CHAPTER III

PROPOSED PROJECT DESIGN

This chapter presents the proposed project design which is consist of the Layout

of Facilities, Design Consideration, Preliminary Design, and Design Standard and

Specification. The layout of facilities presents the site development plan designed by the

proponents along with the public utilities needed by the project to function efficiently

while the design consideration tackles the standards that will govern design of facilities

and amenities in the terminal. The standards mentioned in design consideration will be

applied to the plans that will be presented in the preliminary design. Lastly, the design

standard and specification will cover the procedures and formula that will be used in

designing the structures.

A. Layout of the Facilities

An important factor which determines the level of transportation service is the

design of a transport terminal. Apart from comfort, speed, and efficiency in trunk

movement, what contributes to passenger satisfaction is the planning of the terminal in

such a manner that its internal layout minimizes the possible disorientation of a

passenger as he alights from his vehicle and rushes into the terminal building desiring

that he be enabled to proceed to the destination without undue loss of time.

Transport terminals can help improve the quality of transportation through the

proper planning and designing of platforms and access points. When a poorly planned

access point is present, traffic congestion is inevitable which also results to prolong

waiting time of passengers. Another scenario that will happen due to a poorly planned

access point is the loading and unloading of vehicles in unsafe area. Loading and

unloading in the middle of the road will be a common site and this is one of the scenarios
Proposed Design of Integrated Transport Terminal in Bauan, Batangas Chapter III: Proposed Project Design
Aguirre, R. D., Dipasupil, M. B., Mahaguay, K. E. D.

that the proposed project would like to avoid and in line with this, the proponents of the

study has come up with the following facilities.

The proposed terminal will be composed of an entrance and exit gate, six steel

terminals, a three-storey commercial building with roof deck, parking areas, two toll

booths, drainage system and perimeter fence. The location of these structures can be

seen in the site development plan below.

Figure 11. Site Development Plan of the Proposed Integrated Transport Terminal

The Proposed Integrated Transport Terminal shall have a wide entrance and exit

gate for easy mobility to and from the terminal. The location of the gates can be seen in

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Figure 11. The entrance gate can be seen in the southeastern part of the lot while the

exit gate can be seen in northwestern part of the lot.

Aside from the entrance and exit gates, another essential facility in a terminal is

the waiting and boarding area of the passengers. These steel terminals will be used by

the PUJ, tricycle and PUV passengers. These structures are covered and have benches

which will provide shelter and comfort to the passengers as they wait for boarding.

These steel terminals will also have restrooms to provide immediate relief for the

passengers. To ensure the comfort of all commuters, a PWD restroom and ramps with

slope of 1:12 will be included in the design of the steel terminals

Another structure that will be constructed in the terminal is the three-storey

commercial building with roof deck. This three-storey commercial building will answer

the basic necessities of the passengers and the employees of the terminal. This

structure will have male and female restrooms, clinic, food court, commercial area and

spaces, management and maintenance office, information and passenger assistance

counter and driver’s quarter. The restrooms of the commercial building must be clean at

all times, sufficiently lighted, odor-free, ventilated, with clean running system, flush

system, toilet seat with cover, lavatory, waste bin, toilet paper, mirror, dispenser with

soap, hand dryer, dry flooring, functional door lock and janitorial/maintenance personnel.

The proposed commercial building is three-storeys high with roof deck and in

order to gain access of all these floor levels, stairs and elevators will be provided. The

stairs will have sturdy handrails made of stainless steel and are located at the left and

right side of the building. Elevators were provided to ensure that people with disabilities

(PWD), pregnant or mothers with small children, and the elderly would be able to gain

access of the upper floors with ease. Aside from the elevator, another feature of the

commercial building that will be of help to people with special needs is the ramp. The

ramp of this building will be constructed with a slope of 1:12. The design of the ramp is in

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accordance with the Americans with Disability Act (ADA) of 1990. Aside from the front

and rear access points of the building, fire exits will be installed in case that a fire will

break out.

Apart from the vertical structures, another important aspect of a terminal is its

road system. All designs regarding the road system inside the terminal will be based on

and shall comply to the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) Design

[Link] road system inside the proposed terminal shall be made safer through

the awareness of safety principles. Road surface shall be even, well drained and good

textured because it can maximize safety on roads and prevent accidents from occurring.

The road way shall consist of the sub-base, base course and pavement. The concrete

pavement shall be 3.35 meters wide for each lane with a thickness of 28 centimeters.

Drivers shall also comply with 20kph speed limit that will be strictly implemented inside

the proposed terminal. Pedestrian lanes shall also be placed to provide safety zones for

the pedestrians. Covered walkways shall also be constructed inside the terminal to

protect pedestrians from different weather conditions. Moreover, traffic signs lead to

safest road traffic, facilitates traffic, and indicates or reminds some particular traffic rules.

Appropriate and adequate road traffic signs shall also be present inside the proposed

terminal. Road signs shall be made of reflective material to be effective at night.

