq ft
13. Coaltarring (number of coat
specified) sq m per sq m % sq ft
14. Removing of paint or varnish sq m per sq m
15. Gobrilepping (powder wash) % sq ft
Flooring---
1.2.5 cm (1”) C.C over 7.5 cm Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
(3”) L.C. Floor ( Including L.C.)
[Link] floor, artificial
patent stone Floor 2.5 cm (1”) Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
C.C. over 7.5 cm (3”)
L.C.(including L.C)
3.4 cm ( 1½ “) thick stone floor Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
over 7.5 cm (3”) L.C. (including
L.C)
4.2.5 cm (1”) marble flooring over Sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
7.5 cm (3”) L.C. (including L.C.
[Link] or terrazzo or Sq m Per sq m Per sq ft
granolithic floor over 7.5 cm(3”)
L.C.(including
L.C.)
[Link] flat floor over 7.5 cm(3”) Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
L.C. (including L.C.)
[Link] on edge floor over 7.5 cm Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
(3”) L.C. (including L.C.)
8.2.5 cm (1”) or 4 cm (1/2”) C.C. Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
floor
[Link] flooring finished gobri Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
lepping
10. Apron or plinth protection Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
(may be of C.C.,L.C.,brick,etc.)
[Link] and window sill (C.C or Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
cement mortar plastered)
Under Review
Miscellaneous Items -
1. Ornamental cornice metre per m per r ft
(projection, type specified)
2. Molding string course, drip
course, beading, throating, etc. metre per m per r ft
3. Ornamental pillar caps, pillar
base, flowers, brackets, etc. no. per no. per no.
4. Railing (Height and type
specified) metre per m per r ft
5. Surface drain
large(item wise) -
(i) Masonry cu m per cu m % cu ft
(ii) Plastering sq m per sq m % sq ft
6. Surface drain small (size, metre per m per r ft
material, etc. Specified)
7. Pipe – rainwater, sanitary, metre per m per r ft
water pipe, etc. (Dia,
Specified)
8. Laying pipe line – sanitary, metre per sq m per r ft
water pipe, etc. (Dia, depth,
bedding etc. Specified)
9. Jungle clearance sq m or hectre per hecter % sq ft or per
acre
10. Silt clearance in irrigation cu m per % cu m % cu ft
channels ( similar to
earthwork)
11. Trestle crate (size, type, etc. no. per no. per no.
specified)
12. Cleaning flues no. per no. per no.
13. Cotton cords in sky light no. per no. per no.
14. Easing doors and windows no. per no. per no.
15. Fixing doors and windows no. per no. per no.
16. Supply and fixing of hinges,
tower bolts, hasp and staples,
handles and hardwares, etc. no. per no. per no.
17. Glazing sq m per sq m Per sq ft
18. Glass panes (supply) sq m per sq m Per sq ft
19. Fixing of glass panes or
cleaning no. per no. Per no.
20. Renewing of glass panes no. per no. per no.
21. Well sinkling(masonary or
tube well) metre per m per r ft
22. Pile driving or sinking metre per m per r ft
23. Furnitures – chairs, tables, etc. no. per no. per no.
(size, shape specified)
Under Review
24..Painting furniture no Per no Per no
[Link] chairs no Per no Per no
[Link] of brick, cu m Per cu m % cu ft
stone,kankar,etc
Li channel,tunnel etc.(Brick
pitching may also be on
area in sq m)
[Link] of irrigation channel,tunnel
,[Link] ,thickness specified
Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
(Thick lining may be in
volume basis in cu m)
[Link] quarrying
kankar supply Cu m Per cu m % cu ft
[Link] consolidation ,road
metal consolidation Cu m Per cu m % r ft
[Link] belling (May
also be per km)
[Link] road surfacing Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
- -
[Link]-------- -
Cu m Per cu m % sq ft
[Link] of brick masonary
[Link](Bituminous Sq m Per sq m % sq ft
grounting of road metal,cement Metre Per m Per r ft
grounting of concrete)
[Link] of cracks ,joints,etc.
[Link] wiring of electrifaction Point Per point Per point
light ,fan,plug points
[Link](W.C)Wash hand No. Per no. Per no.
basin,manahole,etc.
Materials---- % nos. Per % nos. % nos.
[Link] of bricks
[Link] of sand,surkhi,cinder,etc. Cu m Per cu m % cu ft Per
Bag of 50 kg. Per bag or cwt Per
[Link] of cement……. [Link]
of lime unslaked
Quintal per quintal maund Per
Quintal Per quintal maund
[Link] of time slaked (may
also be in volume basis in cu m) Cu m Per cu m % cu ft
6. Supply of brick ballast,
stone ballast, aggregate, Cu m Per cu m % cu ft
etc. [Link] bricks, kankar,
etc. [Link] of timber Cu m Per cu m % cu ft
Qulntal Per q Per cwt
[Link] of steel
[Link] of bitumen,
Tonne Per tonne Per ton
tar [Link] of coal Tonne Per tonne Per ton
[Link] of [Link] Sq m Sq m Sq ft
[Link] G.I. sheet Quintal Per quintal Per cwt
[Link] of switches, plugs
No. Per no. Per no.
[Link] of insulated electric
Quintal Per quintal Per cwt
Quintal Per quintal Per cwt
Under Review
wire
[Link] of bare electric wire No. Per no. Per no.
[Link], sholdaries No. Per no. Per no.
[Link] of W.C. no. Per no. Per no.
19. Supply of wash hand basin (
size specified) no. Per no. Per no.
20. Supply of cowl, mica valve, no. Per no. Per no.
itersepting trap, etc. (size
specified)
21. Supply of bibcock, stopcock, no. Per no. Per no
ballcock, etc. (size specified)
22. Ferrule, C.I. tank, water metre, Metre Per m. Per r ft
etc.
23. supply of pipe, C.I. pipe, S.W.
[Link] pipe, A.C. pipe,
G.I. pipe, etc. (diaspecified) Kq or quintal Per kq Per cwt
24. Supply of lead, lead wool Kg Per kg Per lb
25. Spunyarn
26. Supply of varnish, oil, etc. Ltre Per litre Per gl
27. supply of paint readymix Litre Per litre Per gl
28. Supply of stiff paint Kg Per kg Per lb
29. Explosive for blasting kg Per kg Per lb
Under Review
Estimation of materials in single storeyed flat roof building
Example 1: From the given figure below calculate the detailed and abstract
estimate for the single roomed building (Load bearing type structure) by
a) long wall & short wall method (b) Centre Line Method
Under Review
[Link]. Particulars of Items No. L B H Q Explanation
1 Earth Work
excavation
for foundation 2 6.2 0.9 1.4 15.264 L=5.3+.45+.45 =6.2
a) Long walls D= 0.3+0.5+0.6 = 1.4
2 3.4 0.9 1.4 8.568 L=4.3-0.45-0.45=
b) Short walls 24.192 3.4
3
M
2 C.C.(1:4:8) bed for
foundation
a) Long walls 2 6.2 0.9 0.3 3.348
b) Short walls 2 3.4 0.9 0.3 1.836
5.184 m3
3 [Link] in CM
(1:6) for
a) Footings
i) Long walls 2 5.9 0.6 0.5 3.54 L= 5.3+0.3+0.3=5.9
ii) Short walls 2 3.7 0.6 0.5 2.22 L=4.3-0.3-0.3 = 3.7
b) Basement 0.6 L= 5.3+0.225+0.225=
i) Long walls 2 5.75 0.45 0.6 3.105 5.75
ii) Short walls 2 3.85 0.45 2.079 L=4.3-0.225-0.225 =3.85
m3
Total 10.94
4 Brick masonary with
CM
(1:6) for super structure
a) Long Walls 2 5.6 0.30 3.00 10.08 L=5.3+0.15+0.15=5.6
b) Short walls 2 4.0 0.30 3.00 7.20 L=4.3-0.15-0.15=4.0
c) for parapetwall
0.75
a) Long Walls 2 5.6 0.2 1.68
0.75
b) Short walls 2 4.4 0.2 1.32
Deductions for
openings
a)Doors 1 1.0 0.3 2.1 0.63
b) Windows 3 1.5 0.3 1.2 1.62
Net Brick Masonry Total 18.03 m3
5 R.C.C. (1:2:4) for
a) Roof slab 1 5.6 4.6 0.12 3.090
b) Lintels over
i) Doors 1 1.2 0.3 0.15 0.054
ii) Windows 3 1.5 0.3 0.15 0.202
c) Beams
i) Long beams 2 5.6 0.3 0.3 1.008
ii) short beams 2 4.0 0.3 0.3 0.720
Under Review
Total 5.074 m3
6 Sandfilling for
basement 1 4.85 3.85 .48 8.96 L=5.0-0.075-0.075=4.85
7 C.C.(1:4:8) for 1 4.85 3.85 0.1 1.86 B=4.0-0.075-0.075= 3.85
flooring
8 Flooring with Mosaic 1 5.0 4.0 -- 20.0 m2
tiles
9 Plastering with CM
(1:6)for super
structure
Inside 1 18.0 -- 3.0 54.0
For walls
Out side
For walls 1 20.4 -- 3.87 61.2
Basement outside 1 21.6 -- 0.6 12.96
Parapet wall
a) Inside 1 18.8 -- 0.75 14.1
b) top 1 19.6 0.2 --- 3.92
Deductions for
opeinings
Doors 1x2 1.0 -- 2.1 4.2
Windows 3x2 1.5 -- 1.2 10.8
Net Plastering 131.18 m2
10 Plastering for Ceiling 1 5.0 4.0 -- 20.0 m2
With CM(1:5)
11 White Washing with 151.18 (=131.18+20=151.18)
Two coats with cement
Same as quantity of
plastering for walls and
ceiling
12 Colour washing with 151.18 (=131.18+20=151.18)
two coats Same as
quantity of plastering
for walls and ceiling
13 Supply & Fixing of
best country wood for
a) Doors 1 1 No.
b) Windows 3 3No
14 Painting with ready
mixed synthetic enamel
paits with two coats
over primary coat for
new wood for
a) Doors 2¼x1 1.0 --- 2.1 4.725
b) Windows 2¼x3 1.5 --- 1.2 12.15
Under Review
Total 16.875 m2
15 Petty supervision
and contingencies at
4% and rounding off.
b) centre line method
Sl. Particulars of No. L B H Q Explanation
No. Items
1. Earth Work L=2(5.3+4.3)=19.2
exevation 1 19.2 0.9 1.4 24.192 m3
for foundation
2 C.C.(1:4:8) bed for
foundation 1 19.2 0.9 0.3 5.184 m3
3 [Link] in CM
(1:6) for
a) Footings 1 19.2 0.6 0.5 5.76
b) Basement 1 19.2 0.45 0.6 5.184
Total 10.944
4 Brick masonry with
CM(1:6)forsuper-
structure 1 19.2 0.3 3.0 17.28
For parapet wall 1 20.0 0.2 0.75 3.00 m3
Deductions for
openings
a)Doors 1 1.0 0.3 2.1 0.63
b) Windows 3 1.5 0.3 1.2 1.62
Net Brick Masony = 18.03 m3
5 R.C.C. (1:2:4) for
a) roof slab 1 5.6 4.6 0.12 3.090
b) Lintels over
i) Doors 1 1.2 0.3 0.15 0.054
ii) Windows 3 1.5 0.3 0.15 0.202
c) beams 1 19.2 1.3 0.3 1.728
Total 5.074 m3
6 Sandfilling for 1 4.85 3.85 0.48 8.96 L=5.0-0.075-0.075=4.85
basement
7 C.C.(1:4:8) for 1 4.85 3.85 0.1 1.86 B=4.0-0.075-0.075=3.85
flooring
8 flooring with Mosaic 1 5.0 4.0 -- 20.0
tiles
9 Plastering with CM
(1:6)for super \
structure
Inside
For walls 1 18.0 -- 3.0 54.0
Out side
Under Review
For walls 1 20.4 -- 3.87 61.2
Basement outside 1 21.6 -- 0.6 12.96
Parapet wall
a) Inside 1 18.8 -- 0.75 14.1
b) top 1 19.6 0.2 --- 3.92
Deductions for
opeinings
Doors 1x2 1.0 -- 2.1 4.2 L=5.0-0.075-0.075=4.85
Windows 3x2 1.5 -- B= 4.0-0.075-0.075=3.85
1.2 10.8
Net Plastering = 131.18 m2
10 Plastering for Ceiling 1 5.0 4.0 -- 20.0 m2
With CM(1:5)
11 White Washing with 151.18 m2
two coats with cement (131.18+20=151.18)
Same as quantity of
plastering for walls
and
ceiling
12 Colour washing with 151.18 m2
two coats (131.18+20=151.18)
Same as quantity of
plastering for walls
and
ceiling
13 Supply & Fixing of
best
country wood for
a) Doors 1 1 No.
b) Windows 3 3No
14 Painting with ready
mixed synthetic
enamil paints with
two coats over
primary coat for new
wood for
a) Doors 2¼x1 1.0 --- 2.1 4.725
b) Windows 2¼x3 1.5 --- 1.2 12.15
Total 16.875 m2
15 Petty supervision and
contingencies at 4%
and rounding off
Under Review
Abstract estimate of single roomed building (load bearing structure)
[Link] Description of item Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
1. Earth work excaation 24.192 m3 465 10m3 1125.00
2. Cement concrete(1:4:8) 5.184 m3 4545 1m3 8009.30
3. [Link] in C.M.(1:5) 10.94 m3 1391 m3 15217.50
4. Sand filling in basement 8.96 m3 195.20 10m3 175.00
5. Brick masonry in country 18.03 m3 2291 m3 41306.73
bricks of standard size in
CM(1:8)
6. R.C.C. (1:2:4) for lintels, 1.984 m3 6030 m3 11963.52
beams etc.
