EVALUATION OF PARAMETERS- PROPERTIES THROUGH TESTS OF A

ROCKY SOLID IN THE CITY OF TUNJA

LUISA MICHELE MORENO, JUAN FERNANDO CANTOR, JOHAN SNEIDER PINZON, JULIAN CAMILO
MARIO VILLAMIL, JULIAN FONSECA, FERNEY HIGUERA, BRANDON SAENZ
ABSTRACT

This paper presents the results of the study of rock mechanics, based on the extraction of "nuclei" or
"cores", keeping in mind the previous knowledge of how each of these laboratory tests is performed. The
tests performed are: simple compression, ultrasonic, permeability, punctual load, distributed load,
modulus of rupture, indirect traction, sclerometer, roughness, Windsor pistol, beam, crystallography, and
skid test.

The objective of each test is to determine the physical and mechanical properties and to perform an
analysis of the different types of stresses and states (temperature variability and saturation conditions), to
which the rock object of this study is subjected, where from of these results will be made the respective
classification of the rocky massif by the AFTES method, in order to know the characteristics of the rock
where the excavation front of the tunnel was drawn and to be able to make decisions as to the type of
explosive, quantity of explosive and shot design.

Keywords: Tunnel, solid, core, parameters, properties, properties, tests

1. INTRODUCTION

For the exploration of a tunnel which is the 2. INVESTIGATIVE FRAMEWORK

essential subject one must take into account
many conditions between the use of the tunnel 2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF THE ROCK
the function it will play, likewise of the elements
that make up the rock, such as performance The type of rock used in this case belongs to fine-
against obstacles, resistance that can to support, grained sandstones with some kind of precedence
the water table that can contain is why the most of yellow clays and clayey soil contents
important thing to start with a project of a tunnel Sandstone is a sedimentary rock of detrital type
is to know the most amount of conditions and containing sand-sized clasts. After shale, it is the
qualities of the rock, also of the difficulties most abundant rock since it constitutes 20% of
presented by this massif. At present with the the set of sedimentary rocks of the planet Earth.
various laboratories and possible tools to This type of rock has a very variable granules and
determine the properties of the soil, a rock among is divided into:
other materials found in nature, the theme of this
article is to identify the parameters, - Grain sandstones Thickness: 2mm
characteristics of the rock that we used and
extracted of a place where possible the - Grain sandstone Medium: 0.63cm
excavation for a tunnel could be realized.
- Fine grain sandstone: 0.2mm
Next will be presented a variety of laboratories
and experiments with results that will lead us to The chemical composition of this rock is the
conclude that capacity and strengths that can be same as that of sand; thus, the rock is composed
found or what fit would be for a project like the essentially of quartz and small amounts of
one of a tunnel or on the contrary the feldspar and other minerals could be found. The
problematic that would present. Also determine cementitious material that holds the sandstone
the main characteristics of the cores extracted grains together is often composed of silica,
and carry a general conclusion the characteristics calcium carbonate, or iron oxide. Its color is
of the entire massif. determined by said cementitious material; the
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 2 of 4

iron oxides generate: yellow, red or red good quality of the sands, it has increased its
sandstones exploitation to obtain sands. According to Hubach
(1957), the Cacho sands constitute the basis of the
Image 1. Classification of Rocks Bogota formation formed by quartz sandstones
from yellow to dark brown, fine to medium grain
at the top of the sequence and coarse sand at lower
levels. It presents some conglomerates levels of
grain rounded to subredondeado, with
argillaceous matrix and ferruginous cement; cross
stratification and current marks at the upper levels
are very common.