Adequate street lighting shall also be installed to reduce accidents and crime especially

during nighttime and improve personal security of every pedestrian. Light poles shall be

sited in positions where they will not be a danger to a vehicle leaving the road or

designed as frangible poles that slip away or collapse on impact. The maximum distance

between light poles shall be 20 meters.

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For the facilities to efficiently perform its purpose, the following public utilities

were chosen to fulfill the basic and general needs of the users.

 Water source

Facilities like restrooms and food courts need water to wash and

clean their area and equipment. The water to be used throughout the project

will be provided by Aquadata, Incorporated.

 Drainage

Drainage is a necessity for every structure and most especially to

structures that are used by the public. Proper drainage and waste disposal

management was considered in the project planning. Septic tanks are

designed with accordance to the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines.

 Power Supply

Electricity which will be used for lighting, ventilation, security, and

other facilities of the project will be supplied by First Bay Power Corporation.

 Communication and Internet Services

Communication lines play an important role in the development of a

community and for that reason telephone and internet connections will be

served by the Philippine Long Distance Telecom Company.

B. Design Consideration

The standards used in designing the Transport Terminal in Bauan, Batangas are

under the National Building Code of the Philippines (P.D.1096) and Standard

Classifications and Guidelines of Public Transport Terminals

This study proposes a design for two identical jeepney terminal, two identical

tricycle terminal, two identical van terminal and three-storey reinforced concrete

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structure along with the pavement, perimeter fence, plumbing and electrical plans of the

three structures. The three-storey commercial building will have a food court, driver’s

quarter, information desk, ATMs, restrooms, clinic and commercial area. The three-

storey commercial building will be designed in accordance to the National Building Code

of the Philippines (P.D.1096).

 Ceiling Heights

The ceiling height of structure with artificial ventilation shall be at least 2.70

meters for the first storey and at least 2.40 meters for the second storey. (Section

805, NBCP)

 Storm Drainage System

Rain water drainage shall not discharge to the sanitary sewer system.

Adequate provisions shall be made to drain low areas inside the premises of the

Proposed Integrated Transport Terminal. (Section 904, NBCP)

 Elevator Enclosures

Enclosing Walls of elevator shafts may consist of wire glass set in metal

frames on the entrance side only. (Section 1204, NBCP)

 Floor Construction

All floors shall be framed and secure into the framework and supporting walls

as to form an integral part of the whole building. The types of floor construction used

shall provide means to keep the beam and girders from lateral buckling. (Section

1205, NBCP)

 Roof Construction and Covering

Roof covering for all buildings shall be either fire-retardant or ordinary

depending upon the fire-resistive requirements of the particular type of construction.

All roofs shall be so framed and tied into the framework and supporting walls so as

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to form an integral part of the whole building. Roof trusses shall have all joints well

fitted and shall have all tension members well tightened before any load is placed in

the truss. Diagonal and sway bracing shall be used to brace all roof trusses. The

allowable working stresses of materials in trusses shall conform the National

Building Code of the Philippines (P.D. 1096). Camber shall be provided to prevent

sagging. Roof drains shall be installed at low points of the roof and shall be

adequate in size to discharge all tributary waters. Also, adequate overflow drains

shall be provided, it shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of the

National Plumbing Code. (Section 1206, NBCP)

 Exit Doors

At least three (3) exits are required in every storey having an occupant load

of 500 to 999. Three or more exits shall be arranged a reasonable distance apart so

that if one becomes blocked, the others will be available. Exit doors shall at least be

900 millimeters in width and not less than 2.00 meters in height. Revolving, sliding,

and overhead doors shall not be used as required exits. (Section 1207.b.1, NBCP)

 Corridors

Every corridor in the structure shall not be less than 1.10 meters in width.

(Section 1207.d.1, NBCP)

 Aisles

Every portion of every building in which are installed seats, tables,

merchandise, equipment, or similar materials shall be provided with aisles leading to

an exit. Every aisle shall be not less than 800 millimeters wide if serving only one

side, and not less than one (1) meter wide if serving both sides. (Section 1207.l.1,

NBCP)

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 Stairways

Stairways serving an occupant load of more than 50 shall have a width not

be less than 1.10 meters. The rise of every step in a stairway shall not exceed 200

millimeters and the run shall not less than 250 millimeters. Stairways shall have

handrails on each side and every stairway required to be more than 3.00 meters in

width shall be provided with not less than one intermediate handrail for each 3.00

meters of required width. (Section 1207.l.1-2,8, NBCP)

 Ramps

A ramp may be used as an exit conforming the provisions of the National

Building Code of the Philippines (P.D. 1096). The width of ramps shall be as

required for corridors. (Section 1207.f, NBCP)

 Fire-Extinguishing Systems

When required, fire extinguishing systems shall be installed in every storey of

the structure with an area of 200 square meters or more which is used for habitation,

recreation, dining, study, or work, and which has an occupant load of more than 20.