7. R.C.C.(1:2:4) for slabs, 3.09 m3 6030 m3 18633.00
8. Cement concrete (1:5:10) 1.86 m3 1452 m3 2700.72
for flooring
9. Supplying and fixing of 2.1 m2 1650 m2 3465.00
country wood for doors.
10. Supplying and fixing of 5.4 m2 2300 m2 12420.00
country wood for windows
and ventilators.
11 Plastering to all exposed 151.18 m2 582 10m2 8798.70
surfaces of brick work and
basement with C.M (1:5)
12 White washing with best 151.18 m2 116 10m2 1753.68
shell lime
13 Flooring with spartek tiles 20 m2 4230 10m2 8460.00
set in C.M (1:3)
14 Painting with ready mixed 16.875 m2 335 10m2 565.31
enamel paint Total 134593.46
15 Povision for water supply 16824.18
and sanitary arangements
@12.5%
16 Provision for electrification 10094.50
@7.5%
17 Povision for architectural 2691.86
appearance @2%
18 Provision for unforeseen 2691.86
items 2%
19 Provision for [Link] 5383.73
contingencies @4%
Grand Total Rs. 172279.65
Under Review
Culvert and Bridge :–
According to I.R.C. specification, a culvert is one which has a liner waterway
upto 6m and structures having a linear waterway above 6m but below 30m are Minor
Bridges and structures havings a linear waterway of 30m or more are Major Bridges.
As a general rule, a minimum of 6m of linear waterway should be provided
per [Link] of the road for efficient drainage.
Some Common terms –
(a) Abutment :- It is a masonry or oriented concerned will that constitutes the end
support of bridges or similar structures by which it joins the bank of waterway.
(b) Wing wall :- Wing wall is a retaining wall which sustains the embankments
of the approaches where they join the bridge.
(c) Return wall :- A return wall is retaining wall built parallel to the centre line of a
road to retain the embankment.
(d) Curtain walls :- Cross walls are built across the stream on the up-stream or down-
stream in order to protect the structure from erosion due to strong current of water
induced by the restriction of free passage of water through the water way.
Process of calculations of earth work for (1) Abutment, (2) Wing and (3) Curtain
walls (when provided) :-
(1) Abutments 2nos. = 2 x Area ABCD x depth of excavation.
(2) Wing walls 4nos. = 4 x Area BEFG x depth of excavation.
(3) Curtain walls 2nos. = 2 x Area MNPQ x depth of excavation.
Curtain walls at the two ends of Abutment walls are not always provided.
Process of calculations to estimate quantities of earthwork, concrete work
and masonry work for (1) Abutments, (2) Wing walls and (3) Return walls of a
splayed Culvert or Bridge :-
(1) Abutments :- For each or concrete work :-
Under Review
(a) Length = Road width+2 (parapet thickness + one side end efforts).
End offsets for one end = Summation of inner foundation offsets + offset due
to inner battering if any.
(b) Breadth and depth are shown in the section of the abutment.
For Masonrywork below G.L.
(a) Length = Same as concreteework as above – 2 x offset of concrete.
Length for each individual offset differ and should be calculated individually
by deduction of the projections from the each end.
(b) Breadth and depth for each individual offset are shown in the section of
the [Link] masonrywork above G.L.
(i) With vertical inner face :-
(a) Length = Roadwidth + 2parapet thickness (outer face battering should not be
accounted if any).
(b) Breadth and depth are as shown in the section.
(ii) With battered inner face :-
When the inside the face of Abutment is continued to wing wall
the extra bottom length due to batter may be considered as if
included in the wing wall i.e. the two walls join on a vertical plane.
(a) Length = Road width + 2 parapet thickness.
When the width of Abutment at the ends is not equal to the inclined
width of the wing wall joining with abutment-1s as shown in fig 10-28.
Length = ½ (Top length + Bottom length).
Bottom length – Top length + 2 x offset due to inner batter face of Abutment.
(2) Wing walls :- The thickness and height of the wall is maximum at the junction with its abutment
and both the dimensions are gradually reduced to the section as that at return
wall with which it joins.
Under Review
For earth or correct work
Following Fig. 10-29 consider the end of excavations is up to the line
R.S. We have to find out the quantity for the are ADSR.
(a) Length = Y + offsets from the outer edge of return wall
(b) Breadth = ½ + (AD+RS);
AD is the inclined trench width of wing wall parallel to
the centre line of the road and generally the trench
width of the abutment. If not equal, the offset (as
shown in Fig. 10-28) is mentioned.
Under Review
Deduction for end offset of Abutment :-
During excavation for Abutment the portion ABCD (see fig. 10-29) has already
been excavated. Therefore, the volume of work for this portion should be deducted
from the volume of work for the wing wall : Now AD = Foundation width
BC = AD-CE; CE-DE x X/Y
. .Deduction for Abutment offset = ½ + [trench width + (trench width – offset x X/Y)]
x depth.
For concrete work the depth of concrete instead of depth earthwork shall be considered.
For masonry work below G.L.
(a) Length = Y + offset of masonry in foundation of return wall
(b) Breadth = same process as that of earthwork
(c) Depth = thickness of the footing.
The construction of wingwall may be with its battered inner and
outer faces starting from the top of the foundation concrete up to top. In such cases
the whole mass shell be calculated in one operation considering this as Frusta of
Pyramid, erected vertically on AD as base.
Under Review
For masonrywork above G.L.
Wing walls above G.L. may have the following shapes :- (i) Inside face vertical or
battered but at the outer face with offsets; (ii) Both the faces
are battered.
(i) Inside face vertical with offsets at the
outer face :- Before starting the estimate,
let us clarify how offsets are provided at
the outside face of the wing wall. Let the
top plan of wall is ABCD with three
offsets, D1 D, E1 E and F1 F of
lengths L1, L2 and L3 respectively as
shown in Fig . 10-30.
The height of the wingwall is h1 at the end and h2 at Abutment.
The top of ABCD of the wing wall is sloped downward uniformly from AB to DC.
To have a clear picture regarding the shape of the outside offsets
suppose we are to reach the inclined level AF of the from the left side ground level.
For this purpose three numbers steps ADD1, AEE1 and AFF1 are constructed with
uniform rise h1, when h2 = 4h1
The second step AEE1 is constructed over the first step ADD1 and similarly the third
Under Review
step AFF1 over AEE1. Now by crossing the three steps from the left wehave reached
to the height of F = 3h1. The difference of level between the points F and A is also h1.
But, actually these triangular steps are known as offsets of the wing wall. The projections
are shown on plan and height on elevation drawn by the side of section of the Abutment.
The purpose of these offset is to strengthen the core part ABCD of the wing wall.
Deduction of Abutment offset :-
When the width of Abutment at the ends is not equal to the
inclined width of the wing wall as the well as the inside face of the Abutment is
battered then the length of the Abutment includes the offsets at the end. In this
case deduction for the offset projection is made from the volume of wing wall.
Return wall :-
Length = Average length for the RMNL = ½ (RM+NL)
RM =MS
NL = RM + MN x . MN is the trench width.
Under Review
Estimation of materials in Culverts and bridges
Under Review
Details of Measurements and Calculation of Quantities.
[Link]. Particulars of Items No. L B H Q Explanation
1 Earthwork in excavation
in foundation
Abutments 2 5.10 0.70 0.60 4.28
Wing walls 4 1.20 0.70 0.60 2.02
Total 6.30 m3
2 Cement concrete 1:3:6 (1/2) of
In foundation with stone earthwork in
ballast- Abutments 2 5.10 0.70 0.30 2.14 excavation in
Wing walls 4 1.20 0.70 0.30 1.01 item 1
Total 3.15 m3
3 I-class brickwork in 1:4
cement mortar-
(Up to top of RCC
Abutments 2 4.8 0.4 1.5 5.76 slab)
Wing walls 4 1.2 0.4 1.5 2.88 (Above RCC slab
Parapets up to kerb 2 4.7 0.4 0.3 1.13 up to Kerb)
Parapets above kerb 2 4.7 0.3 0.5 1.41 (Above kerb
Parapets coping 2 4.9 0.4 0.1 0.39 excluding coping.)
Total 11.57
Deduct
Bearing of R.C.C. slab in 2 4.8 0.3 0.2 0.57
3
abutment Total 11.00 M
4 R.C.C. work 1:2:4 in 1 4.8 2.1 0.2 2.016 m3
Slab excluding steel and its no deduction for
bending centering shuttering volume of steel.
and binding steel
5 Steel bar including bending
L=2.10-2side covers
in RCC work- + 2hooks= 2.10-
20 mm dia. Bars- (2x4cm)+(18x20mm)
Main straight bars 30 cm c/c 17 2.38 -- -- 40.46 =2.38m
Adding one depth, 16
{No= (4.8/0.30) +1=17} m cm for two bent ups
L=2.38+0.16=2.54m
Main bent up bars 30 cm c/c 16 2.54 -- -- 40.64
{No. = (4.80/0.30)=16} m L=4.80-2end covers+
10mm Dia. Bars- 3hooks = 4.80-
Distributing bottom bars 25 9 4.90 -- -- 44.10 (2x4cm)+(18x10mm)
=4.90m
cm c/c m
Distributing top bars 4 4.90 -- -- 19.60
m
Total 63.70m @ 0.62kg= 39.49
kg
6 Cement concrete 1:2:4 1 4.00 2.30 0.10 0.92 In between
wearing coat cu.m parapets
7 Cement pointing 1:2 in
Under Review
walls-
Face wall from
10 cm below G.L. up to 2 4.70 -- 2.10 19.74
bottom of copping inner side
of parapet excluding copping 2 4.70 -- 0.80 7.52 Ht.=(20+10+50
)=0.80
Coping(inner edge, top, outer 2 4.90 .70 -- 6.86 B=(10+40+10+
edge and outer end side) 10)cm=.70m
Ends of parapet 4 -- .40 .20 .32 Up to kerb.
Ends of parapet 4 -- .30 .50 .60 Above kerb
End of coping 4 -- .40 .20 .32 Edge and under
side
Deduct- Total 35.36
Rectangular opening 2 1.50 Including 10cm
1.30 3.90 below G.L. and
edge of RCC
slab
Triangular portion below earth 2 X1.3 X1.3 1.69
slope Tota Dedu N5.59
l of ction
Net Total 29.77 Sq m
Abstract of Estimated cost of Bridge
[Link] Description of item Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
Rs. P.
1 Earthwork in excavation in foundation 6.30 Cu m 350.00 Cu m 22.05
2 Cement concrete 1:3:6 in foundation 3.15 Cu m 400.00 Cu m 1260.00
with stone ballast
3 I-class brickwork in 1:4 cement mortar 11.00 Cu m 365.00 Cu m 4015.00
4 R.C.C. work 1:2:4 in slab excluding 2.016 Cu m 775.00 Cu m 1562.40
steel and its bending but including
centering, shuttering and binding steel
5 Steel bar including bending in R.C.C 2.398 Quintal 515.00 Quintal 1234.97
work
6 Cement concrete 1:2:4 in wearing coat 0.92 Cu m 450.00 Cu m 414.00
7 Cement pointing 1:2 in wall 29.77 Sq m 5.60 Sq m 166.71
Total 8675.13
Add 5%(3% for contingencies and 2% for work-charged Establishment) 433.75
Grand Total 9108.88
Under Review
Module – II
Under Review
Module-II
WHAT IS SPECIFICAT………
Exact statement of the particular needs to be satisfied, or essential characteristics that a
customer requires (in a good, material, method, process, service, system, or work) and
which a vendor must deliver. Specifications are written usually in a manner that
enables both parties (and/or an independent certifier) to measure the degree of
conformance. They are, however, not the same as control limits (which allow
fluctuations within a range), and conformance to them does not necessarily mean
quality (which is a predictable degree of dependability and uniformity).
