objectives
We students taking Additional Mathematics are required to carry out a project work while we
are in Form [Link] year the Curriculum Development Division, Ministry of Education has
prepared four tasks for us. We are to choose and complete only ONE task based on our area of
interest. This project can be done in groups or individually, but each of us is expected to submit
an individually written report. Upon completion of the Additional Mathematics Project Work, we
are to gain valuable experiences and able to:
-Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine and non-
routine problems;
-Experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting and meaningful
and hence improve their thinking skills.
-Experience classroom environments where knowledge and skills are applied in
meaningful ways in solving real-life problems
-Experience classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical
thinking,reasoning and communication are highly encouraged and expected
-Experience classroom environments that stimulates and enhances effective learning.
-Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing,and to use the
language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely
-Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through problem-solving in
ways that increase interest and confidence
-Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and in workplace
-Realise that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving real-life problems
and hence develop positive attitude towards mathematics.
-Train ourselves not only to be independent learners but also to collaborate, to
cooperate, and to share knowledge in an engaging and healthy environment
-Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively
-Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of mathematics and to become more creative
and innovative
-Realize the importance and the beauty of mathematic
Forewords
Alhamdullillah at last, I have finished this additional math task. I would like to thanks everyone
who has help me to finish it. Not forgotten to y beloved parents Mohd Munizam and Zaina who
have help me a lot in doing this task by giving me moral support, provide me everything that are
needed for me to complete my task. Then I would like to thank my respected Additional Math
teacher, Mr. Yusof bin Muda, who has give me a lot of guidance to finish up this task. Although
during we run this project we had faced some difficulties, but we face this problems patiently.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my lovely friends who give me a lot of information on
how to do this project. Thank you.
History of index number
Index numbers are meant to study the change in the effects of such factors which cannot
be measured directly. According to Bowley, ³Index numbers are used to measure the changes in
some quantity which we cannot observe directly´. For example, changes in business activity in a
country are not capable of direct measurement but it is possible to study relative changes in
business activity by studying the variations in the values of some such factors which affect
business activity, and which are capable of direct measurement.
Index numbers are commonly used statistical device for measuring the combined
fluctuations in a group related variables. If we wish to compare the price level of consumer items
today with that prevalent ten years ago, we are not interested in comparing the prices of only one
item, but in comparing some sort of average price levels. We may wish to compare the present
agricultural production or industrial production with that at the time of independence. Here
again,
we have to consider all items of production and each item may have undergone a different
fractional increase (or even a decrease). How do we obtain a composite measure? This composite
measure is provided by index numbers which may be defined as a device for combining the
variations that have come in group of related variables over a period of time, with a view to
obtain a figure that represents the µnet¶ result of the change in the constitute variables.
Index numbers may be classified in terms of the variables that they are intended to measure. In
business, different groups of variables in the measurement of which index number techniques are
commonly used are (i) price, (ii) quantity, (iii) value and (iv) business activity. Thus, we have
index of wholesale prices, index of consumer prices, index of industrial output, index of value of
exports and index of business activity, etc. Here we shall be mainly interested in index numbers
of prices showing changes with respect to time, although methods described can be applied to
other cases. In general, the present level of prices is compared with the level of prices in the past.
The present period is called the current period and some period in the past is called the base
period.
Index Numbers:
Index numbers are statistical measures designed to show changes in a variable or group
of related variables with respect to time, geographic location or other characteristics such as
income, profession, etc. A collection of index numbers for different years, locations, etc., is
sometimes called an index series.
Simple Index Number:
A simple index number is a number that measures a relative change in a single variable
with respect to a base.
Composite Index Number:
A composite index number is a number that measures an average relative changes in a
group of relative variables with respect to a base