Mobile Networks The most important thing:
- an introduction
C = B * log2(1 + S/N)
Dr. Johan Montelius
TS/IMIT,KTH
jm@[Link]
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rules of thumb: distance:
• high signal to noise ratio is good
• bandwidth is better
T R
d
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space: O(d2) antenna:
T R
O(d3)
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trouble: wire:
• bandwidth is yours
• signal strength decrease
proportional to distance
• wires can be protected
from out side noise
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radio: the balance:
• spectrum must be shared
• signal strength decrease antenna
proportional to the cube*
power range
of the distance
• your own signal might be bandwidth capacity
your worst noise
* square in free space, reality is even worse!
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let’s look at some standards power and range
Standard Power Range*
Standard Bandwidth* Capacity Ratio
802.11b/g 100 mW 40 m
802.11b 22 MHz 11 Mb/s 0.5 b/Hz
802.11g 22 MHz 54 Mb/s 2.5 b/Hz 802.11a 200 mW 60 m
Bluetooth 1 MHz 1 Mb/s 1.0 b/Hz Bluetooth 2.5/100 mW 10/40
GSM 200 KHz 272 Kb/s 1.4 b/Hz
GSM 1 - >100 W 1 - 35 km
EDGE 200 KHz 816 Kb/s 4.1 b/Hz
UMTS 1 - >100 W 1 – 10 km
WCDMA 5 MHz 2 Mb/s 0.4 b/Hz
* of one carrier * practical usage
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dividing spectrum regulations
• Frequency
MSS
– modulate a signal of a specified frequency IMT 2000 ITU
• Space
GSM 1800 UMTS
– systems ”far” apart don’t interfere with each EU
DECT
other MDS
• Time PCS
US
– synchronize and allocate time slots
IMT 2000
• Code Jp/Ko
– information coding GSM 1800 IMT 2000
China
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
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MSS: Mobile Satelite Service MDS: Mobile Data Service
total bandwidth throughput
• If you know the:
Standard Bandwidth
– total bandwidth available
802.11b/g 83 MHz (2,4 GHz)
– reuse pattern
802.11a 100 MHz (5.1 GHz, 300 MHz in the US) – capacity per carrier
Bluetooth 83 MHz (2.4 GHz) – range
• you can estimate the throughput
GSM 200 Mhz (900: 2x25 , 1800: 2x75)
measured as capacity per area
UMTS 155 MHz (paired 2x60, unpaired 35)
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the balance: multiple access
• 802.11
– random access
# of cells – collision avoidance
capacity throughput • Bluetooth
– synchronized access
• GSM
– frequency division (up/down)
– synchronized access
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carriers
Mobile Networks
- GSM/GPRS GSM 900 MHz
890-915 MHz 935-960 MHz
up down
200 KHz 200 KHz
25 MHz 25 MHz
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frequency reuse time and frequency:
A D
B E
C F
J G A
K H
L I
each frame is divided into eight time slots
each speach channel is allocated one time slot
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tune in, turn on… timing advance:
first time slot in down direction is used for
synchronization and frequency correction light is fast, but not that fast
30 km
2 x 30/300e3 = 0.2 ms
first time slot in up direction is used for distance to base station timing is everything
random access requests is not neglectable
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GPRS GPRS
one or more time slots are allocated
in up and/or down direction • Coding scheme
– CS1 : 9.05 Kb/s
– CS2 : 13.4 Kb/s
– CS3 : 15.6 Kb/s
– CS4 : 21.4 Kb/s
• Maximum capacity in one channel
– eight time slots
– CS4
– 8x21.4 = 171.2 Kb/s
– this will not happen
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PSTN PSTN
the network mobility:
BSC
GMSC GMSC
VLR
MS
BSC LA1
MSC MSC
HLR HLR
BSC MS BSC
VLR VLR
BTS BTS
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PSTN PSTN
Hand over Hand over
GMSC GMSC
MSC MSC
HLR HLR
MS BSC MS BSC
VLR VLR
BTS BTS
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PSTN
Hand over Roaming
UK SE
GMSC
MS HLR
MSC
HLR
BSC
VLR
BTS
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PSTN
GPRS 3G/UMTS/WCDMA PSTN
BSC
RBS RNC
GMSC
GMSC
HLR
HLR
MS Internet MS
Internet
SGSN GGSN
SGSN GGSN
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