Specification for various types building works
GENERAL SPECIFICATION OF A FIRST CLASS BUILDING
Foundation and plinth foundation and plinth shall be of 1-class brick work in lime
mortar or 1:6 cement mortar over lime concrete or 1:4:8 cement concrete
Damp proof course
D.C.P shall be 2.5 cm thick cement concrete 1:1:3,mixed with one kg of imperious
per bag of cement or other standard water proofing materials as specified and
painted with two coats of bitumen
Superstructure
Superstructure shall be of 1-class brickwork with lime mortar or 1:6 cement mortar.
lintels over doors and window shall be of R.C.C
Roofing
Roof shall be of R.C.C slab with an insulation layer and lime concrete terracing
above, supported over R.S joist or R.C.C beam as required. Height of rooms shall not
be less than 3.7m(12 feet)
Flooring
Drawing room and dining room floors shall be of mosaic. Bathroom and W.C floors
and dado shall be mosaic. Floors of bedrooms shall be colored and polished of 2.5
cm cement concrete over7.5 cm lime concrete. Floors of other shall be of2.5 cm
cement concrete over 7.5 cm lime concrete polished.
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Finishing
Inside and outside walls be of 12mm cement lime plastered 1:1:[Link] ,dining and
bedrooms –inside shall be distempered ,and other –inside white washed 3 coats. Outside
shall be colored snowcem washed two coats over one coat of white wash.
Doors and windows
chaukhats shall be seasoned teak wood. Shutters shall be teak wood 4.3 cm thick paneled
glazed or partly glazed as required, with additional wire gauge shutters. All fittings shall be of
brass. Doors and windows shall be varnished or painted two coats with high class enamel
paint over one coat of priming. Window shall be provided with iron gratings or grills.
Miscellaneous
Rain water pipes of cast iron or of asbestos cement shall be provided and finished
st
painted. Building shall be provided with 1 class sanitary and water fittings and
electrical installations.1 meter wide 7.5 cm thick C.C 1:3:6 apron shall be provided all
all round the building
General specifications of a second class Building
st class brickwork with
Foundation and plinth-Foundation and plinth shall be of 1
lime mortar over lime concrete.
Damp proof course-D.P.C. shall be of 2 c.m (3\4”) thick cement concrete 1:2 mixed with
1 kg of imperious per bag of cement or other standard water proofing materials.
Superstructures-Superstructures shall be of 2nd class brickwork in lime mortar.
Lintels over doors and windows shall be of R.B.
Roofing-Roof shall be R.B. slab with 7.5 cm lime concrete terracing above (or flat
terraced roof supported over wooden battens and beams ,or Jack arch roof).
Verandah roof may be of A.C. sheet or Allahabad tiles.
Flooring-Floors shall be 2.5 cm (1”) cement concrete over 7.5 cm (3”) L.C. Verandah
floor shall be of brick tile or flag stone over lime concrete, finished cement painted.
Finishing-Inside and outside walls shall be of 12 mm cement mortar plastered 1:6
ceiling shall be cement plastered 1:3 inside shall be white washed 3 coats, colour
washed two coats over one coat of white wash.
Doors and windows-Chaukhat shall be of R.C.C. or well seasoned sal wood
shutters of shisham wood or deodar wood 4 cm(1 ½”) thick, panelled, glazed or partly
panelled and partly glazed as required, fitted with iron fittings with iron fittings. Doors
and windows shall be painted two coats over one coat of priming.
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Miscellaneous-Rain water pipes shall be of cast iron finished painted. Electrification,
and sanitary and water fittings’ may be provided if required.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION OF 3RD CLASS BUILDING:
FOUNDATION AND PLINTH:
nd
Foundation and plinth shall be of 2 class brick work in lime mortar in a lime
concrete. Damp proof course shall be 2cm thick cement mortar1:2 mixed with
standard water proofing compound.
SUPER STRUTURE:
Superstructure shall be second class brick work in mud mortar. Door and window
nd
opening shall be provided with arches of 2 class brick work in lime mortar.
ROOFING:
Roof shall be of mud over tiles or brick or G.I sheet or A.C. sheets sloping roof.
FLOORING
Floor shall be of brick-on-edge floor over well rammed earth.
FINISHING
Inside and outside wall shall be plastered with lime mortar and white
washed three coat.
DOORS AND WINDOWS
Chaukhat shall be salwood, and shuttered of chir mango or other country wood.
SPECIFICATION OF 4TH CLASS BUILDING
FOUNDATION AND SUPER STRUCTURE:
Foundation and superstructure shall be of sun-dried in mud mortar. Door and
nd class brick work in lime
window opening shall be provided with arches of 2
mortar or with wooden plank.
ROOFING
Roofing shall be of tile roof over bamboo and wooden supports.
FLOORING
Floor shall be kutcha or earthen floor finished with”gobri” washing.
DOOR AND WINDOW
Door and window shall be chir or mango wood.
What is detailed Specification.
The detailed specification is a detailed description and expresses the requirements in detail.
The detailed specification of an item of work specifies the qualities and
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quantities of materials, the proportion of mortar, workmanship, the method of
preparation and execution and methods of measurement.
The detailed specification of different items of work is prepared separately, and
describes what the works should be and how they shall be executed & constructed.
Detailed specifications are written to express the requirements clearly in a concise form
avoiding repetition & ambiguity.
The detailed specification is arranged as far as possible in the same sequence of order as the
work is carried out.
The detailed specifications if prepared properly are very helpful for the execution of work.
The detailed specifications form an important part of contract document.
Every engineering departments prepares the detailed specifications of the various
items of works, & get them printed in book form under the name’ Detailed
specifications.’
When the work , or a structure or project is taken up, instead of writing detailed
specification every time, the printed Detailed Specifications are referred
Earthwork in excavation in foundation
Excavation:
Foundation trenches shall be dug out to the exact width of foundation
concrete & the sides shall be vertical.
If the soil is not good & does not permit vertical sides, the sides should be
sloped back or protected with timber shoring.
Excavated earth shall not be placed within 1m (3’) of the edge of the trench.
Finish of trench:
The bottom of foundation trenches shall be perfectly levelled both longitudinally & transversely
& the sides of the trench shall be dressed perfectly vertical from bottom up to the least thickness of
loose concrete so that concrete may be laid to the exact width as per design.
Finds:
Any treasure & valuables or materials found during the excavation, shall be
property of the government.
Water in foundation:
Water, if any accumulates in the trench, should be bailed or pumped out
without any extra payment & necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent surface
water to enter into the trench.
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Trench filling:
After the concrete has been laid masonry has been constructed the remaining
portion of the trenches shall be filled up with earth in layers of 15cm (6’’) watered & well
rammed . The earth filling shall be free from rubbish & refuse matters & clods shall be
broken before filling. Surplus earth not required, shall be removed & disposed, & site
shall be levelled & dressed
Measurement:
the measurement of the excavation shall be taken in cu m(cu ft) as for rectangular
trench bottom width of concrete multiplied by the vertical depth of foundation from
ground level & multiplied by the vertical depth of foundation from ground level &
multiplied by the length of trenches even though the contractor might have excavated
with sloping side for his convenience.
Rate shall be for complete work for 30m(100ft) lead & 1.50m(5’)lift, including all
tools & plants required for the completion of the works. For every extra lead of 30 m
& every extra lift of 1.5m separate extra is provided.
Excavation :
Excavation in saturated soil or below sub soil water level shall be taken under a
separate item & shall be carried out in the same manner as above.
Pumping or bailing out of water & removal of slush shall be included in the item.
Timbering of the sides of trenches if required shall be taken under a separate item &
paid separately.
Detailed specification of lime concrete in foundation
Definition
A concrete made from a mixture of lime, sand, and gravel is said to be as lime
concrete. It was widely used before the lime was replaced by Portland cement.
Lime as the first cement
Since long, Lime has been used to make things like plaster and mortar. Lime is
usually made by burning of limestone. Chemically; lime itself is calcium oxide (CaO)
and is made by roasting calcite (CaCO3) to remove carbon dioxide (CO2).
Lime is also called calx or quicklime. Quick Lime is very caustic and can even
dissolve human bodies.
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When lime is mixed with water, lime slowly turns into the mineral portlandite (dense)
in the reaction CaO + H2O = Ca (OH)2. Lime is mixed with an excess of water so it
stays fluid, this is called slaking and the lime resulting is called slaked lime. Slaked
lime continues to harden over a period of weeks. Lime has to be mixed with sand and
other ingredients to take form of slaked lime cement, that can be used as mortar
between stones or bricks in a wall or spread over the surface of a wall There, over
the next several weeks or longer, it reacts with CO2 in the air to form calcite
again(artificial limestone)
Concrete made with lime cement is well known from more than 5000 years old. It was
widely used in all over the world. Sign of its usage can be found easily after surveying
different archaeological sites. In dry conditions, it works extremely well.
Manufacturing of lime
Lime is usually manufactured by burning limestone, in the process driving off carbon
dioxide leaving the clinker of calcium oxide and quick lime. When quick lime is slaked
with water, it disintegrates into fine grained powder depending on the volume of water
added. The pure slaked lime formed in this way is said to be as fat lime. It can be
used for construction of masonry but it hardens quickly in air. Masonry buildings that
were built in the past by with fat lime are now demolished as there strength is very
less than the strength when lime concrete was placed.
Hydraulic lime is one of the advanced form of fat lime. It is manufactured by addition
of fat lime with surkhi (clay rich in silicates).Hydraulic lime can be made into
satisfactorily mortar that achieves strength similar to that of cement mortar.
Preparation of lime concrete
The main ingredient of this concrete is slaked lime as binding material. The slaked lime is
obtained in various forms as hydrated lime powder, lime putty, slaked lime slurry that is
prepared by grinding in suitable Grinding Mills. Slaked lime is first mixed with sand to
prepare lime mortar which is then further mixed with coarse aggregates, in suitable
proportion. For preparation of lime concrete, first hard impervious level base is prepared
by stones or brick pitching. Then quantity of sand is spread as the horizontal base.
Generally lime & sand are taken in ratio of 1:1 to 1:3 by volume. Measured quantity of
slaked lime is then added to sand and then mixing is done. In this mixing, water is
sprinkled continuously to make the whole mass plastic.
Then the whole mass is allowed to mature for 1 to 3 days. After that coarse aggregates
of desired type are used to lay on the prepared hard impervious level surface. After that
lime mortar which is made with sand & lime is introduced into the base. Sufficient water is
sprinkled over the base and it is cut into the layers and then is turned upside down with
the help of spade or shovel until the whole assembly has become uniform.
Lying of lime concrete
The base where lime concrete is to be laid is prepared by cleaning, levelling and
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compacting by ramming properly. The material is laid on prepared foundation bases
and rammed manually with steel rammer. During ramming water may be sprinkled if
concrete is dry and stiff. After that it is cured for 7 to 14 days.
Properties of lime concrete
Lime concrete provides good bases to bear the sufficient loads and also provide certain degree of
flexibility. It adjusts very well when it is in contact with surface. Lime concrete also exhibits certain
degree of water proofing property and thus prevents subsoil dampness in floors and walls. Lime
concrete also exhibits volumetric stability. It can be made easily and can be available at much cheaper
rates. It also resists weathering effects and is very durable.
Drawbacks of Lime concrete
1. Hydraulic lime usually gains strength in time greater than the time in which
cement concrete gains same value of strength.
2. Lime cement takes a long time to cure, and while the ancient world had lots of
time, today time is money.
3. Lime cement does not harden in water but stays soft. So there are situations
where it cannot be used.
Uses and precautions
1. Lime concrete is very widely used for foundation bases of load bearing walls,
columns, and under layers of floors.
2. Due to its flexibility it adjusts very well with the underneath base ground and
upper construction of cement base.
3. For better quality of lime concrete it is important to compact & cure concrete
properly. Lime causes rashes on human skin so the persons which are dealing
lime concrete should be provided with suitable rubber gloves.
4. Persons should use oil on their skin to avoid rashes and cracking of their skin
due to reaction of lime.
5. To achieve good quality lime concrete, certain admixtures, fibres etc. can be used.
LIME CONCRETE IN ROOF TERRACING
Materials:-All materials shall be of standard specifications. Coarse aggregate shall
be of well burnt or over burnt brick ballast of 25mm gauge. It shall be deep cherry red
or copper colour and shall be clean, free from dust ,dirt and other foreign matters. It
shall be homogeneous in texture and roughly cubical in shape.
Fine aggregate shall be of surkhi, clean free from dust, dirt and foreign matters.
