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Foundation Engineering Material by SKY
7.0 Mat/Raft Foundations
7.1 Introduction
A ‘raft’ or a ‘mat’ foundation is a combined footing
which covers the entire area beneath of a structure and
suppor all the walls and columns.
This type of foundation is most appropriate and suitable
when the allowable soil pressure is low, or the loading /
heavy, and spread footings would cover more than one 7
half the plan area. Also, when the soil contains lenses of
Gommresibe stata wich ae Hikely teas considerable 1.2m
The safe bearing capacity can be determined as per Teng’s (1962)
4 From shear failure criteria
gns = 0.22NBW, + 0.67(100+N?)DEWq
4 The safe settlement pressure for a settlement of 25mm is given by,
gnp = 175 (N-3)W, kX/m?
“The equation is further modified as Teng’s equations for safe settlement pressure are found conservative
and Bowel’s gave equations for a safe settlement of 25mm.
Qup = 12.2N((B+ 0.3)/B)* REWY ghee, Rd = 140.33 (Df /B)
7.4 Compensated foundation
Bearing Capacity of Rafts on Clays
The net ultimate bearing capacity is divided by the factor of safety to obtain the net allowable soil pressure for a
footing. The same principle is applicable to rafts on clay. Accordingly, the factor of safety, n, in terms of net soil
pressure, is given by
eN,
(q-wp
where, ¢= unit cohesion,
‘Ne= bearing capacity factor for cohesion,
q= gr0ss soil pressure or contact pressure,
= unit weight of soi,
and Dy= depth of raft below ground surface.
In other words,
4 Factor of safety against bearing capacity failure can be represented as,
For reference Only (Make your own notes) 2 Foundation Engineering Material by SKY
qmu = Cu+
D,
+s(1+0.2 ;
Qas=Yau/F
or,
Fr /Ins
Cu+5(1 + 0.2 DF/B) (1+ o2opyie— y Df)
1.6403 recommends a minimum factor of safety 2.5, usually F is taken as 3,
4 tis obvious thatthe factor of safety is very large for rafts established at such depths that yDris nearly equal
to q and it is obvious that the factor of safety is very large for rafts established at such depths that yDris
nearly equal to
Dy. implies F<
(Ay
4 The foundation satisfying above requirements is known to be ‘fully compensated foundation’ (Peck,
Hanson and Thornburn, 1974), o floating foundation.
7.5 Analysis of mat foundation
Step 1: Calculate the column toad
Q= O14 QH4O4 : +n
Step 2: determine the pressure on the soil (q) below the mat at a point
A.B.C.D....... by using the equation.
L= Area
1/12) BL* = Moment of inertia about the x axis
(1/12) LB? = Moment of inertia about the y axis
Mx = moment of the column loads about the x axis = Q*e,
My = moment of the column loads about the y axis = Q*ex
For reference Only (Make your own notes) 3 Foundation Engineering Material by SKY
}
and
Simitarty.
Qy's + QV’ 24Qsy's +
Q
y
and.
2
6
Step 3: Compare the values of the soil pressure determined in step 2 with net
allowable soil pressure to check if q = Gas
Step 4: Divide the mat into several strips in x and y directions. tet the width of
any strip be B,
For reference Only (Make your own notes) Foundation Engineering Material by SKY
Step $: Drow the shea
(VY) and moment (M) di
sam for each individual strip
Gin x and v direction), For example . take the bottom strip in the x direction of
its average soil pressure can b
say
dav =
Where qi and q = soil pressure at point I and F as determined from step2
The total soil reaction is equal to gavB,B. Now obtain the total column load
on the strip as Qi+Q+Qs+Q., The sum of the shear between the adjacent
strips has not been taken into account, For this reason, the soil reaction and
‘column load need to be adjusted. or
days B+(Qi+Q24Qr+ 0s
Average load
Now, modified average soil reaction,
_ _, dav(Average Load)
av modified) = Ga.B
raw the shear (V) and moment (M) diagram for each individual strip
Cin x and y direction), For example . take the bottom strip in the x direction of,
is average soil pressure can be given as
Also, the column load modification factor is
Step
F = Average Load / (Qi+Qr4+Q:+Qs)
So, the modification column loads are FQ,.FQ:.FQs and FQs. This modified
loading on the strip under consideration
shown in figure.
‘Step 6: Now, shear force and bending moment diagram for this strip can be
drawn. This procedure can be repeated for all strips in x and y directions.
Step 7: Design the individual strips for the bending moment and shear force
found in step 6, The raft is designed as an inverted floor supported at columns.
For reference Only (Make your own notes)