EXPERIMENT NO: DATE:
DETERMINATION THE MODULUS OF RIGIDITY OF A WIRE BY STATICAL
METHOD USING HORIZONTAL PATTERN OF APPARATUS.
APPARATUS : Horizontal pattern of the apparatus (BARTON’s) set, ½ kg weights, screw gauge,
meter scale.
WORKING FORMULA : The modulus of rigidity
180 MgD (l 2 − l 1 )
η =
π 2 r 4 (θ 1 − θ 1 )
where
M = Load suspended (l2 – l1) = The length of the rod suffering twist
D = Diameter of pulley (distance between the two pointers).
r = Radius of the experimental rod.
g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.82 m/sec2. (θ1 - θ2) = Difference of the angular twist
produced in the rod.
PROCEDURE AND DATA TABLES:
[A] Steps for the measurement of radius of the rod:
1. Find the least count of the screw gauge and also note down the initial error of the
screw gauge.
© ENGINEERING PHYSICS DEPT., NETAJI SUBHASH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOLKATA 1
2. Measure the diameter of the rod at different points (at least five points) by using the
screw gauge and eliminate error.
3. Calculate the mean diameter.
4. Find the radius (diameter/2) of the rod.
Least count of the screw gauge =
Initial error of the screw gauge =
TABLE 1: Measurement of radius of the rod:
Mean radius
r = d/2 cm.
Circular Total
Sl. No.
Main scale Corrected Mean diameter
scale reading
reading diameter(cm.) (d) cm.
reading (cm).
[B] Steps for the determination of the diameter of the pulley by using a rope of 50 cm(approx):
1. Find out the circumference (2πr) of the pulley by wrapping the rope once around the pulley
and measure the length of the rope by a centimeter scale.
2. Calculate diameter of the pulley.
Let 2πr = length of the rope around the pulley = x cm.
2r = x/π cm.
D = x/π cm
© ENGINEERING PHYSICS DEPT., NETAJI SUBHASH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOLKATA 2
TABLE 2: Determination of the diameter of the pulley:
No. Obs. Length of the rope Diameter of the pulley Mean Diameter
around the pulley
x/π cm D
x cm
[C] Measure the distance between two pointers using the meter scale.
TABLE 3: Measurement of the distance between two pointers :
No. Obs. Distance of the second Distance of the first l2- l1
pointer from the pointer from the
ratating end of the rod ratating end of the rod cm
l2 cm l1 cm.
[D] Steps for the measurement of twist of the wire due to application of load:
1. Put the hanger on the pulley.
2. Fix the pointers attached to the circular scale at the zero position.
3. Put a load of 0.5 kg on the hanger and observe the readings of the two circular scales ( θ1
and θ2.) accordingly and measure corresponding angle of twist (θ1 - θ2) of the rod.
4. Increase the load in steps of 0.5 kg on the hanger up to 3 .0 kg and observe the differences
of readings (θ1 - θ2) between two circular scales.
5. Now repeat steps 3 and 4 by decreasing the load by 0.5 kg from 3.0 kg to zero load.
© ENGINEERING PHYSICS DEPT., NETAJI SUBHASH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOLKATA 3
TABLE 5: Measurement of twist of the wire due to application of load:
Load on the hanger m (gm)
Pointer reading while Twist for first Pointer Twist for the second pointer
Pointer reading while
Pointer reading while
Pointer reading while
Mean reading (Ө1)
Mean reading (Ө2)
decreasing load
decreasing load
increasing load
increasing load
S No.
( Ө1- Ө2)
1 500
2 1000
3 1500
4 2000
5 2500
6 3000
© ENGINEERING PHYSICS DEPT., NETAJI SUBHASH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOLKATA 4
[E] Steps for the calculation of M/( Ө1- Ө2):
1. Draw the graph M vs Ө1- Ө2)
( Ө1- Ө2)
M
Characteristic of the graph will be a straight line passing through the origin(0,0).
2. Calculate M/ ( Ө1- Ө2 ) by using the slope of the graph M vs (Ө1- Ө2)
CALCULATION:
MAXIMUM PERCENTAGE ERROR :
180 MgD(l1 − l 2 ) δ D =0.1 cm( 1 div. of the metre scale).
We have η=
π 2 r 4 (θ1 − θ 2 ) δ l = 0.1 cm (1 div. of the scale attached
with the instrument).
⎛ δη ⎞ δD δ (l1 − l2 ) δ r δ (θ1 − θ 2 )
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = + +4 + δ r = …..=Least count of the Screw
⎝ η ⎠ max D (l1 − l2 ) r (θ1 − θ 2 ) Guage used.
δθ = ……= Minimum measureable
angle of twist.
⎛ δη ⎞ δ D 2δ l δr δθ
Or, ⎜ ⎟= + +4 +2
⎝η ⎠ D (l1 − l2 ) r (θ1 − θ 2 )
© ENGINEERING PHYSICS DEPT., NETAJI SUBHASH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOLKATA 5
⎛ δη ⎞
So, the maximum percentage error is ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × 100 % =
⎝ η ⎠ max
Standard value:
For Iron 8x1010 N/m2
For Brass 3.5 x 1010 N/m2
(Conversion to C.G.S unit : 1 N/m2 = 10 Dyne/cm2)
DISCUSSION:
© ENGINEERING PHYSICS DEPT., NETAJI SUBHASH ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KOLKATA 6
![[E] Steps for the calculation of M/( Ө1- Ө2):
1. Draw the graph M vs Ө1- Ө2)
( Ө1- Ө2)
© ENGINEERING](/p?url=https%3A%2F%2Fscreenshots.scribd.com%2FScribd%2F252_100_85%2F356%2F373091354%2F5.jpeg&__src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F373091354%2FBes-Rigidity-Modulus&__type=image)