(Section 1212.1, NBCP)

 Electrical System

All the electrical systems and equipment that will be installed shall conform to

the provisions of the Philippine Electrical Code. (Section 1301, NBCP)

 Mechanical System

All the mechanical systems and equipment that will be installed shall conform

to the provisions of the Philippine Mechanical Engineering Code. (Section 1302,

NBCP)

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Meanwhile, the steel terminals will serve as the arriving and boarding areas of

passengers. The steel terminals will be designed in accordance to the Standard

Classifications and Guidelines of Public Transport Terminals.

The Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) Standards

classifies the Proposed Integrated Transport Terminal in Bauan, Batangas as an Inter-

Modal Transport Terminal. An inter-modal transport terminal is defined as one which can

simultaneously accommodate/serve at least three (3) types of public land transport

vehicles, such as PUBs, PUJs, Taxicabs, Multi-Cabs, Vans/AUV, etc.

According to the LTFRB Standards, the following shall be installed for the

continuous operation of the Proposed Integrated Transport Terminal in Bauan,

Batangas:

 Separate and sufficient parking lot spaces for each mode of

transportation.

 Adequate and comfortable benches and/or seats with backrests for

waiting passengers.

 Concrete pavement and flooring.

 Roofing that would provide sufficient shade to passengers from heat of

the sun or rain.

Aside from the amenities required by the LTFRB Standards, another amenity that

is essential to the smooth and orderly operation of the terminal is its drainage system. A

drainage system will be installed in the project location to convey sewage, rainwater and

other liquid wastes to an appropriate point of disposal. The drainage system will be

designed in accordance to the Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines.

 Hangers and Supports

These are devices for holding and securing pipes and fixtures to walls,

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ceiling, floors or structural members (Section 220.33, Revised NPCP).

Hangers and supports are use for securing these types of pipes:

 Vertical pipes

Vertical piping shall be secured and supported at each storey or

floor level at sufficiently close intervals to keep the pipes in alignment and

to carry its weight and contents. Supports shall allow free movement, but

shall restrict upward movement of lateral runs to avoid reverse grade.

Also, hangers and anchors shall be of sufficient strength to maintain their

proportional share with the weight of the pipe and its content. (Section

315.1, Revised NPCP)

 Horizontal pipes

Horizontal pipes shall be supported at sufficiently close intervals

to keep them in alignment and prevent sagging. (Section 315.2, Revised

NPCP)

Though hangers and other supports should firmly hold and secure pipes

and fixtures, it shall not compress, distort, cut or abrade the piping and it shall

allow free movement of pipe. Pipes exposed to sharp surfaces shall be

protected. (Section 612, Revised NPCP)

In order to prevent unnecessary incidents, piping shall be supported at

intervals of not more than four (4) feet at the end branches, and at change of

direction and elevation. As for vertical piping, it shall be supported at each storey

or floor level and its alignment shall be maintained with the use of mid-storey

guide. Trap arms with length of more than three (3) feet should be supported as

close as possible to the trap. Meanwhile, close rings shall be tightly fastened with

corrosive resistant fasteners up to the floor with top surface one-quarter (1/4)

inch above the finish floor. (Section 613, Revised NPCP)

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 Trenching, Excavation and Back fill

All excavations required to be made for the installation of a building drainage

system or any part thereof, within the walls of a building, shall be open trench work

and kept open until the piping has been inspected, tested and accepted. It also shall

be completely back-filled as soon as possible after inspection. (Section 316.2-316.3,

Revised NPCP)

 Plumbing Fixtures

Plumbing fixtures shall be manufactured of dense, durable, non-

absorbent materials and must have smooth impervious surfaces, free from

unnecessary concealed fouling surfaces. Plumbing fixture shall be installed in a

manner to provide easy access for repair and cleaning. Where practical, all pipes

from fixtures shall run parallel and dose to the nearest wall or building line.

(Section 401, 407.1, Revised NPCP)

 Water Supply and Distribution

Each plumbing fixture shall be provided with an adequate supply of

potable running water so arranged as to flush and keep same in clean and

healthful condition as without danger of back flow or cross-connection. No

plumbing fixture, device, or construction shall be installed or maintained or shall

be connected to any domestic water supply. (Section 601, Revised NPCP)

 Excreta Drainage System

No galvanized wrought iron or galvanized steel pipe shall be used

underground and shall be kept at least 152 millimeters above ground. The

minimum sizes of vertical and/or horizontal drainage pipings shall be determined

from the total of all fixture units connected thereto, and additional, in the case of

vertical drainage pipes, in accordance with their height or length. (Section

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701.1.1, 703.1, Revised NPCP)

 Drinking Fountains

Drinking fountains shall be installed with indirect wastes. (Section 809,

Revised NPCP)

 Storm Drainage System

Storm drainage is required for roof areas, courts and courtyards to collect

storm-water and discharge the storm-water to an approved point of disposal not

in conflict with other ordinances or regulations. (Section 1101, Revised NPCP)

 Roof Drain

Roof drains shall be of cast iron, copper or other corrosion-resistant

materials. (Section 1103.1, Revised NPCP)