Surkhi shall be made from well burnt bricks or brick bats(not over burnt)and shall
pass through a screen of 25 meshes per sq cm(144 meshes per sq in).
Proportion:-Concrete shall consist of 1cu m brick ballast,0.36cu m of surkhi and
0.18cu m white lime(proportion 100:36:18 by volume).
Mixing:- It shall be similar to lime concrete in foundation.
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Laying and consolidation:-
Surface shall be lightly sprinkled with water and then concrete shall be laid slowly and
gently (nay thrown)in layers so as to have the required slope and specified
thickness after compaction.
The concrete shall then be lightly rammed with 6kg (12lbs) rammers and during
preliminary ramming the surface shall then be perfectly levelled by means of trowel,
straight edge and spirit level.
The concrete shall then be kept future consolidated by 2 rows of labourers sitting
close and beating the concrete with wo
Olden 'thapis' and moving forward and backward covering the whole surface.
The beating shall continue for at least 7days until the concrete is thoroughly
compacted and until the 'thapis' rebound from the surface when struck on the
concrete.
Special care shall be taken to consolidated to concrete properly with the at junction
with the parapet wall and the junctions shall be rounded. When beating is in
progress, the surface of the concrete shall be frequently sprinkled with a mixture of
lime molasses and boil solution of 'bale' fruit for water proofing. Bale fruit solution
shall be prepared by boiling 2kg of bale fruit in 100 to 130 litters of water and to this
solution after cooling 3.5kg molasses(gur)and the required quantity of lime shall be
mixed.
Measurement-The measurement shall be taken for the finished work of superficial
area in sq m ([Link]) starting the average thickness. The average thickness shall be
measured correct to 6mm and length and breadth shall be measured correct to
[Link] deduction in measurement shall be made for opening up to 0.4 sq m and
extra payment shall not be made for extra material or labour involved in forming such
opening.
Instead of Bale fruit the solution of Terminally Chebula (kadukai) may be used, as
used in south India. Dry nuts of kadukai shall be broken to small pieces, and allowed
to soak in water. The solution be prepared to have a proportion of 600g of
kadukai,200g of molasses and 40lits of water for 100sq m are of roof concrete. The
solution is brewed for 12 to 24 hours, and the resulting liquor is decanted and used
for the work.
NOTE-
1. If kankar lime is used,0.45 cu m of kankar lime shall be mixed with 1cu m brick
ballast(proportion 45:100)
2. If stone ballast is used the proportion shall be 1cu m of stone ballast of 25 mm
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gauge ,0.5cu m of sand and 0.25cu m of white lime(proportion 1:2:3).
3. The finished thickness of lime concrete in roof terracing may be 7.5cm to 12cm
(3”to 4.5”)
4. The surface finishing may be taken in sq m under a separate item.
Detailed specification of cement concrete 1:2:4
Material:-
Aggregate shall be of invert material & should be clean, dense, hard, sound,
durable, non-absorbent & capable of developing good bond with mortar.
coarse aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust,
dirt & other foreign matters. The stone ballast should be of 20mm(3/4”)size & down & all
should be retained in a 5mm square mesh(1/4” square) & well graded such that the voids
do not exceed 42%.(The gauge of stone ballast shall be as specified depending on the
thickness of concrete & nature of work. For building work 20mm gauge & for road work &
mass work 40 to 60mm gauge may be used.
Fine aggregate shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard, sharp & angular grains
& shall pass through screen of 5mm(3/16”) square mesh. Sand shall be of
standard specifications clean & free from dust, dirt,& organic matters. Sea sand
shall not be used.(Fine aggregate may also be of cursed stone if specified).
Cement shall be fresh port-land cement of standard I.S.I. specifications, & shall have the required
tensile & compressive stresses & fineness.
Water shall be clean & free form alkaline & acid matters & suitable for drinking
purposes.
Proportion:-
The proportion of concrete shall be 1:2:4 as cement: sand: stone: ballast by
volume unless otherwise specified. Minimum compressive strength of
c0ncrete of 1:2:4 proportion shall be 140kg per sq cm (20001bs/sq in)on
7days.
Stone aggregate & sand shall be measured by volume with boxes. Cement
need not be measured by box; one bag of cement (50kg) should be
considered as 1/30 cu m (1.2 cu ft). Size of measured box may be
30cm*30cm*38cm or 35cm*28cm equivalent to content of one bag of cement.
All material shall be dry. If damp sand is used compensation shall be made by
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adding additional sand to the extent required for the bulking of damp sand.
Mixing shall be of machine mixing. For small work hand mixing by batches
may be allowed.
Hand mixing:-
Mixing shall be done in masonry platform or sheet iron tray. For concrete of 1:2:4
proportion ,first two boxes of sand & one bag of cement shall be mixed dry
thoroughly & then this dry mix of cement & sand shall be placed over a stack of 4
boxes of stone aggregate & the whole mixed dry turning at least three times to
have uniform mix. Water shall then be added slowly & gradually with a water-can
while
being mixed to the required quantity 25 to 30 liters (5 to 6 gallons) per bag of
cement, to give a plastic mix of the required workability & water cement ratio. The
be mixed thoroughly turning al least three times to give a uniform
whole shall
concrete.
Machine mixing:-
Stone ballast sand & cement shall be put in to the cement concrete mixer to have
the required proportion. For concrete of 1:2:4 proportion first four boxes of stone
ballast, then two boxes of sand & then one bag of cement shall be put in to the
C.C. Mixer ,the machine shall then be resolved to mix materials dry & then water
shall be added gradually to the required quantity,25 to 30 liters(5 to 6 gallons)per
bag of cement to have the required water cement ratio. The mixing should be
thorough to have a plastic mix of uniform color. It requires 1 ½ to 2 minutes
rotation for thorough mixing. Mixed concrete shall be unloaded on a masonry
platform or on a sheet iron. Output of concrete mixer is 15 to 20 mix per hour.
Slump:-
Regular slump test should be carried out to control the addition of water & to maintain
the required consistency. A slump of 7.5cm to 10cm(3” to 4”) may be allowed for
building work,& 4cm to 3cm(1 ½” to 2”) may be allowed for road work.
Formwork:-
Formwork centering & shuttering shall be provide as required, as per standard
specification before lying of concrete in position. The inner surface of
shuttering shall be oiled to prevent concrete sticking to it. The base &
formwork over which concrete to be laid shall be watered by sprinkling water
before concrete is laid. Forms should not be removed before 14 days in
general, side forms may however be removed after 3 days of concreting.
Formworks shall be removed slowly & carefully without disturbing & damaging
concrete.
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Laying:-
Concrete shall be laid gently(not thrown)in layers not 15cm(6”) & compacted by
pining with rods & tamping with wooden tampers or with mechanical vibrating
machine until a dense concrete is developed.(for important work mechanical
vibrating should be used, for thick or mass concrete immersion type vibrators &
for thin concrete surface vibrators should be used for compacting concrete).Over-
vibration which is will separate coarse aggregate from concrete should be used be
avoided. After removal of the formwork in due time the concrete surface shall be
free form honey combing, air holes or any other defect.
concrete shall be laid continuously, if laying is suspended for rest or for the
following day the end shall be sloped at an angle of 30 degree & made rough for
further jointing. When the work is resumed, the previous sloped portion shall be
roughened. Cleaned & watered & group of neat cement shall be applied & the fresh
concrete shall be laid. For successive layer shall be laid before the lower has set.
Curing:-
After about two hours laying when concrete has begun to harden, it
shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or wet sand for 24
hours, and then cured by flooding with water making mud walls 7.5cm high
or by covering with wet sand or earth & kept dam continuously for 15 days.
type of
If specified, curing may be done by covering concrete with special
waterpr0of paper as to peasant water escaping or evaporation.
DETAILED SPECIFICATION of REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE (R.C.C)-
STEEL-
Steel reinforcing bars shall be of mild steel or deformed steel of standard
specifications andshall be free from corrosion, loose rust scale, oil,
grease, paint, etc.
The steel bar shall be round and capable for being bent (doubled over)
without fracture. Bars shall be hooked and bent accurately and placed in
position as per design and drawing and bound together tight with 20
S.W.G annealed steel wire at their point of intersection.
Bars shall be bent cold by applying gradual and even motion, bars of 40 mm(1
½”) diameter and above may be bent by heating to dull red and allow to cool
slowly without immersing in water. Joints in the bars should be avoided as far
as possible, when joints have to be made an overlap of 40 times diameters of
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the bar shall be given proper hooks at ends and joint should be staggered.
Bars shall be bent cold by applying gradual and even motion, bars of 40 mm(1
½”) diameter and above may be bent by heating to dull red and allow to cool
slowly without immersing in water. Joints in the bars should be avoided as far
as possible, when joints have to be made an overlap of 40 times diameters of
the bar shall be given proper hooks at ends and joint should be staggered.
Bigger diameter bars should be joined by welding and tested before
placing in position. While concreting steel bar shall be given side and
bottom covers of concrete by placing precast concrete blocks underneath
of 1:2 of cement mortar 2.5 cm*2.5cm(1”*1”) in section and thickness of
specified covers,4
cm to 5 cm(1 ½” to 2”) for beam and 1 cm to 2 cm( ½” to
¾”) for slab.
During laying and compacting of concrete the reinforcing bars should not
move from their positions and bars of the laid portions should not be
disturbed.
CENTERING AND SHUTTERING-
Cantering and shuttering shall be made with timber or steel plate close and tight to
prevent to leakage or mortar, with necessary props, bracing and wedges,
sufficiently strong and stable and should not yield on laying concrete and made in
such a way that they can be slackened and remove gradually without disturbing
the concrete.
No plastering should be made on concrete surface. A coat of oil
washing should be applied over the shuttering or paper should be
spread tohave a smooth and finished surface to prevent adherence of
concrete.
For slab and beam small chamber should be given in centring, 1 cm per
2.5 cm (1/2” per 10 ft.) with a maximum of 4 cm (1 ½”). Centring and
shuttering should not be removed before 14 days in general (4 days for
R.C.C. columns, 10 days for roof slab , and 14 days for beam).The
centring and shuttering shall be removed slowly and carefully so that no
part is disturbed or damaged.
PROPORTION OF CEMENT CONCRTE-
Cement concrete shall be of 1:2:4 proportions by volume for slabs, beams and
lintels, and 1:1 ½:3 proportion for columns unless otherwise specified.
MATERIALS FOR CONCRETE-
Coarse aggregate shall be of hard broken stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust,
dirt and other foreign matters. The stone ballast shall be of 20
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m (3/4”) size and down all should be retained in a 5 mm square mesh (1/4”
squre) and well graded such that the voids don’t exceed 42 per cent.
Fine aggregate shall be coarse and consisting of hard, sharp and angular
grains and shall pass through screen of 5 mm (3/16”) square mesh. Sand
shall be of standard specification clean and free from dust, dirt, and organic
matters. Sea and shall not be used.
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard I.S.I. specification, and shall have the
required tensile and compressive stresses and fineness.
The stone aggregate shall usually be 20 mm to 6 mm (3/4” to ¼”) gauge
unless otherwise specified. For heavily reinforced concrete member as in the
case of ribs of main beams the maximum size of aggregate should usually be
restricted to 5 mm less than the minimum cover to the reinforcement which-
ever is smaller. Where the reinforcement is widely spaced, limitations of the
size of the aggregate may not be so important.
MIXING-
HAND MIXING-
Mixing shall be done in masonry platform or sheet iron tray. For concrete of
1:2:4 proportion, first two boxes of sand and one bag of cement shall be
mixed dry thoroughly and then this dry mix of cement and shall be placed
over a stack of 4 boxes of stone aggregate and the whole mixed dry
turning at least three times to have uniform mix. Water shall then be added
slowly and gradually with water- can while being mixed to the required
quantity 25 to 30 litters (5 to 6 gallons) per bag of cement, to give a plastic
mix of the required workability and water cement ratio. The whole shall be
mixed thoroughly turning at least three times to give a uniform concrete.
MACHINE MIXING-
Stone ballast sand and cement shall be put into the cement concrete mixer
to have the required proportion. For concrete of 1:2:4 proportion first four
boxes of stone ballast, then two boxes of sand and then bag of cement
shall be put into the C.C. mixer, the machine shall then be resolved to mix
materials dry and then water shall be added gradually to the required
quantity, 25 to 30 litters (5 to 6 gallons) per bag of cement to
have the required water cement ratio. The mixing should be through to have a
plastic mix of uniform colour. It requires 1 ½ to 2 minutes rotation for through
mixing. Mixed concrete shall be unloaded on a masonry platform on a sheet
iron. Output of concrete mixer is 15 to 20 miles per hour
LAYING-
Before laying the concrete, the shuttering shall be clean, free from dust, dirt
and other foreign matters. The concrete shall be deposited (not dropped) in its
final position. In case of columns and walls it is desirable to place concrete in
full height if practical so as to avoid construction joints but the progress of
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concerting in the vertical direction shall be restricted to one meter per hour.
