References
Wankat, chapter 13, p.424
Seader and Henley, chapter 8, pp. 308 - 315
Dr. Hatem Alsyouri
Mass Transfer Operations
Chemical Engineering Department
University of Jordan
1
Introduction
2
Extraction Process
Figure 13.1 Wankat
3
Industrial
Example
4
5
Extraction
Equipment
Figure 13.2 Wankat
6
7
8
Dilute Immiscible
Systems
13.2 and 13.4
9
Counter Current Extraction Cascade
Solute (A) and
diluent (or carrier)
10
Assumptions for Dilute Immiscible
Extraction
1) The system is isothermal
2) The system is isobaric
3) The heat of mixing is negligible
4) Diluent (carrier) and solvent are totally immiscible
Diluent flow rate (FD) = constant and
Solvent flow rate (FS) = constant
5) For dilute and immiscible diluent-solvent :
Raffinate (R) flow rate = Diluent (FD) flow rate
Extract (E) flow rate = Solvent (FS) flow rate
11
13.2 Counter Current Extraction Cascade
Figure 13.3 Wankat
Operating line
R R
yi 1 xi y1 xo
E E
Slope (R/E) is constant
12
Counter Current Extraction (2 feeds)
13
Equilibrium Data
yA
Kd
xA
Kd = distribution coeff.
yA = Solute frac. in solvent
xA = Solute frac. in carrier
14
13.3 Single Stage and Cross-Flow Extraction
Wankat Fig. 13.8 Cross flow
R R
y j x j x j 1 y j ,in
E E
j j
15
Example 13-2 on Cross flow Extraction
Wankat Fig. 13.8 Cross flow
R R
y j x j x j 1 y j ,in
E E j
j
Equilibrium
y = (1/0.12) x = 8.33 x
16
Partially Miscible
Systems
To be studied from Seader & Henley (2nd Edition)
Chapter 8: pp. 305- 315
17
Ternary Diagram
18
19
f08_12
20
Liquid-Liquid Extraction Cascade
Counter-current flow
21
Ternary Diagram
with external
products
Extract
Feed
Raffinate 22
Feed solvent
Locating Product Points
Procedure:
1. From fractions of feed and
solvent. Locate F and S points.
2. Do Mass Balance to identify
flow rate and fraction of mixing
point (M). Point M lies on the
F-S line.
3. Do mass balance using fraction
of M and given data on either
RN or E1, to compute the other
component. Point M lies on E1-
RN line.
23
Locating Operating Point
Procedure:
• Operating point (P)lies outside the diagram at the intersection of the E1-F and
S-RN lines.
• Product point should be located on the diagram prior to finding P. 24
Drawing Extra Tie Lines
Procedure:
1. You can do interpolation within
the given lines.
2. More accurate, but lengthy,
procedures involve drawing
conjugate curves.
25
Determining Number of Eqm Stages
Procedure:
Draw sequential Lines: Operating
then Tie lines:
Stage 1:
Operating (P-F) gives E1
Tie E1 gives R1
Stage 2:
Operating (P-R1) gives E2
Tie E2 gives R2
Repeat until reaching RN
26
f08_19
27
Determining Minimum Solvent
Procedure:
• Draw the tie line passing through the feed.
• End of this tie line represents E1 minimum (E1min).
• The intersection of the two lines: F-Smin and RN-E1min represents the
minimum mixing point (Mmin).
• Using these fractions, do mass balance to calculate Smin 28
f08_20
29
Extraction Exercise Seader 8-11
30
A
Acetone
C
TCE
Water
A
Acetone
Extract point Tie lines
10% A and 89%TCE Raffinate Extract
44% A 56% A
29% A 40% A
12% A 18% A
S C
TCE Water32
A
Acetone
Feed 45% A
RN 10% A
a) Minimum solvent
flowrate
C
TCE
Water33
Minimum Solvent
34
Number of Stages (N) for S=
1.5Smin
35
A
b) S= 1.5 Smin Acetone
New M
By mass balance
M= 1350 kg/h
XA M = 33.3%
C
TCE
Water36
Operating Point (P)
37
Counting Stages
S
TCE
38
Leaching
13.8 and 13.9
39