In the middle part there are gray and white

argololithic horizons with thin to thin
stratification and altered levels of red to pink. The
base of the roof sands of the Guaduas formation
(Mayoral of Tunja and Pedagogical and
SOURCE: [Link]//Rocas-Sedimentaria-
Technological University of Colombia, 1999). At
Arenisca
the lower level made up of sandstones a total of
66.2 square meters, a mean clay level a total of 75
2.2 LOCATION OF THE SOURCE
m and the upper set formed by sandstones a total
of 76 m, for a total thickness of the formation 217
"The city of Tunja is located on the Eastern
m (Agudelo and Castro, 1999). The Cacho
Cordillera, in the central part of the Department of
formation was dated to the Paleocene by Van Der
Boyac, located at 05 32'7 '' north latitude and 73
Hammen (1958).
22'04 '' west longitude, with heights from 2,700
meters to 3,150 meters above sea level, the study Image 2. Location of the rocky front
area is located Route 65 - K 3 + 500 with
geographical coordinates: Latitude: 5 34'29 ''
north latitude and 73 20'56 '' longitude west.

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017

In the rocky massif is a classic or detrital

sedimentary rock that can be defined as a
sandstone of medium grain composed essentially
of quartz and feldspars, presenting some levels
conglomerates, by its color can be defined that the
iron oxide is the cementing material and that this
genus sandstones of reddish-brown and dark
brown Tarbuck and Lutgens (2005). Its overall
density can range from 2,000 - 2,600 (kg / m3),
may have porosities from 5% to 25%, its hardness
is 7 according to the Mohs scale. "

2.3 EXTRACTION OF THE SOURCE

The rocky massif in study belongs to the Cacho
(Tpc). It is presented as a basic component of the The obtaining of the rocky material, was realized
tunnels of Tunja and Ventaquemada. Due to the with the aid of a geological hammer and with a
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 3 of 4

bar that operated like lever. The sampling was material, this in order to obtain cylinders with a
done superficially, which showed signs of length of twice its diameter, to be able to make
erosion direct measurements of the physicomechanical
characteristics of the rock under study.
Image 3. Location of drilling start
2.6 MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION

In order to establish the mineral composition of

the rock, a microscope test was performed in
which the extracted rock core was placed in the
machine and by means of two lenses one with a
resolution of 100x and the other of 200x.

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017

As results of the analysis of the sample by means
2.4 TRANSFER OF MATERIAL of the microscope it was obtained that the rock
contains Quartz corroborating the scale of
The transport of the rock material was made to the hardness of Mohr previously studied by means of
laboratories of rock mechanics of the university the scratching, which classifies the rock in the
Santo Tomas, to make his disposition. hardness of the quartz, the mineralogy of the rock
is given by the presence of great percentage of this
Image 4. Transfer of the material to the facilities of the
Santo Tomas University mineral although it is rambling by the little
certainty that the photographs give the quartz. It
may be presented in a subleased form, no further
information was obtained on the existing
mineralogy, but the sandstone still shows quartz.

3. LABORATORY TESTS
SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
3.1 SIMPLE COMPRESSION TEST
2.5 NUCLEUS EXTRACTION The tests of simple compression of the rock
realized in its different states, were realized to 3
Image 5. Extraction of study nuclei
test bodies for each environment (3 cylinders of
diameter of 5 cm and height of 10 cm) according
to the norm ASTM D7012. According to its
compressive strength, the sandstone evaluated by
means of the simple compression test is classified
as a weak resistance rock (R4), since its average
resistance obtained is around 14 Mpa effort that is
located within the range of the AFTES
classification (20-6 Mpa weak resistance).
SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
3.1.1 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT TEMPERATURE
The cores or cores are samples of mechanically
extracted rock inside a drill pipe that consists of a
drill at its tip, which allows the cutting of any rock
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 4 of 4

IN IT IA L EF F OR T V ELOC IT Y
3.1.3 DRY FROZEN
HEIGHT LOA D
N W EIGHT D IA M ET ER ( E) (V)
( cm) ( P) Kg f 2 2
(g) ( cm) Kg f / cm Kg / cm / s
IN IT IA L EF F OR T V ELOC IT Y
HEIGHT LOA D
1 480 5 9.9 2578 131 52 N W EIGHT D IA M ET ER ( E) (V)
( cm) ( P) Kg f 2 2
(g) ( cm) Kg f / cm Kg / cm / s
2 476.5 5 10 3203 163 10