Care should be taken that the time between mixing and placing of concrete
shall not exceed 20 minutes so that the initial setting process is not
interfered with. During winters concreting shall not be done if the
temperature falls below 4° C . Concrete shall be protected by frost and
concrete affected by frost shall be removed and work redone.
Concrete shall be compacted by mechanical vibrating machine until a
dense concrete is obtained. The vibration shall continue during the entire
period of placing concrete. Compaction shall be completed before the
initial setting starts, i.e., within in 30 minutes of addition of waters to the dry
mixture.
Over vibration which will separate coarse aggregate from concrete shall be
avoided. After removal of the form work in due time, the concrete surface
shall be free from honey combing, Air holes or any other defect.
Concrete shall be laid continuously, if laying is suspended for rest or the following day, the
end shall be sloped at an angle 30° and made rough for future jointing. When the work is
resumed, the previous sloped position shall be roughened, cleaned and watered and a
coat of neat cement shall be applied and the fresh concrete shall be laid.
For successive layer the upper layer shall be laid before the lower layer has
set.
Structures exceeding 45 meters in length shall be divided by one or more
expansion joints. Structures in which plan dimension changes abruptly
shall be provided with expansion joints at the section where such changes
occur.
Reinforcement shall not extend across an expansion joint at the break
between the section shall be complete.
CURING-
After about two hours’ laying when concrete has begun to harden, it shall
be kept damp by covering with wet gunny bags or wet sand for 24 hours,
and then cured by flooding with water making mud walls 7.5 cm(3”) high or
by covering with wet sand or earth and kept damp continuously for 15
days. If specified, curing may be done by covering concrete with special
type of waterproof paper as to prevent water escaping or evaporating.
FINSHING-
If specified the exposed surface shall be plastered with 1:3 cement sand mortar
not exceeding 6 mm(1/4”) thickness and the plastering shall be applied
immediately after removal of the centring while the concrete is green.
Immediately before applying the plaster the surface of concrete shall be wetted
and neat cement wash shall be given.
MEASUREMENT-
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Measurement shall be taken in cu m (cu ft.) for the finished work and no
deduction shall be made for the volume of steel. Steel reinforcement shall
be measured under a separate item in quintal (cwt.). Plastering, if any,
shall be included in the measurement. The rate for R.C.C. work shall be
for the complete work excluding steel but including centring and shuttering
and all tools and plants.
DETAILED SPECIFICATION OF DAMP PROOF COURSE
Dampness in Buildings
Protect building and people from harmful effects caused by
• Ground moisture
• Rain
• Interstitial and surface condensation
• Spillage of water from sanitary objects
What is Dampness?
Damp is generally defined as unwanted water or moisture.
The existence of dampness in buildings is one of the most damaging failures
that can occur in buildings.
It can cause
• Damage in brickwork by saturating it
• Decay and breaking up of mortar joints
• Dry and wet rot in timber structures
• Corrosion of iron and steel
Physical Effects
• Freeze/thaw
• Timber rot
• Water staining
• Cyclic wetting/drying
• Insulation values reduced
• Electrics made unsafe
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Chemical effects
Efflorescence
Crypto florescence
Corrosion of ferrous metals
Chemical attack (e.g. sulphate)
Cohesion loss
Effects on Health
• Ambient air conditions
• Mould growth & spores
• Viruses & infections
• Rot & infestation
• Psychological
Rising Damp
The majority of construction materials are porous.
This means they will soak up a considerable amount of water.
Rising Damp
Rising damp is caused by a natural phenomenon called ‘capillary action’
wherein ground water is drawn vertically upwards through fine pores in a material.
Construction materials are either embedded in, or in contact with the ground which
will encourage the migration of water from the ground by capillary action.
Furthermore, osmosis encourages the movement of water relative to the
concentration of salts.
Causes
The occurrence of rising damp is generally associated with older properties
of traditional construction.
Causes
Other potential causes of rising damp include:
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1. By-passing of the DPC caused by bridging internally by a porous floor screed
2. By-passing of the DPC externally by raised paths, planting borders etc
3. By-passing of the DPC with external render coating
4. Rain splashing on the external ground and passing above the DPC level
5. Build-up of debris in a cavity allowing by-passing of the DPC
6. Failure to link the DPC with the impervious (watertight) membrane or damp
proof membrane (DPM) in adjacent solid floors.
Effect
Stained decoration
Rusting to skirting nails
Decay to timber skirting
Breakdown of plasterwork
Effect
The presence of dampness is visible as a tidal pattern on the wall and can be
measured by a moisture meter.
For rising damp moisture content will be high at low level, and diminishing quickly up
the wall.
Remedial DPCs
The purpose of remedial DPCs is to attempt to arrest the passage of moisture from
the ground through the walls by inhibiting the natural process of capillary [Link]
can categorise the most common forms of remedial DPCs into
• Chemical DPCs
• Physical DPCs
Chemical DPCs
This technique uses liquid which is either introduced into the wall by simple gravity
or under pressure.
This liquid will either fill the pores of a material with water resistant material (pore fillers) or
line them with a non-wet-table surface to reduce capillary attraction (pore liners).
Thus a damp proof course will be created.
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Physical DPCs
Are layers of impervious material which is inserted into a carefully cut gap.
Pieces have to overlap to make sure they are tight.
Penetrating Damp
The occurrence of penetrating damp is highly dependent upon the levels of exposure
of the building and it is often the case that moisture penetration occurs only on
certain areas or elevations of the building.
In traditional construction high levels of exposure force moisture through a wall.
In more modern buildings penetrating dampness is often associated with failures of
joints and seals.
Cracks caused by other defects can also be a cause.
Penetrating Damp
Ingress of rainfall
Erosion of the façade surface material Propulsion of the water through openings
Penetrating Damp
Dampness in Buildings
Some of it will be immobilised by the hydration process of mortar and cement.
However, much of the water will remain and one cannot do much about it but it will
dry out very slowly, so good ventilation and low heating during the first months will
assist the drying process.
It may take a considerable period of time before all of the construction moisture is
removed from the building fabric.
Remedial actions
It is important to determine the source of water/moisture ingress before taking any
remedial damp proofing action.
As just seen there may be one or more sources, such as penetrating damp, plumbing
defects, condensation, bridging of the DPC, or absence of effective damp proofing
resulting in dampness.
Details specification of brickwork 1st class
st
Bricks -- All bricks shall be of 1 . class of standard specification made of good brick
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earth thoroughly burnt, and shall be of deep cherry red or copper colour bricks shall be
regular in shape and there edges should be sharp and shall emit clear ranging sound on
being struck and for hall be free from cracks, chips, flaws, and lumps of any kind.
Mortar-mortar shall be specified and materials of mortar shall be of standard
specification. For cement mortar cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard
specification. Sand shall be sharp, clean and free from organic and foreign matters for
rich mortar coarse or medium cement should be used and weak mortar local fine sand
may be used. Proportion of cement sand mortar may be of (1:3 to 1:6 as specified)
materials of mortar shall be measured to have the required proportion with measuring
box. Lime surkhi (or sand or cinder)mortar if specified shall be mixed in the specified
proportion by grinding in mortar mill at least three hrs. on the same day of use. Lime shall
be fresh and slaked and screened at site of work.
Soaking of bricks-bricks shall be fully soaked in clean water by submerging in a tank
for a period of 12 hrs immediately before used. Soaking shall be continued till air
bubbling is ceased.
Laying-bricks shall be well bonded and laid in English bond unless otherwise
specified. Every course shall be truly horizontal and shall be truly in plumb. Vertical
joints of consecutive course shall not come directly over one another; vertical joints in
alternate course shall come directly over one another. broken bricks shall not be
used mortar joints shall not exceed 6mm. in thickness and joints shall be fully filled
with mortar. where frogs shall be placed down-word at an angle of 45 degree.
Curing point-the brick work shall be caped wet for a period of at least 10 days after
lying. At the end of days works. The tops of wall shall be flooded with water by
making small weak mortar edging to contain at least 2.5cm. Deepwater.
Protection-the brick work shall be protected from the effect sun, rain, frost etc. during
the construction and until such time it is green and likely to be damaged.
Scaffolding-necessary and suitable scaffolding be provided to facilitate the construction
of the brick wall. Scaffolding shall be sound and strong and support and member
sufficiently strong so as to withstand all loads likely to come upon them.
Measurement-brick work shall be measured in cu m.(cu ft.).Different kind of brick
work with different mortar shall be taken under separate items. The thickness of wall
shall be taken as multiple of half brick as half brick 10cm.,1 brick 10cm,1 brick
20cm,1.5 brick 30cm,so on.
Brick work arch-in addition to the above type of arch-rough case arch or axed or
gauged arch as the case may be, and the centring of the arch should be specified.
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nd rd
Detailed specification of brickwork 2 &3 class, Brickwork in mud
mortar pointing (cements or lime mortar).
Brickwork II class and III class
For II class brickwork bricks shall be of second class and mortar shall be as specified,
may be kankar lime or white lime and surkhi (or sand) of 1:2 to 1:3 proportion. Mortar
joints shall not exceed 10mm (3/2”) in thickness. Bricks shall be soaked in water for at
least three hours immediately before use. Other details are same as for item 7 above.
For III-class brickwork brick shall be III class if otherwise not specified. Mortar shall
be as specified and mortar joints shall not exceed 12mm (3/4”) in thickness. Bricks
shall be dipped into a tub of water before use.
Pointing (cement or lime mortar)-
The joints of the brickwork shall be raked out to a depth of 20mm (3/4”) and the
surface of the wall washed and cleaned and kept wet for two days before pointing.
The materials of mortar cement and sand, or lime and surkhi or sand, or kankar lime as
specified, shall be of standard specification. The materials of mortar shall be first dry
mixed by measuring with boxes to have the required proportion as specified (1:2 or 1:3
for cement sand mortar, 1:1 for lime surkhi mortar or kankar lime mortar), and then mixed
by adding water slowly and gradually and thoroughly mixed.
Mortar shall then be applied in the joints slightly in excess and pressed by a proper tool
of the required shape. Extra mortar if any is removed and surface finished. Mortar shall
not spread over the face of bricks, and the edges of the bricks shall be clearly defined to
give a neat appearance. After pointing the surface shall be kept wet for seven days.
Flush pointing- The mortar shall be pressed into the ranked, cleaned and wet joints
and shall be finished off flush and level with edges of brick to give a smooth
appearance. The edges shall be neatly trimmed with a trowel and straight edge.
Ruled pointing- The mortar shall be passed into the ranked, cleaned and wet joints
and a groove of shape and size of 5 to 6mm deep shall be formed running a forming
tool of steel along the center line of the joints. The vertical joints also shall be finished
in a similar way at right angles to the horizontal line. The finished work shall give a
neat and clean appearance with straight edges.
Weather or truck pointing- The mortar shall be applied on the cleaned and wet joints
and horizontal joints shall be pressed and finished with a pointing tool so that the joints is
sloping from top to bottom. The vertical joint shall be finished as ruled pointing.
Raised or Trucked pointing- The mortar shall be applied in raked, cleaned and wet
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joints in excess to from raised bands. The mortar shall be pressed and run with proper
tool to from bands of 6mm(1/4”) raised and 10mm (3/8”) width or as directed.
Detailed specification of rain force bricks work.
nd rd
Brick work 2 class&3 class-
For second class brick work brick shall be of second class and mortar shall be as
specified. may be kankar line or white line and surkhi of 1:2to1:3 proportion. mortar joints
shall not exceed 10mm(3/4”)in thickness .bricks shall be soaked in water for at least
three hour immediately before use. Other details are same as for item 7 above.
For third class brick work bricks shall be third class if otherwise not specified.
Mortar shall be as specified and mortar joint shall not exceed 12mm in thickness.
Bricks shall be dipped into a tub of water before use.
Brick in mud mortar-
nd rd
Bricks shall be specified may be 2 class & 3 class. The mud should be made of
selected earth of tenacious so that it sticks and binds bricks. The earth should be
soaked in water at least one day before and then worked up with water by labourer
treading it, until it is perfectly free of bricks isn’t require. other details of laying
protection scaffolding and measurement will be similar to item 7 above.
Reinforced brick work (R.B. work)-
Material-Bricks shall be strictly of first class quality and selected first class bricks
shall be used. mortar shall be consist of cement & coarse sand of 1:3 proportion.
Cement shall be fresh pot-land cement. sand shall be coarse of 5mm (3/16”)size &
down and sharp clean and free from foreign matters.