 Sewer

The minimum size of any building sewer shall be determined on the basis of

the total number of fixture units drained by such sewer. With accordance with

Table 12-2 of the Revised NPCP, all building sewer shall be at least 150

millimeters or less than the size of the building drain. Building sewers shall be run

in practical alignment at a uniform slope of not less than two (2) percent or 21

millimeters per meter toward the point of disposal. i.e. to the septic tank (Section

1205,1206-1, Revised NPCP)

 Manholes

Approved manholes may be installed in lieu of clean outs when first

approved by the Administrative Authority. The maximum distance between

manholes shall not exceed 91 meters. The inlet and outlet pipe connections of

manholes shall be made by the use of flexible compression joints no closer than

0.3 meter from outside of the manhole. No flexible compression joint shall be

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embedded in the manhole base. (Section 1207.6, Revised NPCP)

The road transport system inside the proposed terminal shall be designed with

respect to the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) Standard

Specifications. Road Traffic Signs shall also be visible inside the proposed terminal.

 Concrete Pavement

Concrete pavement is categorized under item 311 of DPWH standards

specifications. This item shall consist with or without reinforcement, constructed

on the prepared based in accordance with the plans and specifications. Only type

1 Portland cement should be used. Cement that for any reasons become partially

hardened, or which contains lumps or caked cement including those salvaged

from discarded or used bags should not be used.

 Reinforcing Steel

Dowels and tie bars to be used in concrete pavement shall conform to the

requirements of AASHTO M-31 or M-42 except that rail steel shall not be used

for tie bars to be bended and re straightened during construction.

 Aggregate Sub-Base Course

DPWH classified the aggregate sub-base course as Item 200.

Aggregates for sub-base shall consist of hard, durable particles of fragments or

crushed stone, crushed slag or crushed or natural gravel and filler or natural

crushed sand or other firmly divided mineral matter.

C. Preliminary Design

The Integrated Transport Terminal in Bauan, Batangas will be serving the

public primarily, the constituents of Bauan. The safety and convenience of the end

users are the primary concern of the proponents and for that reason, the steel

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terminals and three-storey commercial building were designed with accordance to

the design codes and standards mentioned in the previous section.

Steel Terminals

Most of the commuters, who will be the end users of this project, had

experience standing in the middle of the road while waiting for an utility vehicle to

pass by and either successfully or miserably failing boarding the vehicle in an illegal

loading and unloading zone. These attempts may or may not be successful but it is

surely dangerous. Boarding a vehicle in an illegal loading and unloading zone is

dangerous because the vehicle has a tendency to move depending on whether the

driver will be caught or not and not on whether the passenger has successfully taken

his sit. But this scenario will be avoided after the construction of the steel in Figure 6.

Figure 12. Jeepney Terminal Floor Plan

The floor plan in Figure 12, shows the jeepney terminal that will serve as the

waiting and boarding area of the passenger heading to Lemery, Batangas, Mabini,

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San Pedro, Inicbulan, Manalupang, Cupang, Alagao and Pinagkrusan. This jeepney

terminal will contain benches and restrooms for both the passengers and jeepney

drivers. The jeepney terminal has a dimension of 65m by 14m can accommodate 34

jeepneys.

After the construction of this jeepney terminal, passengers will be comfortable

as they wait for their turn to board the jeepneys. These jeepney terminals will provide

shelter from the harsh sunlight during sunny days and rain when the weather is not in

our favor. The terminal was designed to serve everyone most especially persons

with disabilities and for this reason, the terminal will have ramps and PWD cubicles.

The ramps will be provided to ease the difficulty that they will experience while going

to the terminal. Meanwhile, the PWD cubicle will be installed so that PWDs can avoid

waiting in line for their turn to use the restroom. As for the ventilation of the terminal,

the said terminal will not be enclosed because the proponents would like to

discourage the use of air conditioning units as it releases harmful chemicals like

chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) that will contribute to the current amount of green house

gases that is present in the atmosphere. With these amenities, accidents can be

avoided and travelling will be more comfortable for all.

Figure 12 has showed the boarding area of jeepney passengers, but not that

of the boarding area of tricycle passengers. Shown in Figure 13 is the boarding area

of tricycle passengers.

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Figure 13. Tricycle Terminal Floor Plan

The tricycle terminal will be used by passengers going to Aplaya, San

Andres, Nursery, PMBK, Sambat, San Teodoro, Alalum, Tramo, and Casual. The

tricycle terminal has a dimension of 40m by 14m and can accommodate # tricycles.

Its function is the same as that of the jeepney terminal only with a different mode of

transportation and different route. Aside from the jeepney and tricycle, another mode

of transportation in Bauan is the van. The floor plan of the van terminal can be seen

in Figure 14.

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Figure 14. Van Terminal Floor Plan

The van terminal will be used by passengers going to SM Batangas, SM Lipa,

and Pala-Pala, Cavite. The van terminal has a dimension of 50m by 16m and can

accommodate 24 vans. Its function is the same as that of the jeepney terminal only

with a different mode of transportation and route. Aside from these steel terminals,

another structure that will be constructed in the terminal is the three-storey

commercial building.

