DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The Development of the Digestive System

Dra. Manalili
Anatomy 2nd Sem Midterms

Developmental Biology
• is the study of the sequence of events from
fertilization of a secondary oocyte by a sperm cell to
the formation of an adult organism.

1. Embryonic period
– From fertilization through the 8th week of
The Embryo
development
• Developmental stage from the start of cleavage until
2. Fetal period
the ninth week
– begins at week 9 and continues until birth.
• The embryo first undergoes division without growth
3. Neonatal period
• The embryo enters the uterus at the
– first 28 days after birth
16-cell state
• The embryo floats free in the uterus temporarily
Prenatal Development
• Uterine secretions are used for nourishment
1. First Trimester
2. Second Trimester
The Blastocyst
3. Third Trimester
• Ball-like circle of cells
• Begins at about the 100 cell stage
Embryonic Period
• Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to
• Major developmental events that occur during the
produce the corpus luteum to continue producing
embryonic period.
hormones
• Functional areas of the blastocyst
1st Week of Development
– Trophoblast – large fluid-filled sphere
• characterized by several significant events including
– Inner cell mass
fertilization, cleavage of the zygote, blastocyst
formation, and implantation.
Blastocyst Formation
1. Inner cell mass
– is located inside the blastocyst and
Fertilization
eventually develops into the embryo.
1. Corona radiata
2. Trophoblast
2. Zona pellucid
– is an outer superficial layer of cells that
forms the wall of the blastocyst.
Syngamy
– develop into the fetal portion of the
• Fusion of a sperm cell with a secondary oocyte
placenta, the site of exchange of nutrients
and wastes between the mother and fetus.
Polyspermy
• fertilization by more than one sperm cell

Cleavage of the Zygote

Cleavage
• Rapid mitotic cell divisions of the zygote.
Blastomeres
• The progressively smaller cells produced by
cleavage.
Morula
• Successive cleavage eventually produce a solid
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sphere of cells.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The Development of the Digestive System
Dra. Manalili
Anatomy 2nd Sem Midterms

Development from Ovulation to Implantation

2nd Week of Development

• 2 layers of the trophoblast:
1. Synsytiotrophoblast
2. Cytotrophoblast

The 2 layers of trophoblast become part of the chorion.

2 layers of the Inner Cell Mass

1. Hypoblast (Primitive endoderm)
2. Epiblast (Primitive ectoderm)
• Cells of the hypoblast and epiblast together form the
The Blastocyst
bilaminar embryonic disc.
• Primary germ layers are eventually formed
– Ectoderm – outside layer
Development of the Amnion
– Mesoderm – middle layer
• A thin protective membrane that develops from the
– Endoderm – inside layer
epiblast.
• The late blastocyst implants in the wall of the uterus
(by day 14)
Development of the Yolk Sac
• Cells of the hypoblast migrate and become flat, thin
Implantation
membrane forms the wall of the yolk sac, formerly
1. Decidua basalis
called the blastocyst cavity.
– is the portion of the endometrium between
the embryo and the stratum basalis of the
Development of the Chorion
uterus
• The extraembryonic mesoderm, together with the 2
layers of the trophoblast
2. Decidua capsularis
(cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast) form
– is the portion of the endometrium located
the chorion.
between the embryo and the uterine
cavity.
3rd Week of Development
• Begins a 6-week period of very rapid embryonic
3. Decidua parietalis
development and differentiation.
– is the remaining modified endometrium
• 3 primary germ layers are established and lay the
that lines the noninvolved areas of the rest of
groundwork for organ development in weeks 4-8.
the uterus

3 Primary Germ Layers

1. Endoderm
Development After Implantation
2. Mesoderm
3. Ectoderm
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The Development of the Digestive System
Dra. Manalili
Anatomy 2nd Sem Midterms

Endoderm Brain Vesicles of the Neural Tube

• Epithelial lining of GIT (except the oral and anal 1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)
cavity) and the epithelium of its glands a) Telencephalon
• Epithelial lining of the urinary bladder, gallbladder, b) Diencephalon
and liver 2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
• Epithelial lining of the pharynx, eustachian tubes, 3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
tonsils, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs a) Metencephalon
• Epithelial lining of thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, b) Myelencephalon
pancreas, thymus
• Epithelial lining of prostate and bulbourethral
(Cowper’s) gland, vagina, vestible, urethra,
Bartholin’s glands

Mesoderm
• All skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue and most
smooth muscle tissue
• Cartilage, bone, and other connective tissue
• Blood, red bone marrow, lymphatic tissue
• Endothelium of blood and lympahatic vessels
• Dermis of skin
• Fibrous tunic and vascular tunic of eye
• Middle ear
• Mesothelium of thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic
cavities
• Epithelium of kidney and ureters
• Epithelium of adrenal cortex
• Epithelium of gonads and genital ducts

Ectoderm
• All nervous tissue
• Epidermis of skin
• Hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, nails, epithelium
of skin glands (sebaceous and sudoriferous), and
mammary glands
• Lens, cornea, internal eye muscles
• Internal and external ears
• Neuroepethelium of sense organs
• Epethelium of oral cavity, nasal cavity, paranasal
sinused, slivary glands , and anal canal
• Epithelium of pineal gland, pituitary gland, and
adrenal medulla

Neurulation
• The processes in the formation of the neural plate,
neural folds, neural tube.
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