Centring and shuttering-
The centring and shuttering shall be made with planking or shitting of bamboos
packed together at the required level supported on runners of beams and covered
with a thin layer of about 2.5cm thick of earth finished of with a light sprinkle of sand.
The centring shall be simple in construction so that it could be easily removing
without disturbing the structure. The planking shall be kept clear of the bearing for
slab and will rest on cross beams only planks shall not be led too close as to tender
them liable to jam. The top surface of centring shall be given a camber of 2mm for
every 30cm of span up to a maximum of 3mm of slab and1.5mm for every 30cm of
span to maximum of span to maximum of 4cm for lintels.
Mixing of Mortar-
Mortar of cement and sand shall be mixed in the proportion of 1:3 first by mixing dry
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and then adding water slowly and gradually and mixing by turning at-least 3 times to
get uniform plastic mix of consistency so that the mortar tagged round the rain force-
domain shall never be used.
Laying-
All bricks shall be thoroughly shocked with water for not less than 6hours immediately
before used. Bricks shall be led with frogs downward over the centring in straight line
paralal to the direction of reinforcement bars leaving the required gap for mortar
changed. reinforcement has to be placed shall not be less than 4times the diameter of
the bar so as to provide a cover of 12mm (1/2”)on all sides of the still bar. other joint
where than will not be any bar may be 6mm to 10mm thick.
After the bricks have been led and arranged over the hole area fresher mixed mortar
shall be placed in to the gaps in between the bricks to a thickness of 2.5mm
(1”)reinforcing rods previously cut to the correct Len and bend and hocked as per design
shall be placed exactly at the centre of the joint and perished down into the mortar to
leave [Link] led portion shall not be disturbed at all points is completely
surrounded on all sides by mortar.
Centring and shuttering shall be removed slowly and carefully without any shock not
earlier than 10 days. after removal of centring if the work is found defective and rods
are expose and visible to sufficient extend the work shall be dismantled and
reconstructed. In such a case no extra payment shall be made for reconstruction they
should be covered with reach cement mortar.
For double layers the upper layer shall be led with joints of 10mm(3/8”)thickness with
1:3 cement and coarse sand mortar immediately the bottom layer if there are top bars
provided in the upper layer the joint shall be thicker as per bottom layer.
2.5cm to 4cm (1”to1”)thick cement concert of 1:2:4 proportion may be provided over
the one layer of [Link] if specified to have a greater compressive strength.
Finishing-
Plastering of underside and side shall be done immediately after opening of the centring with
fresh cement and courses and mortar of 1:3 proportion to a minimum thickness of
12mm(1/2”).Before plastering the surface shall be given a work of need cement with water.
SPECIFICATION OF PLASTERING CEMENT MORTAR OR LIME MORTAR
INTRODUCTION
Plastering is the process of cone rough surface of walls, columns, ceilings and other
building components with thin coat of plastic mortars to form a smooth durable surface.
The coating of plastic material (i.e. mortar) is termed as plaster.
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Plastering on external exposed surfaces is known as rendering.
The joints of the brickwork shall be raked out to a depth of 18 mm and the surfaces of the
wall shall be washed and kept wet for two days before plastering.
MATERIALS
The materials of mortar, cement and sand or lime and surkhi or sand, or kankar lime, as specified should
be of standard specifications.
The materials or mortar shall be first dry mixed, by measuring with boxes to have the required proportion.
Then water added slowly and gradually and mixed thoroughly.
THICKNESS
The thickness of plastering shall be usually 12 mm applied in two or three coats.
To ensure uniform thickness of plaster, patches of 15 mm * 15 mm(6’’) strips, 1m (3’)
apart or 10 cm(4’’)wide shall be applied first at about 2m(6’) apart to act as a guide.
First mortar shall be dashed and pressed over the surface and then brought to a
true smooth and uniform surface by means of float and trowel.
TYPES
External plastering shall be started from top and worked down towards floor.
Internal plastering shall be started wherever the building frame is ready and centering of the roofs slabs
have been removed.
Ceiling plastering shall be completed before starting of wall plaster.
COATINGS
The first coat is of 10mm. The first coat shall be applied on the prepared raked cleaned and wetted
surface by dashing the mortar.
The second coat is of 10 to 6mm. When the first coat has set, the second coat of plaster
shall be applied and brought to true even surface and then lightly roughened with a
wooden float to provide bond for finishing coat.
Finishing coat is of 5 to 6mm. The finishing coat shall be applied on the
wetted surface of the second coat and finished smooth to true even surface by
float and trowel.
TESTING
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The work shall be tested frequently with a straight edge and plumb bob.
At the end of the day the plaster shall be cut clean to line.
When the next day’s plastering is started and edge of the old work shall be
scrapped, cleaned and wetted with cement slurry.
At the end of the day the plastering shall be closed on the body of the wall and not
nearer than 15cm to any corner.
PRECAUTIONS
Curing shall be started as soon as the plaster has hardened sufficiently not to be damaged when watered.
The plaster shall be kept wet for at least 10 days.
Any defective plaster shall be cut in rectangular shape and replaced.
PROPORTIONS OF MORTAR
Cement sand mortar---- 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6
Cement, lime, sand mortar---- 1:1:6 ; C:L:S
Lime surkhi or sand mortar---- 1:1, 1:2
Kankar lime mortar---- kankar lime alone
For ceiling plastering 1:3 cement mortar with coarse sand is generally used.
Detailed Specification of
2.5 cm cement concrete floor
2.5cm (1”) cement concrete floor
The cement concrete shall be of proportion 1:2:4 or 1:21/2:31/2 as specified.
Cement shall be fresh Portland cement of standard specification. The coarse
aggregate shall be hard and tough (granite stone) of 20mm (3/4”) gauge, well
graded and free from dust, dirt, etc. The sand shall be coarse of 5mm (3/16”)
maximum size and down, well graded, clean and free from dust, dirt and
organic matters.
The floors shall be levelled and divided into panels of size not exceeding 1
metre in its smaller dimensions and 2 metres in large dimensions. Glass or
aluminium strips 3mm thick and depth equal to thickness of floor shall be fixed
on the base with cement mortar. Required camber of slope shall be given in
the floor for draining wash water.
Mixing of concrete shall be done either by hand mixing or by mechanical
mixer. In case of hand mixing first cement and sand mixed thoroughly and the
well
dry mix of cement and sand mixed with ballast dry till stone ballast are
coated with dry mix of cement and sand and then mixed by adding water
Under Review
slowly and gradually to the required quantity and mixed thoroughly to have
uniform plastic mix. The quantity of water must not exceed 30litres per bag of
cement. Concrete for one panel only shall be mixed in one lot. Alternate panels
shall be laid on alternate days. The floor shall be laid in two layers. The lower
layer being 25 mm thick and upper layer 3 mm thick. The base shall be made
rough and cleaned and soaked with water thoroughly and then given a cement
wash just before laying. Concrete shall be placed gently and evenly and
compacted by beating with wooden ‘thapies’ and then the surface shall be
tamped with the wooden tampers. The surface shall then be smoothened with
wooden floats
and any unevenness shall be removed by adding 1:2 cement sand mortar. The
whole operation of laying shall be completed within 30 minutes. After laying the
surface shall be laying undisturbed for 2 hours and then covered with wet bags
and after 24 hours cured by flooding with water and kept flooded for at least 7
days. The surface of floor may be polished if specified. It is important that same
brand of cement should be used for the whole floor of one room and the
proportions are maintained strictly to have a uniform colour. Junctions of floor with
wall plaster, dado and skirting shall be rounded off neatly.
Coloured floor- For coloured finish the surface shall be finished be finished with
coloured cement or with a mixture of ordinary Portland cement and coloured
pigment of the desired colour in the proportion of 3 of cement and one of colour (or
4:1 or 5:1). For coloured floor the thickness of the two layers shall be 19 mm and 6
mm. For polished floor the thickness of the surface cement finishing should be 2.5
mm to allow for grinding and polishing.
Base- In ground floor c.c. floor is to be laid on a 7.5 cm (3”) base of lime concrete
or weak cement concrete as per standard specifications. If the bases consists of
cement concrete it shall be allowed to set for about 7days. In case the base is of
weak cement concrete the flooring shall commence within 48 hours of laying the
base.
In first floor or upper floor if c.c. floor is to be laid on RCC slab. The surface of
RCC slab shall be made rough with brushes while concrete is green. Before laying
the c.c. floor the surface shall be cleaned, wetted and a neat cement wash shall
be applied to get a good bond. A base of lime concrete may also be provided over
the RCC slab if specified. The base shall be provided with the slope required for
the flooring.
The thickness of c.c. floor for office building, school building, and in upper floor
should be 4 cm (1.5”).
White washing -
Fresh white lime slacked at site of work should be mixed with sufficient water to
make a thin cream. The approximate quantity of water required in making the cream is 5
litters of water to 1 kg of lime. It shall then be screened through a coarse cloth and gum (glue)
Under Review
in the proportion of 100 grams of gum to 16litres (three chat tacks of gum to 6 gallons) of
wash shall be added .the surface should be dry and thoroughly cleaned from dust and dirt.
The wash shall be applied with ‘moon’ or jute brush, vertically and horizontally alternately and
the wash kept stirred in the container while using. Two or three coats shall be applied as
specified and each coat shall be perfectly dry before the succeeding coat is applied over it.
After finishing the surface shall be of uniform colour. The white wash should not splash on the
floor and other surfaces. In old surface the surface should be cleaned and repaired with
cement mortar where necessary and allowed to dry before white wash is applied . For final
coat blue pigment powder should be mixed to the required quantity with the lime water to give
a bright white surface.
Colour washing -
Colour wash shall be prepared with fresh slaked white lime mixed with water to
make thin cream adding the coloured pigment to the required quantity to give the
required tint. Gum (glue)in the proportion of 100 gm of gum to 16 litres (three chat tacks
of gum to six gallons)of wash shall be added. The colour wash may be applied one or
two coats as specified. The method of application should be same as for white
washing(item 17). For new work the priming coat shall be of white wash.
Distempering-
The distemper shall be of best quality and the colour should be as specified. The
distemper should be mixed and prepared and water added, as laid down in the
instructions of the manufacturer. First a paste is made by adding little hot water to the
distemper powder and stirred thoroughly, and the paste is allowed to stand for a few
minutes. The paste is then thinned with water to have a thin cream to the consistency of
oil paint and stirred thoroughly all the time while applying. If the surface is rough, it should
be smoothened with sand paper.
The surface must be perfectly dry before distempering is commenced. In new
cement plaster the surface shall be washed over with a solution of zinc sulphate , one
kg zinc sulphate ,one kg zinc sulphate in 10 litres of water and then allowed to dry .in
old surface , the surface shall be repaired with plaster of Paris where required and
then whole surface sand papered and washed and allowed to dry.
The number of coats shall be two or as specified. The distemper shall be kept well
stirred in containers and shall be applied with broad brushes first horizontally and
immediately crossed vertically. Brushing should not be continued too long to avoid brush
marks. The second coat shall be applied after the first coat is dried up. After each day’s
work the brushes shall be washed and kept dry .distempering should be done during dry
weather but not during too hot weather, nor wet weather.
Oil distemper- oil distemper is similar to ordinary dry distemper in powder form .in
the oil distemper compound (dry powder) oil is mixed by the manufacturer while
manufacturing. For application of oil distemper it is mixed with the required quantity of
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water and then applied on the surface .the methods of preparation and application
are similar as described above.
Snowmen washing-
General- Snowmen consists of a base of white cement mixed with finely
powdered colouring pigment to have the desired colour and with the addition of small
quantities of other ingredients. it gives a water proof surface. Snowmen is sold by the
manufacturer in 50 kg drums, 25kg drums and 5kg tin of various colours. The snowed
of the desired colour may be chosen.
Mixing- only fresh snowmen should be used. Hard or set snowcem should not
be used. The contents should be made loose by rolling and shaking the container
before opening the container. First a paste shall be prepared by mixing 2 parts of
snowcem powder with one part of water by volume and immediately this should be
thinned by adding another one part of water to have a uniform solution of consistency
of paints.
[Mix 1 litre (2 pints) of water with 3kg (7lbs) of snowcem powder to get a paste
,dilute this with another 1 litre (2 pints) of water which will give approximately 3 litres
(6pints) of snowcem for application .]
Application-The surface should be cleaned to remove loose dust or dirt by use of
a soft wire brush. The surface shall then be wetted by sprinkling with water and shall
be allowed to run off. The fresh mixed snowcem shall then be applied with broad
good quality brush. The first coat shall be well brushed into the surface to form a
good bond. Snowcem should be used within an hour of mixing and should be kept
stirred during application. At the end of the day each application of snowcem the
surface should be wetted with fine water spray for curing.