Three-storey Commercial Building

Travelling from Bauan to Batangas City vice versa can take as long as one

hour and thirty minutes to two hours, but there are also times that it can take up to

three hours or more. Travelling from Bauan to Lemery, Nasugbu, Lipa and the other

neighboring municipality or vice versa can take one hour or more depending on the

distance between the municipalities and vehicular flow in the area. With travel

durations these long, commuters are most likely to get hungry and tired along the

way which is why the three-storey reinforced concrete structure shown in Figure 15

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contains amenities that can immediate answer and give relief to the end users of this

project.

Figure 15. Ground Floor Plan of the Three-Storey Commercial Building

The ground floor of the three-storey reinforced concrete structure contains

the commercial area, clinic, baggage deposit area, breastfeeding station, information

and assistance desk, and a lounge. These amenities are placed in the ground floor

of the structure to provide immediate and easy access. These amenities will mostly

answer to the immediate need of the passengers like comfort and health needs.

Passengers with heavy or a lot of baggage can deposit their baggage in the baggage

deposit area so that can relax without being burdened by their belongings. The

structure will also contain a breastfeeding station so that lactating mothers can nurse

their child in private. The lounge will be placed near the breastfeeding station so that

it can serve as the waiting area of people who are travelling with lactating mothers. A

clinic will also be constructed in the ground floor of the structure. The clinic will be

added to the structure to provide immediate care to passengers who are not feeling

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well after a long trip. Aside from the aforementioned amenities, several more can be

seen in the next figure.

Figure 16. Second Floor Plan of the Three-Storey Commercial Building

Figure 16 shows the second floor plan of the three-storey commercial

building. In the second floor of the commercial building contains the food court and

two commercial spaces. The food court will not only provide business opportunities

to the constituents of Bauan but also answer to the needs of the passengers after a

long trip. Aside from the food court, the commercial building can provide other

business opportunities through the rental commercial spaces which can be used as

offices or retail stores for clothes and cosmetics. The other commercial spaces will

be located in the third floor of the commercial building shown in Figure 17.

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Figure 17. Third Floor Plan of the Three-Storey Commercial Building

Aside from the commercial spaces, other spaces that will be present in the

third floor are the office building. For an organization to run smoothly, there must be

a management department that will govern all the processes and also a maintenance

department that will aid the management in keeping everything organized and under

control. These offices are located in the third floor of the structure so that they can

easily see and supervise the processes in the terminal. A driver’s quarters and

maintenance staff’s quarters is added to the structure so that the other employees of

the terminal will have a their own resting space. Another unique feature of the three-

storey commercial building is its roof deck. The roof deck floor plan can be seen in

Figure 18.

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Figure 18. Roof Deck Floor Plan of the Three-Storey Commercial Building

The rooftop of the three-storey commercial building will be the designated

smoking area. The rooftop will be decorated with plant that will act as cigarette

smoke cleaner. Aside from plants, the roof deck will also have benches and parasols

that will provide comfort and shade to the people using the area.

Perimeter Fence

A perimeter fence is a structure that surrounds the perimeter of an area to

prevent access. The perimeter fence which will be installed in the said project is

shown in Figure 19.

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Figure 19. Perimeter Fence

D. Design Standard and Specification

Structural analysis of a structure is necessary to determine the structural integrity

of an infrastructure. The structural analysis of the three-storey commercial building and

steel terminals in the proposed Integrated Transport Terminal will be conducted in

accordance to the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 (NSCP 2015). Table

205-1 of NSCP 2015 presents the minimum uniform and concentrated live load values to

be used in design the proposed structures. The values in the Table 6 are taken from the

values of Table 205-1 of NSCP 2015.

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Table 6

Live loads of the three-storey reinforced concrete structures

Category Description Live Load (kPa)

Office Lobbies and ground floor 4.8

corridor

Other office 2.4

Restrooms - <2.4, but should be not

less the load of occupancy

with which they are

associated

Roof decks Same as area served or

occupancy

Source: National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015

Table 6 contains the live load values that will be used in designing the structures

in the proposed project. The load combination to be used in the proposed design is also

based on NSCP 2015.

Design Procedure of the Three-Storey Commercial Building

The structural analysis of the three-storey commercial building will follow the

ultimate design procedure and it will proceed as follows:

1. Seismic Load Analysis according to NSCP 2015

a. Determine the risk category of building or structure.

b. Determine the Seismic Importance Factor.

c. Determine the Soil Profile Type.

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d. Determine the Seismic Zone and its corresponding Seismic Zone

Factor.

e. Determine Seismic Source Type and its corresponding Maximum

Moment Magnitude, M..

f. Determine the Near Source Factor (Nv,Na).

g. Determine Seismic Response Coefficient (Cv, Ca).

h. Determine the Seismic Force over Strength Factor (Ωo) and the

numerical coefficient representative of the inherent over-strength and

global ductility capacity of lateral-force-resisting systems, R.

i. Calculate the elastic fundamental period of vibration of the

structure in the direction under consideration, T.

