WORKSHOP
OF
BIMSTEC COUNTRIES
ON
SHARING OF EXPERIENCES IN
DEVELOPING HYDRO PROJECTS
COUNTRY PAPER-INDIA
1
INDIA AT A GLANCE
GDP Growth (2005-06) Over 8 %
Per Capita Consumption of 631.5 Units
Electricity
Village Electrification 74 %
Energy Generation (2005-06) 623 Billion Units
India’s Water Resources 4% of Global Water
Resources
Total Utilisable Water 1122 Bcum
Per Capita Storage 262 Cum
2
POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA
TYPE Installed Capacity
(MW)
THERMAL 83982
HYDRO 33350
NUCLEAR 3900
R.E.S. 6191
TOTAL 127423
3
ORGANISATIONAL SET UP OF
INDIAN POWER SECTOR
MINISTRY OF POWER
CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY (CEA).
CENTRAL ELECTRICITY REGULATORY
COMMISSION.
STATE ELECTRICITY REGULATORY COMMISSION
CENTRAL TRANSMISSION UTILITY
STATE TRANSMISSION UTILITIES
STATE ELECTRICITY BOARDS/UTILITIES
CENTRAL POWER SECTOR UTILITIES (CPSUs)
4
MAJOR RIVER SYSTEMS OF INDIA
760
680 72
360 0
800 840
INDUS RIVER
IN
D
SYSTEM
US
LU
M
B
BRAHMAPUTRA
JHE ENA RIVER SYSTEM
320
CH C H I N A
J
SU
TL
E
( T I B E T )
VI
RA AS 960
G
BE 880 920 K
AN
DIB
A
YAMUNA
GANGA RIVER
LU
M
S
HI
DU SYSTEM E
T
SUBA
DI
IN N NSIRI
280 DELHI
H AN
G
NEPAL
G
GA
NG
A BHUTAN A
TR
PU
MA
TI
L AH
BR
S
BA
TA
K
M GA
GAN
RA
A
S CH
BA
240
N
A
NR
BANGLA
WA
I
BA
AT
SO
DESH
RM
T
DAMODAR
BE
BA
I
AH
SA
SU
DA
MA
BE BAI
NAR
BRA
MAHAN
RN TA
A DI
MYANMAR
RE NI
HMA
PI
KH
TA
200
A
NI
CENTRAL INDIAN
GODAV RIVER SYSTEM
ARI
WEST FLOWING
RIVER SYSTEM EAST FLOWING
KRIS
HNA RIVER SYSTEM
PEN
N ER
SHARAVATHI
CA
KUTTIYADI
UV
E
RY
PERIYAR
5
HYDRO POTENTIAL (BASIN-WISE)
RIVER BASIN POTENTIAL REGION
AT 60% PROBABLE
L.F (MW) INSTALLED
CAPACITY (MW)
INDUS 19988 33832
GANGA 10715 20711
CENTRAL INDIAN 2740 4152
WEST FLOWING 6149 9430
EAST FLOWING 9532 14511
BRAHMAPUTRA 34920 66065
TOTAL 84044 148701
6
INDIA’s HYDROELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Region Wise Distribution
Total: 84044 MW at 60% Load Factor
NORTHERN
NORTH - EASTERN 30155 MW (36%)
31857 MW (37%)
WESTERN
EASTERN 5679 MW (7%)
5590 MW (7%)
SOUTHERN
7
10763 MW (13%)
STATUS OF HYDRO POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT
35000
31857
30425
30155
30000
POTENTIAL AT 60% LF IN MW
25000
21949
20000
15000
10763
10000
6021
5788
5679
5590
4614
3927
2979
5000
2418
2245
1364
915
517
455
299
128
0
NORTHERN WESTERN SOUTHERN EASTERN NORTH EASTERN
REGION
ASSESSED DEVELOPED UNDER DEVELOPMENT BALANCE
8
PLANWISE GROWTH OF HYDRO INSTALLED CAPACITY
(MW)
33131
35000
26269
30000
21645
25000
Hydro IC (MW)
19195
18308
20000
14460
11384
10833
15000
6965
10000
5907
4124
1917
5000
1061
0
1st Plan 2nd Plan 3rd Plan 3 annual 4th Plan 5th Plan Annual 6th Plan 7th Plan 2 Annual 8th Plan 9th Plan 10th Plan
(1951-56) (1956-61) (1961-66) plans (1969-74) (1974-79) Plan (1980-85) (1985-90) Plans (1992-97) (1997-02) (31.8.06)
(1966-69) (1979-80) (1990-92)
Plans
4
9
HYDRO POTENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT AT A GLANCE
Potential at 60 %
% load
factor(MW)
IDENTIFIED AS PER 84044 100.00
REASSESSMENT
STUDIES (1978-87)
UNDER OPERATION 16090 19.14
UNDER CONSTRUCTION 4750 5.65
BALANCE POTENTIAL 63204 75.21
10
VISION FOR HYDRO POWER
DEVELOPMENT
Plan to develop the balance potential by the
end of 14th Plan i.e. by 2026-27
For development of entire potential , over Rs.