3 449.6 4.7 10 2717 138 5 1 479.1 5 10 4174 213 2

2 465.3 4.8 10 6289 320 4

P ROM 2832.67 144 22.3333333
3 455.9 4.9 10 6151 313 28

P ROM 5538 282 11.3333333

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
TEMPERATURE
COMPRESSION (P) kGF

DRY FROZEN
3500
3000

COMPRESSION (P) kGF

7000
2500 1 6000
2000
5000
1500 2 1
4000
1000
3000
500 3 2
0 2000
1000
1 2 3 4 4 3
0
Cylinders
1 2 3 4 4
Cylinders

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
3.1.2 SATURATED ENVIRONMENT TEMPERATURE

IN IT IA L EF F OR T V ELOC IT Y
HEIGHT LOA D
N W EIGHT D IA M ET ER ( E) (V)
( cm) ( P) Kg f
(g) ( cm) Kg f / cm 2 Kg / cm 2 / s

1 494.3 5 10 1341 68 4

2 479.8 4.8 10 3168 161 4

3 488.9 5 10 2081 106 5

P ROM 2196.67 111.667 4.33333333

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
SATURATED ENVIRONMENT
TEMPERATURE 3.1.5 SATURATED FROZEN
COMPRESSION (P) kGF

3500
IN IT IA L EF F OR T V ELOC IT Y
3000 HEIGHT LOA D
2500 1
N W EIGHT D IA M ET ER ( E) (V)
( cm) ( P) Kg f
2000 (g) ( cm) Kg f / cm 2 Kg / cm 2 / s
1500
1000
2
500
1 496 4.9 10 7796 394 366
0 3 2 501.9 4.8 10 5561 283 28
1 2 3 4 4 3 495.3 4.7 9.8 2197 112 11
Cylinders
P ROM 5184.67 263 135

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017 SATURATED FROZEN

COMPRESSION (P) kGF

9000
7500
6000 1
4500
3000 2
1500
0 3
1 2 3 4
4
Cylinders

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017 SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 5 of 4

TO THE SATURATED OVEN

COMPRESSION (P) kGF

7500
6000
4500 1
3000 2
1500
SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017 0 3
1 2 3 4 4
3.1.4 TO THE DRY OVEN
Cylinders

IN IT IA L F IN A L LOA D EF F OR T V ELOC IT Y
N W EIGHT W EIGHT D IA M ET ER
HEIGHT
( P) ( E) (V) SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
( cm) 2 2
(g) (g) ( cm) Kg f Kg f / cm Kg / cm / s

1 455.5 446.6 5 10 7122 363 19

2 466.7 462.5 4.8 10 4717 240 49

3 462.1 458.6 4.9 10 6336 323 96

P ROM 6058.3 308.6667 54.666667

TO THE DRY OVEN

COMPRESSION (P) kGF

7500
6000 SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
4500 1

3000 2
3.1.7COMPARISON
1500 3
0
4
1 2 3 4 LOADS (P)
Cylinders AVERAGE OF SAMPLES Kgf

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT TEMPERATURE 2832.666

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
SATURATED ENVIRONMENT TEMPERATURE 2196.666
DRIED FROZEN 5538
SATURATED FROZEN 5184.666
TO THE DRY OVEN 6058.333
SATURATED OVEN 3175.666