T = Ct (hn)3/4

Where:

Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment resisting frames

Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames and

eccentrically braced frames

Ct = 0.0488 for all other structure

j. Compute for the Base Shear (V) and check for the limitations.

k. Determine the distribution of force at every level (Fx), the base

shear at every level (Vx) and the moment at every level (Mx).

l. Determine redundancy factor (ρ).

6.1
ρ=2–
𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 √𝐴𝐵

2. Analysis and Design of Slab according to NSCP 2015

A slab is constructed to provide flat surfaces, usually horizontal, in

building floors and roofs. A slab can be classified as a one-way slab or two-way

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slab, depending on how it transfers the load. Every slab in the proposed structure

will be designed in accordance with NSCP 2015. The design procedure of the

slabs will proceed as follows:

a. Determine the uniform floor pressure to be carried by the slab.

b. Determine the minimum slab thickness (h) using the following tables from

NSCP 2015.

 Table [Link] – Minimum Thickness of Solid Non-Prestressed One-

Way Slabs

 Table [Link] – Minimum Thickness of Non-Prestressed Two-Way

Slab without Interior Beams (mm)

 Table [Link] – Minimum Thickness of Non-Prestressed Two-Way

Slabs with Beams Spanning between Supports on All Sides

c. Calculate the dead load of the slab.

d. Calculate the total factored load.

e. Calculate the factored moment.

f. Calculate the effective depth (d).

d = h – covering – ½ (main bar diameter)

g. Calculate the required steel ratio (ρ).

h. Compute the required main bar spacing. Use the smallest of the following

main bar spacing:

 S1 = ( Abar / As )(1000) ; As = (ρbd)(1000)

 3h

 450mm

i. Calculate the required steel ratio of temperature bars (ρt) and its spacing

based on ACI Code 318.

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3. Analysis and Design of Beam according to NSCP 2015 and ACI-381

The beams of the proposed structure will be design in accordance with

NSCP 2015. Under this section are the minimum design requirements such as

minimum beam depth, reinforcement, spacing and concrete covers.

The design procedure of the beams of the proposed structures will

proceed as follows:

a. Calculate the value of dead and live load to be carried by the

beam (DL & LL)

b. Assume that the weight of the beam (DL) is between 20% and

25% of (DL & LL). This weight is added to the dead load.

c. Compute the factored load and factored moment (1.2DL + 1.6LL)

d. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam. Mu.

e. Try a value of steel ratio ρ from 0.5ρb, but not less than ρmin. This

value of ρ will provide enough allowance in the actual value of ρ due

to rounding-off the number of bars to be used, for it not to exceed the

maximum ρ of 0.75ρb.

0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽1 600
ρ𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )

𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤ 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.008(𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 30) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 > 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎

1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦

𝝆𝒇𝒚
f. Compute the value of ω, 𝜔 = 𝑓′ 𝑐

g. Solve for bd2.

𝑀𝑢 = 𝛷𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝜔𝑏𝑑2 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

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𝑀𝑢
𝑏𝑑2 = ′
𝛷𝑓 𝑐𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)

h. Try a ratio d/b (from d=1.5b to d=2b), and solve for d (round-off

this value to reasonable dimension). Also check the minimum

thickness of beam required by the Code.

After solving for d, substitute its value to step g, and solve for h.

Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption

made in step b.

i. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

Number of bars (diameter = D)

𝜋 2
𝐷 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠
4

4. Analysis and Design of Concrete Column according to ACI 318-05

Columns shall be designed to resist axial forces from factored loads on all

floors or roof without bending. Aside from the axial compressive load, loading

condition giving the maximum ratio of moment to axial load shall also be

considered.

Axial load without moment is not a practical case in the design of

columns, but the discussion of such case is necessary for explaining the theory

involved in eccentrically loaded columns. For a column subjected purely by an

axial load, the nominal load Pn that it can carry is the sum of the strength of steel,

fyAst, and the strength of concrete, 0.85f’c(Ag– As), is the net concrete area, or

𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡

To counter the effect of possible eccentricities, the nominal strength Pn is

multiplied by 0.8 for tied columns and 0.85 for spiral columns. Finally, the

ultimate axial load capacity of the column Pnis ΦPn,

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where Φ is 0.70 for tied columns and 0.75 for spiral column.

Tied Column

𝑃𝑢 = 𝛷𝑃𝑛 = 𝛷0.80[0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐(𝐴𝑔 − 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) + 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 ]

where

Φ = 0.70 for tied columns and 0.75 for spiral column

Ag = gross concrete area = b x t

Ast = area of steel reinforcement

These maximum load limits will govern wherever the moment is small

enough to keep the eccentricity under 0.10h, where h is the column width parallel

to the applied moment.

Limits of Reinforcement for Tied Columns

a) Ast shall not be less than 0.01Agand Ast shall not be more than

0.06Ag.

b) The minimum number of longitudinal bars is 4 for bars within

rectangular or circular ties, 3 for bars within triangular ties.

