Neogene Time Scale

Main
AGE
Epoch Stage Polarity Planktonic Calcareous Seq.
(Ma) Chron Foraminifera Nannoplankton
T R
Holocene NN21 CN15 Emiliana huxleyi
NN20
CN14 Pseudomiliania lacunosa
Pleisto- C1 PT1 N22
NN19

CN13
cene Globigerinoides
b
medium Gephyrocapsa
Plei1
1.81±0 fistulosus a
Discoaster brouweri
Gelasian
Pliocene

C2 PL6 NN18 c-d

N20/NP21
Discoaster pentaradiatus Ge1
L 2.59±0

CN12
PL5 NN17
b Discoaster surculus
Piacenzian PL4 Globigerinoides
fistulosus NN16 a Pia1
C2A PL3
3.60±0 Globorotalia Reticulofenestra
PL2 margaritae pseudoumbilica
NN15/ CN 11/

5
E Zanclean
PL1
N19 NN13 CN10c
Ceratolithus rugosus
Za1
C3 b Ceratolithus acutus
5.33±0 N18
Sphaeroidinella
dehiscens
NN12 CN10 a
Me2
Messinian C3A b b
M13b/M14

NN11

CN9
N17 Amaurolithus primus
7.25±0 C3B
a a
C4 Discoaster berggrenii
L Globigerinoides
extremus
NN10 CN8
C4A N16
Tortonian M13a Neogloboquadrina
acostaensis Discoaster hamatus
10 M12 N15 NN9 CN7
Discoaster hamatus
NN8 CN6 Discoaster brouweri
C5 M11 N14
NN7 b Tor1
11.61±0 M10 N13
CN5
C5A M9b
Serravallian N12 NN6 a
Miocene

C5AA M8/M9a Fohsella fohsi

M C5AB Sphenolithus
13.65±0 C5AC M7
N11
heteromorphus Ser1
N10
NN5 CN4
C5AD M6 N9 Orbulina spp.
15 Langhian
C5B b
M5 N8 Praeorbulina
15.97±0 glomerosa
C5C a NN4 CN3
Praeorbulina Lan1
sicana
M4 N7 Globigerinatella Sphenolithus
C5D insueta heteromorphus
M3 N6 (common)
Burdigalian C5E
NN3 CN2

20
E C6 M2 N5

Bur1
20.43±0 C6A NN2 CN1
Paragloborotalia
kugleri
C6AA
Aquitanian
C6B M1 N4
Paragloborotalia Discoaster druggi
23.03±0 kugleri NN1
Sphenolithus Aq1
Paleogene C6C
P22 NP25 CP19 delphix