After a day or two a second coat of snowcem of similar preparation should be
applied on the wetted surface and the second coat should be applied carefully to give
a uniform and good finished appearance.
The approximate covering capacity of 50 kg of snowcem for two coats on
plastered surface is 100 sq m (1000 sq ft).
Other cement washing compound as supercem , Aquacem, Durocem, etc., may
also be used similar to snowcem.
Decorative cement colour washing (similar to snowcem)-
For decorative as well as water repellent washing on the external surface of
buildings, white cement mixed with colour (pigment) and other ingredients may be
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used. The quantities(proportion) of the different ingredients in percentage basis as
well as per bag of cement are given below):-
Ingredients percentage by weight per bag of cement
(1)White cement 75% 50 kg
(2)Slaked lime (clean, screened) 10% 6.5 kg
(3)Powdered glue 10% 6.5 kg
(4)Alum 2% 1.3 kg
(5)Alumininum stearate ½% 0.33 kg
(6)Plaster of paris 2 ½% 1.63 kg
To get the desired colour and shade, powdered metallic colour should be mixed
with white cement to the extent of 5% to 10% of the white cement by weight (2.5
kg to 5 kg per bag of cement)
Mixing and preparation- slaked lime should be dissolved in cold water and
powdered glue and powdered alum should be dissolved in hot water in separate
containers or drums. The solution should be thin and should be screened through
a piece of cloth, and prepared and kept ready in advance of application.
At the time of application white cement, plaster of Paris aluminium stearate and
colour should be mixed intimately in the above mentioned proportions and the
mixture added to the slaked lime solution and stirred continuously. The alum and
glue solutions should then be added and stirring continued. Fresh water should
then be added to bring the solution to the consistency of a cream similar to oil
paint. The final mixed solution should consist of all the ingredients in the
proportion mentioned above. The mixing should be by batches of about ¼ bag of
cement at a time with other ingredients in the same proportion. A uniform
consistency should be maintained for all batches of mix. Only as much quantity as
can be used within half an hour should be prepared and mixed at a time.
Application of wash- Before the wash is applied, the surface should be rubbed
and cleaned of all loose dust and dirt, and washed with water and wetted. The
mixed cement wash should then be applied evenly with broad distemper brushes.
Second coat should be applied after 4 hours and during this period the surface
should be kept moist.
Curing- after application of the cement the surface should be kept moist for at
least two days by frequent light sprinkling of water. Surface should be protected
from hot sun and drying winds by hanging hessian cloth on the scaffolding and
periodically wetting it with water.
Under Review
Covering capacity-one bag of white cement (50kg) mixed with other
ingredients will cover an area of 80 sq m to 100 sq m (800 sq ft to 1000 sq ft) for
two coats over plastered surface.
One expert washer(white washer) and one boy coolie can wash 30 sq m to 40
sq m (300 sq ft to 400sq ft)per day for first coat, and 40 sq m to 50sq m(400 sq ft
to 500 sq ft). per day for second coat.
painting-
The brand of the paint shall be specified and ready-made paint of the required
colour should be used. If thinning is required, pure turpentine may be added to the
required extent. The surface shall be made perfectly smooth by rubbing with sand
paper of different grades, first with coarse one and successively with fine sand
papers. All holes and open joints should be filled with strong putty or with a mixture of
glue and plaster of Paris and smoothened by rubbing with sand paper. In steel work,
all ruses and scales shall be perfectly removed by scrapping and brushing.
Calculation of dry materials & ANALYSIS OF RATES
Definition: In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting
the rate of that item are studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that
item. This process of determining the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates
or rate analysis. The rates of particular item of work depend on the following.
1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and
constructional Operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit
Cost of materials at source and at site of construction.
The costs of materials are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the transport
local taxes and other charges.
Purpose of Analysis of rates:
1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing the
particulars item.
3. To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract Bond,
but are to be done as per the directions of the department.
4. To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of material and Labour
or due to change in technique.
Cost of labour -types of labour, standard schedule of rates
The labour can be classified in
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to 1) Skilled 1st class
2) Skilled 2nd Class
3) un skilled
The labour charges can be obtained from the standard schedule of rates 30%
of the skilled labour provided in the data may be taken as Ist class, remaining 70% as
II class. The rates of materials for Government works are fixed by the superintendent
Engineer for his circle every year and approved by the Board of Chief Engineers.
These rates are incorporated in the standard schedule of rates.
Lead statement: The distance between the source of availability of material and
construction site is known as "Lead " and is expected in Km. The cost of conveyance of
material depends on lead. This statement will give the total cost of materials per unit
item. It includes first cost, conveyances loading, unloading stacking, charges etc.
The rate shown in the lead statements is for metalled road and includes loading and
staking charges. The environment leads on the metalled roads are
Arrived by multiplying by a factor a)
for metal tracks - lead x 1.0
b) For cartze tracks - Lead x 1.1 c)
For Sandy tracks - lead x 1.4
Under Review
Under Review
Sl. No. Material Cost at Per Lead in Conveyance
Source Km Charges per
Rs. Ps. Km
1 40mmHBG metal 210.00 m3 16 Rs.6=00/m3
2 Sand 16.00 m3 18 Rs.3=00/m3
3 Bricks country 780.00 1000Nos at site --
4 Cement 2600.0 10KN at site --
Labour charges:
i)Mason- Rs. 90 per day.
ii)Man Mazdoor - Rs. 70 per day
iii)Woman Mazdoor - Rs. 70 per day.
iv)Mixing Charges of C.M. Rs. 20.00 per m3.
Lead Statement
Sl. Material Cost at Per Lead Conveyance Km Total
No. Source in Charges per Total cost
Rs. Ps. Km Rs conveyance Rs. Ps
Charge Rs
1 40mmHBG metal 210.00 m3 16 Rs.6/m3 96.00 306.00
2 Sand 16.00 m3 18 Rs.3/m3 54.00 70.00
3 Bricks country 780.00 1000Nos at site -- 780.00
---
4 Cement 2600.0 10KN at site -- 2600/t
or ---
1tonne
a) B.M. CM(1:6) with country bricks -
1m3 CM (1:6) - 0.38m3
[Link]. Description Quantity Unit Rate per Amount
Rs.
1 Country Bricks 600 Nos 780 1000 769.23
2 CM (1:6) 0.38 m3 263.72 0.38m3 263.72
3 Mason 1.4 Nos 90 day 126.00
4 Man mazdoors 2.1 Nos 70 day 147.00
5 Mixing Charges 0.38 m3 20 m3 7.60
6 Sundries L.S 86.44
Total Rs 1400.00
Under Review
b) CC (1:5:10) using 40mm HBG metal -1m3
[Link]. Description Quantity Unit Rate per Amount
1 40mm HBG metal 0.92 m3 306 m3 281.52
2 Sand 0.46 m3 70 m3 32.20
3 Cement 0.092 m3 2600 t 344.45
4 Mason 0.2 Nos 90 Nos 18.00
5 Man mazdoor 1.80 Nos 70 Nos 126.00
6 women Mazdoor 1.4 Nos 70 Nos 98.00
7 Mixing charges 1.0 m3 20 m3 20.00
8 Sun dries L.S 4.83
Total Rs. 925.00 /m3
Preparation of Unit rates for finished items of words
I a) Cement Concrete in foundation (1:5:10)
S.N Description of Item Unit Rate Per Amount
o. Quantity
1. 40mm HBG Metal 0.92 Cum 547.75 Cum 503.93
2. Sand 0.46 cum 284.80 Cum 131.00
3. Cement 0.092 Cum 2700.00 MT 357.70
4. Mason Ist Class 0.06 No 150.00 Nos 9.00
5. Mason 2nd Class 0.14 No 131.00 Nos 18.34
6. Man mazdoor 1.80 No 101.00 Nos 181.80
7. Women Mazdoor 1.40 No 101.00 Nos 141.40
8. Add Extra 15%on M.L 52.58
1395.75
9 Add T.O.T. @4% 55.83
10 Sundries 0.42
Total Rs 1452.00
b). Cement Concrete in foundation (1:4:8)
[Link] Description of Item Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
1. 40mm HBG Metal 0.92 Cum 547.75 Cum 503.93
2. Sand 0.46 Cum 284.80 Cum 131.00
3. Cement 0.115 Cum 2700.00 MT 447.12
4. Mason Ist Class 0.06 No 150.00 Nos 9.00
5. Mason 2nd Class 0.14 No 131.00 Nos 18.34
6. Man mazdoor 1.80 No 101.00 Nos 181.80
7. Women Mazdoor 1.40 No 101.00 Nos 141.40
8. Add Extra 15%on M.L 52.58
1485.17
9 Add T.O.T. @4% 59.40
10 Sundries 0.43
Total Rs. 1545.00
Under Review
[Link]
V.R.C.C.(1:2:4) Nominal mix using 20mm Normal size hard broken granite metal
approved quarry with necessary reinforcement including casting, curing cost &
conveyance of all materials
a) P.C.C.(1:2:4)
[Link] Description of Item Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
1. 20mm HBG Metal 0.92 Cum 797.75 Cum 733.93
2. Sand 0.46 cum 284.80 Cum 131.00
3. Cement 0.23 Cum 2700.00 MT 894.24
4. Mason Ist Class 0.2 No 180.00 Nos 30.00
5. Man mazdoor 1.8 No 131.00 Nos 235.80.
6. Women Mazdoor 1.4 No 101.00 Nos 141.40
7. Vibrating charges 1.0 Cum 101.00 Nos 101.00
8. Machiny mixing concrete 1.0 Cum 28.80 cum 28.80
9 Add Extra 15%on M.L 76.23
Total Rs. 2372.40
c) For steel reinforcement
[Link] Description of Item Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
1. cost of steel 1.00 MT 27500 MT 27500.00
2. Fabrication charges 1.00 MT 5.00 Kg 5000.00
3. Add 15% on M.L. 750.00
33250.00
4. Add T.O.T. @4% 1330.00
5. Sundries 0.00
Total Rs. 34580.00
Page-73
c) V.R.C.C (1:2:4) for bed blocks, column footings including form work Centring charges
[Link] Description of Item Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
1. V.P.C.C (1:2:4) 1.00 Cum 2372.40 Cum 2372.40
2. Centering Charges 1.00 Cum 430.00 Cum 430.00
3. Steel @0.5% = 0.5/ 0.04 MT 34580.00 MT 1383.20
100=0.005m3
(0.005x7.85t/m3 =
0.04t 4185.60
4. Add T.O.T. @4% 167.40
Sundries 0.00
Total 4353.00
Under Review
d) V.R.C.C (1:2:4) for columns rectangular beams, pedastals including
form work at centering charges.
[Link] Description of Item Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
1. V.P.C.C. (1:2:4) 1.00 Cum 2372.40 Cum 2372.40
2. Centering Charges 1.00 Cum 675.00 Cum 675.00
3. Steel for columns, beams 0.117 MT 34580.00 MT 4072.00
@1.5% =1.5/ 7119.40
100x7.85=0.117t
4. Add T.O.T. @4% 284.77
5. Sundries 0.83
Total 7405.00
Pointing to [Link] in CM(1:4) mix using cost & conveyance of Cement, sand and
all materials from approved sources to site and labour charges for point neatly etc
[Link] Description of Item Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
Cost of CM(1:4) 0.09 Cum
1. Cement = 0.032 T 2700.00 Mt 87.48
2. Sand 0.09 Cum 284.80 Cum 25.63
3. Mining Charges 1.0 Cum 32.50 Cum 32.50
4. mason Ist Class 0.48 Nos. 150.00 Nos 72.00
5. 2nd Class 1.12 Nos 131.00 Nos 146.72
6. Man mazdoor 0.50 Nos 101.00 Nos 55.00
7. Women Mazdoor 1.10 Nos 101.00 Nos 111.10
8. Add 15% on ML 57.72
588.15
9. Add TOT @ 4% 23.53
Sundries
10. 0.32
Total 612.00
Cement concrete flooring (1:2:4) using 12mm HBG machine crushed chips from
approved quarry to site of work including curing cost and conveyance of all materials
completed
[Link] Description of Item Quantity Unit Rate Per Amount
1. 12mm HBG metal 0.92 Cum 680.25 cum 625.83
2. crushed chips
3. Sand 0.46 cum 284.80 cum 131.00
4. Cement 0.23 cum 2700 mt 894.24
(0.23m3x1.44=0.33t (or)0.331 MT
5. Mason ISt class 0.06 Nos 150.00 nos 9.00
6. 2nd Class 0.14 nos 131.00 nos 18.34
7. Man mazdoor 1.80 nos 101.00 nos 181.80
8. Women Mazdoor 1.40 nos 101.00 nos 141.40
9. Add 15% Extra on ML 52.58
2054.19
10 Add TOT @4% 82.17
11. Sundries 0.64
Total 2137.00
Under Review
Module-III
Under Review
Introduction:
A project is composed of jobs, activities, functions or tasks that are
related one to the other in some manner, and all of these should be completed
in order to complete the project.