5,00,000 crores would be required.
Survey & Investigation activities of all
identified projects would need to be completed
by the end of 12th Plan i.e. by 2016-17.
Completion of Survey & Investigation
activities would involve an expenditure of over
Rs. 5000 Crs.
11
VISION FOR HYDRO POWER
DEVELOPMENT
Plan Period Hydro Addition during Total Hydro at the
the Plan end of the Plan
(MW) (MW)
10th Plan 9500 36000
( 2002-03 to 2006-07)
11th Plan 18000 54000
(2007-08 to 2011-12)
12th Plan 30000 84000
(2012-13 to 2016-17)
13th Plan 31000 115000
(2017-18 to 2021-22)
14th Plan 35000 150000
( 2022-23 to 2026-27)
12
FUNDS REQUIRED FOR HYDRO
CAPACITY ADDITION
Plan Period Estimated Hydro Funds required
Cap. Add. (Rs. Cr.)
(MW)
11th Plan (2007-2012) 18000 90000
12th Plan (2012-2017) 30000 150000
13th Plan (2017-2022) 31000 155000
14th Plan( 2022-2027) 35000 175000
Total : 114000 570000
13
LIKELY HYDRO CAPACITY
ADDITION DURING 10TH PLAN
SECTOR I.C. (MW) %
CENTRAL 5005 52.7
STATE 3799 39.9
PRIVATE 700 7.4
TOTAL 9504 100 14
SECTORWISE HYDRO PROJECTS
IDENTIFIED FOR 11TH PLAN
SECTOR Nos. I.C. (MW) %
CENTRAL 30 11830 62.8
STATE 16 2637 14.0
PRIVATE 16 4363 23.2
TOTAL 62 18830 100 15
SECTORWISE HYDRO PROJECTS
TENTATIVELY
IDENTIFIED FOR 12TH PLAN
SECTOR I.C. (MW) %
CENTRAL 18000 59.4
STATE 5000 16.5
PRIVATE 7300 24.1
TOTAL 30300 100.0 16
WATER RESOURCES/HYDRO POWER
DEVELOPMENT – KEY ISSUES
• RESETTLEMENT & REHABILITATION
PROBLEMS
• ENVIRONMENT AND FOREST ISSUES
• GEOLOGICAL SURPRISES
• DIFFICULT/ IN-ACCESSIBLE POTENTIAL
SITES
• STORAGE VS. R-O-R PROJECTS
• APPORTIONMENT OF PROJECT COST
AMONG VARIOUS AGENCIES
17
Resettlement And Rehabilitation
Issues
Hydro electric projects involve submergence
causing displacement of project area people .
There are some of the hydro projects where the
progress has/ is being severely hampered from
sustained opposition to project construction.
R& R is becoming a major issue in the
implementation of storage-based hydro
development.
Many times, it is one of the main reasons for the
delay in the execution resulting in Time & Cost
Over-runs
18
Issues Related to Environment
And Forest
•Hydro Projects often require forest land for their
implementation and compensatory afforestation on the
non forest lands.
•The progress of some of the projects has been
affected on account of delay/non-clearance from
Environment and Forest aspects
•Clearance from wildlife aspects is very cumbersome.
•These aspects need to be looked into carefully to avoid
undue problems during execution of the projects.
19
Geological Surprises
•The features of the hydro electric projects, being site specific,
depend on the geology, topography and hydrology at the site.
The construction time of a hydro project is greatly influenced
by the geology of the area and its accessibility.
•It is, therefore, essential that state-of-the-art investigation and
construction techniques are adopted to minimise geological
risks as well as the overall gestation period of hydel projects.
