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Regulators vs. Conformers in Animals

This document outlines 30 learning objectives about animal form and function, regulating the internal environment, and bioenergetics. It will cover distinguishing anatomy from physiology, how physical laws influence animal shape, challenges of complex bodies, defining tissues and organ systems, thermoregulation in endotherms and ectotherms, and energy budgets of different sized and classed animals. The objectives aim to explain animal structure and physiology at tissue, organ, system and whole organism levels.

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mayra perez
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19 views2 pages

Regulators vs. Conformers in Animals

This document outlines 30 learning objectives about animal form and function, regulating the internal environment, and bioenergetics. It will cover distinguishing anatomy from physiology, how physical laws influence animal shape, challenges of complex bodies, defining tissues and organ systems, thermoregulation in endotherms and ectotherms, and energy budgets of different sized and classed animals. The objectives aim to explain animal structure and physiology at tissue, organ, system and whole organism levels.

Uploaded by

mayra perez
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CHAPTER 40

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION

Learning objectives:

Animal Form and Function


1. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology.
2. Explain how physical laws constrain animal form.
3. Use examples to illustrate how the size and shape of an animal’s
body affect its interactions with the environment.
4. Describe the challenges and benefits that come with complex
animal form.
5. Define the terms tissue, organ, and organ system. Name the
four main categories of tissues.
6. Distinguish among collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and
reticular fibers.
7. Describe the functions of macrophages and fibroblasts within
connective tissue.
8. From micrographs or diagrams, correctly identify the following
animal tissues, explain how their structure relates to their
functions, and note examples of each type.
a. Epithelial tissue
b. Connective tissue
i. Loose connective tissue
ii. Cartilage
iii. Fibrous connective tissue
iv. Adipose tissue
v. Blood
vi. Bone
c. Muscle tissue
i. Skeletal muscle
ii. Cardiac muscle
iii. Smooth muscle
d. Nervous tissue
i. Neuron
ii. Glial cell
9. Compare and contrast the nervous and endocrine systems with
respect to specificity of target cells and speed and duration of
response.

Regulating the Internal Environment


10. Distinguish between regulators and conformers for a particular
environmental variable. Explain how an animal may be both a
regulator and a conformer.

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11. Define homeostasis. Describe in general terms how an animal
maintains homeostasis.
12. Distinguish between positive and negative feedback
mechanisms. Which type of mechanism contributes to
homeostasis?
13. Define thermoregulation. Explain in general terms how
endotherms and ectotherms manage their heat budgets.
14. Name four physical processes by which animals exchange heat
with their environment.
15. Discuss the role of hair, feathers, and adipose tissue in
insulation.
16. Explain the role of vasoconstriction and vasodilation in
modifying the transfer of body heat with the environment.
17. Describe how a countercurrent heat exchanger may function to
retain heat within an animal body.
18. Describe animal adaptations to augment evaporative cooling.
19. Describe thermoregulatory mechanisms utilized by endothermic
invertebrates.
20. Explain the mechanisms by which endotherms may increase
their metabolic heat production.
21. Explain how ectotherms and endotherms may acclimatize to
changing environmental temperatures.

The Bioenergetics of Animals


22. Define bioenergetics.
23. Describe the basic sources of chemical energy and their fate in
animal cells.
24. Define biosynthesis.
25. Define metabolic rate and explain how it can be determined for
animals.
26. Distinguish between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and standard
metabolic rate (SMR). Identify the broad categories of animals
to which each term applies.
27. State the equation that describes the relationship between
metabolic rate and body size. Describe a hypothesis to explain
this relationship.
28. Describe, in broad terms, how the energy budgets of small and
large endotherms differ.
29. Describe, in broad terms, how the energy budgets of ectotherms
and endotherms of similar size differ.
30. Define torpor, hibernation, estivation, and daily torpor.

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