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Thermodynamics: Second Law Overview

This document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and related concepts like heat engines, refrigerators, and the Carnot cycle. It explains that heat cannot be completely converted to work and outlines the different statements of the second law, including that it is impossible to transfer heat from a cooler body to a hotter body without a net change occurring elsewhere. The document also introduces key thermodynamic concepts like entropy, efficiency, and reversible vs irreversible processes.

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hamdi muhumed
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21 views11 pages

Thermodynamics: Second Law Overview

This document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and related concepts like heat engines, refrigerators, and the Carnot cycle. It explains that heat cannot be completely converted to work and outlines the different statements of the second law, including that it is impossible to transfer heat from a cooler body to a hotter body without a net change occurring elsewhere. The document also introduces key thermodynamic concepts like entropy, efficiency, and reversible vs irreversible processes.

Uploaded by

hamdi muhumed
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Ch 20.

The Second Law of


Thermodynamics

Liu UCD Phy9B 07 1


20-1. Directions of Thermodynamic
Processes

Reversible vs. Irreversible processes

Equilibrium vs. non-equilibrium processes

Converting heat into mechanical energy: how efficient?

Please read text on your own.

Liu UCD Phy9B 07 2


20-2. Heat Engine
Converts heat partly into work or mechanical energy

Goes through a cyclic process, thus ∆U=0

W=Q=QH+QC=|QH|-|QC|

For the heat engine


QH +; QC -

Thermal Efficiency (x100%)

e=W/QH
=(|QH|-|QC|)/QH
=1- |QC/QH|
e <1
Liu UCD Phy9B 07 3
20-3. Internal Combustion Engines

Minimum volume V
Maximum volume rV
Compression ratio r (typically 8-10)

Liu UCD Phy9B 07 4


Otto Cycle
Two adiabatic + two isochoric processes

QH=nCV(Tc-Tb) >0

QC=nCV(Ta-Td) <0

QH + QC Tc − Tb + Ta − Td
e= =
QH Tc − Tb

1
e = 1−
r γ −1

Read about Diesel cycle on your own.


Liu UCD Phy9B 07 5
20-4. Refrigerators

Here:
W<0; QH<0; QC>0

Coefficient of performance

| QC | | QC |
K= =
| W | | QH | − | QC |

Liu UCD Phy9B 07 6


20-5. Second Law of Thermodynamics
“Engine Statement”:
It is impossible for any system to undergo a process in
which it absorbs heat from a reservoir at a single
temperature and converts the heat completely into
mechanical work, with the system ending in the same
state in which it begins.

“Refrigerator Statement”:
It is impossible for any process to have as its sole results
the transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter body

No device can transfer a given amount of heat completely into work.

Liu UCD Phy9B 07 7


Equivalent Statements

Liu UCD Phy9B 07 8


20-6. Carnot Cycle
Ideal engine with maximum efficiency that is
still consistent with the 2nd law of thermodynamics

Rationale: maximum reversible processes


2 isothermal + 2 adiabatic processes

Carnot engine
QH ~ TH
QC ~ TC

eCarnot =1- |QC/QH|=1- TC/TH

(in Kelvin)
Real engine
e< eCarnot <100%

Liu UCD Phy9B 07 9


Example

A nuclear power plant operates at 75% of its Carnot


efficiency between 600 C and 350C. If the plant produces
electric energy at a rate of 1.3 GW, how much exhaust heat
is discharged per hour?

Liu UCD Phy9B 07 10


20-7. Entropy
S: a quantitative measure of disorder

For a reversible process


dQ
dS =
T
2 dQ
∆S = ∫
1 T

“Entropy statement of the 2nd law of thermodynamics”:


When all components taking part in a process are included, the entropy
either remains constant or increases.

Liu UCD Phy9B 07 11

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