5. Sizes and Spacing of Main Bars and Ties according to NSCP 2015

The sizes and spacing of main bars and tie bars of the columns of

the proposed structures will be determined in accordance with NSCP

2015 and it will proceed as follows:

a) Clear spacing between longitudinal reinforcement in columns,

pedestals, struts, and boundary elements in walls shall not be less

than 1.5dbbut not greater than 40mm. (Section 425.2.3)

b) Use 10-mm diameter ties for bars with a diameter of 32-mm or

smaller and at least 12-mm for bars with a diameter of 36-mm or

larger and bundled longitudinal bars. (section [Link])

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c) Vertical center-to-center spacing of ties shall be the least the

following:

(Section [Link])

1. 16 x db(db = longitudinal bar diameter)

2. 48 x dbof tie bar and

3. Least dimensions of the member

d) Ties shall be arrange to satisfy the following conditions:

1. Every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall have

lateral support provided by the corner of the tie with an

included angle of not more than 135 mm;

2. No bar shall be farther than 150 mm clear on each side

along the tie from such a laterally supported bar.

But it cases where longitudinal bars are located around the

perimeter of a circle, a complete circular tie is allowed.

6. Designs and Analysis of Foundation according to NSCP 2015

Footings are structural members that support columns or walls and

transfer the load they carry to the underlying soil. Reinforced concrete is the most

suited material for footing of reinforced concrete and structural steel buildings,

walls, towers, bridges and other structures. Since the bearing capacity of soils is

normally low (usually less than 400 kPa) and the load from the column or wall is

large (usually greater than 1000 kPa, the footing spreads the column, or wall

pressure to the soil by providing higher bearing area, thus reducing the bearing

pressure within permissible values.

Foundations shall be proportioned to resist the factored load and induced

reactions, in accordance with the appropriate design criteria of the NSCP 2015

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Design Procedure of the Steel Terminals

The structural analysis and design of the steel terminals will follow the

allowable stress design procedure and it will proceed as follows:

1. Determine the wind load with accordance to NSCP 2015

Wind load is the force acting on a structure which arises from the impact

of wind. Wind load will be computed by following the procedures below:

a. Determine the risk category of building or other structure

b. Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable risk category.

c. Determine the wind load parameters:

 Wind directionality factor, Kd

 Exposure category

 Topographic factor, Kzt

 Gust effect factor, G

 Enclosure classification

 Internal pressure coefficient, GCpi

d. Determine the velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kz or Kh, see

Table 207B.3-1

e. Determine velocity pressure qz or qh with the useof Equation 207B.3-1

𝑞𝑧 = 0.613𝐾𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑 𝑉 2 Equation 207B.3-1

where

Kd – wind directionality factor

Kz – velocity pressure coefficient

Kzt – topographic factor

V – basic wind speed

f. Determine external pressure coefficient, Cp or CN

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g. Calculate wind pressure, p, on each building surface

2. Seismic Load Analysis according to NSCP 2015

a. Determine the risk category of building or structure.

b. Determine the Seismic Importance Factor.

c. Determine the Soil Profile Type.

d. Determine the Seismic Zone and its corresponding Seismic Zone

Factor.

e. Determine Seismic Source Type and its corresponding Maximum

Moment Magnitude, M..

f. Determine the Near Source Factor (Nv,Na).

g. Determine Seismic Response Coefficient (Cv, Ca).

h. Determine the Seismic Force over Strength Factor (Ωo) and the

numerical coefficient representative of the inherent over-strength and

global ductility capacity of lateral-force-resisting systems, R.

i. Calculate the elastic fundamental period of vibration of the structure in

the direction under consideration, T.

T = Ct (hn)3/4

Where:

Ct = 0.0853 for steel moment resisting frames

Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames and

eccentrically braced frames

Ct = 0.0488 for all other structure

j. Compute for the Base Shear (V) and check for the limitations.

k. Determine the distribution of force at every level (Fx), the base shear

at every level (Vx) and the moment at every level (Mx).

l. Determine redundancy factor (ρ).

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6.1
ρ=2–
𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 √𝐴𝐵

3. Design of purlins

A purlin is a horizontal beam along the length of the roof and it will be

designed in accordance to NSCP 2015. The design procedure of the purlins will

proceed as follows:

a. Get the width of roof surface tributary

b. Determine the wind load

c. Determine the roof live load

d. Determine the dead load acting on the purlins

e. Get the total factored load (Section 203.3.1 of NSCP 2015)

f. Get the maximum moment about the x-axis and the y-axis

g. Assign the steel bar to be used and compute for ΦbMpx and ΦbMpy.

Φbis the strength reduction facto. Mpx and Mpyis the product of the yield

strength of the steel bar, Fy and the section modulus (Sx or Sy) or

Mpx = 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑥

Mpy = 𝐹𝑦 𝑆𝑦

h. Check whether the steel bar adequate for the design of purlins by

using the expression

𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑦
+ ≤ 1.0
Φ𝑏 M𝑝𝑥 Φ𝑏 M𝑝𝑦

4. After computing the wind load and seismic load, the factored load

and factored moment can now be determined. The factored loads will be

transferred to the truss and the truss reactions can now be determined.