A project is a temporary endeavor involving a connected sequence of
activities and a range of resources, which is designed to achieve a specific
and unique outcome and which operates within time, cost and quality
constraints and which is often used to introduce change.
Characteristic of a project:
A unique, one-time operational activity or effort
Requires the completion of a large number of interrelated activities
Established to achieve specific objective
Resources, such as time and/or money, are limited
Typically has its own management structure
Need leadership
Examples:
1. A unique, one-time operational activity or effort
2. Requires the completion of a large number of interrelated activities
3. Established to achieve specific objective
4. Resources, such as time and/or money, are limited
5. Typically has its own management structure
6. Need leadership
Project management:
• The application of a collection of tools and techniques to direct the use
of diverse resources towards the accomplishment of a unique,
complex, one time task within time, cost and quality constraints.
• Its origins lie in World War II, when the military authorities used the
techniques of operational research to plan the optimum use of
resources.
• One of these techniques was the use of networks to represent a system
of related activities
Under Review
Project Management Process:
• Project planning
• Project scheduling
• Project control
• Project team
– made up of individuals from various areas and departments
within a company
• Matrix organization
– a team structure with members from functional areas, depending
on skills required
• Project Manager
– most important member of project team
• Scope statement
– a document that provides an understanding, justification, and
expected result of a project
• Statement of work
– written description of objectives of a project
• Organizational Breakdown Structure
– a chart that shows which organizational units are responsible for
work items
• Responsibility Assignment Matrix
– shows who is responsible for work in a project
Work breakdown structure:
• A method of breaking down a project into individual elements (
components, subcomponents, activities and tasks) in a hierarchical
structure which can be scheduled and cost
• It defines tasks that can be completed independently of other tasks,
facilitating resource allocation, assignment of responsibilities and
measurement and control of the project
• It is foundation of project planning
• It is developed before identification of dependencies and estimation of
activity durations
• It can be used to identify the tasks in the CPM and PERT
Project Planning:
Under Review
• Resource Availability and/or Limits
– Due date, late penalties, early completion incentives
– Budget
• Activity Information
– Identify all required activities
– Estimate the resources required (time) to complete each activity
– Immediate predecessor(s) to each activity needed to create
interrelationships
Project Scheduling and Control Techniques:
Scheduling can be done by any of the following processes:
Bar chart and Milestone Chart
Critical Path Method (CPM
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
Bar chart and Milestone Chart:
Graph or bar chart with a bar for each project activity that
shows passage of time
Provides visual display of project schedule
Under Review
Weakness in charts Network-comparison:
1. On bar chart only major activities are shown. If too many activities are
separately shown , it becomes clumsy. Due to this bar charts are not
very useful for big projects.
2. A bar chart does not show the progress of work and hence it can not be
used as control device. For proper control of the project, information
of the progress made at a particular instant of time should be available.
3. It is not possible to show activity inter relationships of a project.
4. Bar charts are not at all useful in those projects where there are
uncertainties in determination or estimation of time required for the
completion of various activities.
PERT and CPM:
Introduction:
One of the most challenging jobs that any manager can take on is the
management of a large-scale project that requires coordinating numerous
activities throughout the organization. A myriad of details must be
considered in planning how to coordinate all these activities, in developing a
realistic schedule, and then in monitoring the progress of the project.
Fortunately, two closely related operations research techniques, PERT
(program evaluation and review technique) and CPM (critical path method),
are available to assist the project manager in carrying out these
responsibilities. These techniques make heavy use of networks to help plan
and display the coordination of all the activities.
PERT and CPM have been used for a variety of projects, including the
following types.
1. Construction of a new plant
2. Research and development of a new product
3. NASA space exploration projects
4. Movie productions
5. Building a ship
6. Government-sponsored projects for developing a new weapons system
Under Review
7. Relocation of a major facility
8. Maintenance of a nuclear reactor
9. Installation of a management information system
10. Conducting an advertising campaign
Project Networks:
A network used to represent a project is called a project network. A
project network consists of a number of nodes (typically shown as small
circles or rectangles) and a number of arcs (shown as arrows) that connect
two different nodes.
Network analysis is the general name given to certain specific
techniques which can be used for the planning, management and control of
projects
Use of nodes and arrows:
Arrows:
An arrow leads from tail to head directionally
Indicate ACTIVITY, a time consuming effort that is required to
perform a part of the work.
Nodes:
A node is represented by a circle
Indicate EVENT, a point in time where one or more activities start
and/or finish.
Activity
A task or a certain amount of work required in the project
Requires time to complete
Represented by an arrow
Dummy Activity
Indicates only precedence relationships
Does not require any time of effort
Event
Signals the beginning or ending of an activity
Designates a point in time
Represented by a circle (node)
Under Review
Network
Shows the sequential relationships among activities using nodes and
arrows
Three types of information are needed to describe a project:
Activity information: Break down the project into its
individual activities (at the desired level of detail).
Precedence relationships: Identify the immediate predecessor(s) for
each activity.
Time information: Estimate the duration of each activity.
The project network should convey all this information. Two
alternative types of project networks are available for doing this.
One type is the activity-on-arc (AOA) project network, where each
activity is represented by an arc. A node is used to separate an activity
(an outgoing arc) from each of its immediate predecessors (an
incoming arc). The sequencing of the arcs thereby shows the
precedence relationships between the activities.
The second type is the activity-on-node (AON) project network, where
each activity is represented by a node. Then the arcs are used just to
show the precedence relationships that exist between the activities. In
particular, the node for each activity with immediate predecessors has
an arc coming in from each of these predecessors.
The original versions of PERT and CPM used AOA project networks,
so this was the conventional type for some years. However, AON project
networks have some important advantages over AOA project networks for
conveying the same information.
AON project networks are considerably easier to construct than AOA
project networks.
Under Review
AON project networks are easier to understand than AOA project
networks for inexperienced users, including many managers.
AON project networks are easier to revise than AOA project
networks when there are changes in the project.
Example:
AOA Project Network for House:
AON Project Network for House:
Under Review
Situations in network diagram:
(A must finish before either B or C can start)
(Both A and B must finish before C can start)
(Both A and C must finish before either of B or D can start)
Under Review
(A must finish before B can startboth A and C must finish before D can start)
Concurrent Activities:
Network example:
Illustration of network analysis of a minor redesign of a product and its
associated packaging.
Under Review
The key question is: How long will it take to complete this project?
For clarity, this list is kept to a minimum by specifying only
immediate relationships, that is relationships involving activities that "occur
near to each other in time".
Questions to prepare activity network:
• Is this a Start Activity?
• Is this a Finish Activity?
• What Activity Precedes this?
Under Review
• What Activity Follows this?
• What Activity is Concurrent with this?
CPM calculation:
• Path
– A connected sequence of activities leading from the starting
event to the ending event
• Critical Path
– The longest path (time); determines the project duration
• Critical Activities
– All of the activities that make up the critical path
Forward Pass:
• Earliest Start Time (ES)
– earliest time an activity can start
– ES = maximum EF of immediate predecessors
• Earliest finish time (EF)
Under Review
– earliest time an activity can finish
– earliest start time plus activity time
– EF= ES + t
Backward Pass:
Latest Start Time (LS)
Latest time an activity can start without delaying critical path
time LS= LF - t
Latest finish time (LF)
Latest time an activity can be completed without delaying critical
path time
LS = minimum LS of immediate predecessors
Arc with ES & EF time:
Under Review
Network with ES & EF time:
Earliest start time rule:
The earliest start time for an activity leaving a particular node is equal
to the largest of the earliest finish times for all activities entering the node.
Activity, duration, ES, EF, LS, LF:
Latest start & latest finish time:
To find the critical path we need a backward pass calculation.
Under Review
Starting at the completion point (node 7) and using a latest
finish time (LF) of 26 for activity I, we trace back through the
network computing a latest start (LS) and latest finish time
for each activity
The expression LS = LF – t can be used to calculate latest start
time for each activity. For example, for activity I, LF = 26 and t
= 2, thus the latest start time for activity I is
LS = 26 – 2 = 24
Network with LS & LF time:
Latest finish time rule:
The latest finish time for an activity entering a particular node is equal
to the smallest of the latest start times for all activities leaving the node.
Slack or Free Time or Float:
Slack is the length of time an activity can be delayed without affecting
the completion date for the entire project.
For example, slack for C = 3 weeks, i.e Activity C can be delayed up
to 3 weeks
Under Review
(start anywhere between weeks 5 and 8).
C[5,9]
2 3
4[8,12]
Importance of Float (Slack) and Critical Path:
1. Slack or Float shows how much allowance each activity has, i.e how
long it can be delayed without affecting completion date of project
2. Critical path is a sequence of activities from start to finish with zero
slack. Critical activities are activities on the critical path.
3. Critical path identifies the minimum time to complete project
4. If any activity on the critical path is shortened or extended, project
time will be shortened or extended accordingly
5. So, a lot of effort should be put in trying to control activities along this
path, so that project can meet due date. If any activity is lengthened, be
aware that project will not meet deadline and some action needs to be
taken.
6. If can spend resources to speed up some activity, do so only for critical
activities.
Under Review
7. Don’t waste resources on non-critical activity, it will not shorten the
project time.
8. If resources can be saved by lengthening some activities, do so for
non-critical activities, up to limit of float.
9. Total Float belongs to the path
PERT:
• PERT is based on the assumption that an activity’s duration follows a
probability distribution instead of being a single value
• Three time estimates are required to compute the parameters of an
activity’s duration distribution:
– pessimistic time (tp ) - the time the activity would take if things
did not go well
– most likely time (tm ) - the consensus best estimate of the
activity’s duration
– optimistic time (to ) - the time the activity would take if things did
go well
Under Review
PERT analysis:
• Draw the network.
• Analyze the paths through the network and find the critical path.
• The length of the critical path is the mean of the project duration
probability distribution which is assumed to be normal
• The standard deviation of the project duration probability distribution
is computed by adding the variances of the critical activities (all of the
activities that make up the critical path) and taking the square root of
that sum
• Probability computations can now be made using the normal
distribution table.
Probability computation:
So far, times can be estimated with relative certainty, confidence
For many situations this is not possible, e.g Research, development,
new products and projects etc.
Use 3 time estimates
m= most likely time estimate, mode.
a = optimistic time estimate,
b = pessimistic time estimate, and
Expected Value (TE) = (a + 4m + b) /6
2
Variance (V) = ( ( b – a) / 6 )
Std Deviation (δ) = SQRT (V)
Under Review
Normal Distribution of Project Time:
EXAMPLE:
Precedences and project activity times:
Under Review
The complete Network:
Under Review
Critical Path Analysis (PERT):
Assume, PM promised to complete the project in the fifty
days. What are the chances of meeting that deadline?
Calculate Z, where
Z = (D-S) / V
Example,
D = 50; S(Scheduled date) = 20+15+8 =43; V = (4+25+4)
=33
Z = (50 – 43) / 5.745
= 1.22 standard deviations.
Under Review
The probability value of Z = 1.22, is 0.888
What deadline are you 95% sure of meeting
Z value associated with 0.95 is 1.645
D = S + 5.745 (1.645)
= 43 + 9.45
= 52.45 days
Thus, there is a 95 percent chance of finishing the project by 52.45 days.
Comparison Between CPM and PERT:
CPM PERT
1 Uses network, calculate float or Same as CPM
slack, identify critical path and
activities, guides to monitor and
controlling project
2 Uses one value of activity time Requires 3 estimates of activity
time
Calculates mean and variance of
time
3 Used where times can be Used where times cannot be
estimated with confidence, estimated with confidence.
familiar activities Unfamiliar or new activities
4 Minimizing cost is more Meeting time target or estimating
important percent completion is more
important
Under Review
5 Example: construction projects, Example: Involving new activities
building one off machines, ships, or products, research and
etc development etc
BENEFITS OFCPM / PERT NETWORK:
Consistent framework for planning, scheduling, monitoring, and controlling
project.
• Shows interdependence of all tasks, work packages, and work
units.
• Helps proper communications between departments
and functions.
• Determines expected project completion date.
• Identifies so-called critical activities, which can delay the
project completion time.
• Identified activities with slacks that can be delayed for
specified periods without penalty, or from which resources
may be temporarily borrowed
• Determines the dates on which tasks may be started or must be
started if the project is to stay in schedule.
• Shows which tasks must be coordinated to avoid resource
or timing conflicts.
• Shows which tasks may run in parallel to meet project
completion date
Under Review
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