•Even if, extensive investigation using new techniques of
investigations, are undertaken an element of uncertainty
remains in the sub-surface geology and the geological surprises
during actual construction can not be ruled out.
20
Apportionment of Project Cost
Among Various Agencies/States
•Efforts need to be made to evolve consensus for
apportioning the costs , among various Agencies on
account of extra security charges, additional cost on
flood moderation, irrigation, drinking water,
infrastructure (access roads) development etc.
•Large Storage Projects developed in the higher reaches
of river give benefits to the projects downstream and
there should be apportionment of project cost among all
the beneficiaries. 21
Storage Vs. R-O-R Projects
•There is a lot of controversy in the development of
Hydro Projects as Storage or R-O-R .
•The type (Storage/ROR) of a hydro project depends
upon the topography, geology and hydrology of the
area and is site specific.
•The storage sites in the country are limited and
hence their optimum development would need to be
ensured.
22
Storage Vs. R-O-R Projects
•Most of the distress caused by storage schemes occur
in the Hill states whereas the benefits are largely in
the states in the plains which are perceived to be
more prosperous. Therefore , Hill states prefer R-O-
R schemes.
•For the maximization of benefits in a basin, the
judicious blend of both types of schemes
(Storage/ROR) would need to be considered.
23
MEASURES TAKEN FOR EXPEDITING
DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRO POTENTIAL
Creation of Power Corporations in Central/Joint
Sector
Three stage clearance procedure for expediting hydro
development through CPSUs
Ranking Study by CEA to take up hydro development in
appropriate sequence.
50,000 MW Hydro-Electric Initiative for preparation of
PFRs of 162 projects and DPRs of low tariff H.E. schemes.
24
POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR
ACCELRATING THE HYDRO DEVLOPMENT
Policy liberalisation to attract private investment.
Policy on hydro power development.
National Water Policy.
Electricity Act,2003 and consequent Changes in
Industry Structure .
National Rehabilitation &Resettlement (R&R)
Policy .
National Electricity Policy.
25
MAJOR TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENTS IN HYDRO SECTOR
Unit size of the hydro generating units have
increased from largest unit size of 22 MW (at time of
independence) to 250 MW now.
Maximum station capacity at present is 1500 MW at
Nathpa Jhakri hydro station in Himachal Pradesh.
Pykara Ultimate is the highest head plant (1026 m).
A number of hydro projects have been developed in
cascades in order to reap the maximum possible
benefits.
26
MAJOR TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENTS IN HYDRO SECTOR
India has 20 underground power stations with total
installed capacity of 9930 MW commissioned so far and 21
power stations with total capacity of 9551 MW are under
Implementation.
9 Pumped Storage projects ( 3659.60 MW) are under
operation and 3 Pumped Storage projects ( 2150 MW) are
under construction in the country.
A large number of small, medium and large
multipurpose/ power dams of all types viz concrete gravity,
masonry, earth , rock-fill and CFRD have been built all
over the country with indigenous expertise.
Roller Compacted Concrete Dam is under construction at
Ghatghar pumped storage project. 27
MAJOR TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENTS IN HYDRO SECTOR
Indian engineers and geologists have developed an expertise
in the field of tunneling and have a credit of successful
execution of large number of large tunnels for hydro power
projects all over the country. Examples – 27 Km for Nathpa
Jhakri and 31 Km for Parbati-II H.E. Projects.
The highest dam in India, 260 m high Tehri dam (rock fill)
across Bhagirathi river in seismic environment of Himalayas,
has been completed.
The performance of Hydro Stations has been constantly
improving and their operating availability has been achieved
above 90% in the years 2003-04 onwards. The forced outages
have also reduced to about 2% .
28
PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
IN INDIA
Role of private participation in generation, transmission and
distribution have become increasingly critical in view of the
rapidly growing investment needs of the sector.
The Central Government and the State Governments have
developed workable and successful models for public private
partnership.
At present in India, 15 H.E. Schemes with 1203 MW are in
operation and 7 schemes with an installation of 2291 MW are
under construction in the private sector.
Further, 73 schemes (17268 MW) have been offered for
development in Private sector by different states in the country.
During 11th &12th Plan, Capacity Addition through Private
Sector would be about 23 % and 24% respectively. 29
30