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5. After getting the truss reaction, determine the bar forces using

method of joints

6. Design truss members

a) Assign the steel bar for the truss members

b) Check whether the steel bar adequate for the design of the truss

members by comparing the actual axial force acting on the member (fa) to

the allowable axial force of the member (Fa). The actual axial force is the

quotient of the maximum bar force and twice the area of the steel bar (A)

used while the allowable axial force is 60% of the yield strength of the steel

bar (Fy) or

𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝑓𝑎 =
2𝐴

𝐹𝑎 = 0.6𝐹𝑦

7. Transfer the load to the beam and proceed to the design of the beam

a) Assign the steel bar for the beam

b) Get the dead load of the beam

c) Using Three Moment Equation, determine the reactions of the supports.

d) Using the largest moment reaction, compute the value of Sx using the

expression

𝑀
𝑓𝑏 =
𝑆𝑥

e) Check the compactness of the steel bar using:

 Width to thickness ratio

𝑏𝑓 170
<
2𝑡𝑓 √𝐹𝑦

where,

bf – width of the flange

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tf – thickness of the flange

 Depth to web thickness raito

𝑑 1680
<
𝑡𝑤 √𝐹𝑦

where,

d – depth of the web

tw – thickness of web

f) Solve for L1 and L2

200𝑏𝑓
𝐿1 =
√𝐹𝑦

137900
𝐿2 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑑
( )
𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓

where,

Lc – smaller value between L1 and L2

Lu – larger value between L1 and L2

g) Compare the values of Lb, Lc, and Lu. Lbis the bracing distance, Lcis the

clear distance, and Lu is the unbraced distance.

 If Lb<Lc,then Fb is

𝐹𝑏 = 0.66𝐹𝑦

 If Lb≥ Lu,then Fb is

𝐹𝑏 = 0.6𝐹𝑦

 If Lc<Lb< Lu, then Fb is

𝑏𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = [0.79 − 0.00075 ( ) √𝐹𝑦 ] 𝐹𝑦
2𝑡𝑓

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h) Compare the value of Fband 0.6Fy to ensure that the design is safe

8. Transfer the load to the column and proceed to the design of the

column

a) Assign the steel bar for the column

b) Solve for the slenderness ratio of the column with respect to both the x-
𝑘𝐿
axis and y-axis, 𝑟
, where k is the effective length factor, L is the length of the

column, and r is the radius of gyration. The value of k varies depending on

the end supports of the column.

c) Solve for the value of Cc using the expression

2𝜋 2 𝐸
𝐶𝑐 = √
𝐹𝑦

𝑘𝐿
d) Compare the value of 𝑟
and and Cc.

𝑘𝐿
 If 𝑟
≤ Cc then

𝑘𝐿 2
1 ( ) 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑎 = {1 − [ 𝑟 ] }
2 𝐶𝑐 𝐹. 𝑆.

𝑘𝐿 𝑘𝐿 3
5 3 ( ) 1 ( )
𝐹. 𝑆. = + [ 𝑟 ] − [ 𝑟 ]
3 8 𝐶𝑐 8 𝐶𝑐

where,

F.S. – factor of safety and is the

𝑘𝐿
 If 𝑟
> Cc then

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12𝜋 2 𝐸
𝐹𝑎 =
𝑘𝐿 2
23 ( )
𝑟

where

E – modulus of elasticity of steel

e) After solving for the value of Fa, compute the value of the allowable axial

load P using the expression

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑎 𝐴

f) Compare the value of the allowable axial force to the actual axial force to

ensure the safety of the design

9. Design the baseplate

a) Compute the allowable bearing pressure of the base plate.

 For base plates that covers the whole area of concrete

𝐹𝑝 = 0.35𝑓𝑐′

 For base plates with an area smaller than that of the concrete

𝐴2
𝐹𝑝 = 0.35𝑓𝑐′√
𝐴1

where,

fc’ – specified compressive strength of concrete

A1 – area of the steel concentrically bearing on concrete

support

A2 – maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface

that is geometrically similar to and concentric with the

loaded area.

b) Determine the actual axial force acting on the base plate P

c) Determine the required area using the expressions

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𝑃
𝐴1 = 𝐹𝑝
, and

𝐴2 = 𝑑𝑏𝑓 Equation 14-2 of AISC

Δ = 0.50 (0.95𝑑 − 0.8𝑏𝑓 )

𝑁 = √𝐴2 + Δ

d) Determine the width of the base plate using the expression

𝐴2 = 𝐵𝑁

e) Compare the value of the required area and the actual area of the base

plate

f) Determine the thickness of the base plate by using the following formula:

𝑃
𝑓𝑝 =
𝐵𝑁

N = 0.95d + 2m

B = 0.8bf + 2n

√𝑑𝑏𝑓
𝑛′ = (AISC equation 14 – 4)
4

𝑓𝑝
𝑡 = 2𝑛′ √
𝐹𝑦

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