COMPARISON OF SAMPLES
7000
SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
6000
TEMPERATURA
3.1.6 TO THE SATURATED OVEN 5000 AMBIENTE
4000 NATURAL
3000 TEMPERATURA
IN IT IA L F IN A L LOA D EF F OR T V ELOC IT Y
N W EIGHT W EIGHT D IA M ET ER
HEIGHT
( P) ( E) (V) 2000 AMBIENTE
( cm)
(g) (g) ( cm) Kg f Kg f / cm
2 2
Kg / cm / s SATURADA
1000
1 468 425.7 5 10 1214 62 5 0
2 469.5 498.1 5 10 6278 320 16
3 470.6 469.5 4.7 9.8 2035 104 2
SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
PROM 3176 162 7.66667
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 6 of 4

According to the stresses obtained for each

exposure environment to which each of the test
LE N G T LO A D
WE IG H T LO A D
N D IA M E T E R H p k g.f C OR R EC T ED
( g) Kgf
bodies was subjected, we can observe (m) (C m) Kgf

considerable variations with respect to the

1 0.8 20 3758.8 3515 1.76 6200.46
compressive strength of the rock, values ranging
2 0.8 20 3505.1 2081 1.76 3670.884
from -111 kg / cm2 to 308 kg / cm2. These
3 0.8 19.9 3736.2 3216 1.76 5673.024
variations in the effort as we can see by means of
0.64 AVERAGE 5181.456
the graphs are due to the different conditions to
which the samples were taken. Starting from the
natural value of the rock without being subjected N D IA M E T E R
LE N G T H
D IA M E T E R
(C m)
to any environment, it can be observed that the (m) (m)

value of its resistance to compression measured 1 0.1 20 0.01

in Mpa is around 14 Mpa (Natural State.) 2 0.1 20 0.01
3 0.1 19.9 0.01
Based on this effort we can begin to analyze that
the bodies test in natural saturated state,
saturated frozen saturated oven, had a less effort
to the natural condition, showing an effort of
11.6 Mpa for the natural condition, 26 Mpa
FORMULA =
frozen saturated, and 16.2 to the saturated oven, 2
in order to give a interpretation of the results
obtained for the saturated condition we found Is Pa
that the variation of the compressive strength of 1 620046
sandstones exposed to different degrees of
saturation considerably reduces some up to 75% 2 367088.4
of their resistance to compression due to the 3 567302.4
phenomenon of dilation, as measured that the
degree of saturation increases, the maximum AVERAGE 518145.6
angle of dil this action is decreasing in large part
and this is why its resistance to compression The fine-grained sandstone core has a diameter
decreases according to (Patio, 2015). of 0.8 m, a length of 20 centimeters and an
approximate weight of 3750 g
On the other hand we find the stress values in the
dry kiln condition and the saturated kiln showing They are then introduced into the machine,
that the first condition (kiln dried) was the one closing the punches to establish splice a length of
that best showed a behavior of its compressive a diameter of the token (D). The distance
strength with a force of 38.6 Mpa, with an effort between the points and the nearest end must be
greater than the saturated baked condition at 16.6 minus 0.5 D. The distance D shall be measured
Mpa accurately + 2%. In this way, the load increases
steadily, producing a break between the next 10
3.2 DISTRIBUTED LOAD to 60 seconds, registering the load P, which in
this case the test machine yields a value of 1052
For the development of the punching or kgf, resulting in the failure to a valid diametric
punctuation test with the Franklin press, the El sample. The resistance index is a punctual
index of resistance to punctual diametral loading corrected charge, is obtained from the
was determined by means of the application of a expression: Es = P / D2 and such a form was
load grouped in two metallic conical tips. obtained a value of Is = 5.18145 Mpa
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 7 of 4

15 cm and a thickness of 2 cm, the metallurgy

microscope that shows the sample with a
magnification of 400 times greater we did not
throw clear images to be analyzed with depth to
sort the structure and see the type of symmetry.

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017

3.3 PERMEABILITY
SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017

As we know the permeability of the rock is given

Result with microscope
by the micro cracking, that means, the voids it
has, these vary with the stress in which the
sample is. The permeability for this laboratory is
anisotropic, therefore it was realized in several
directions and it was obtained that it was a rock
K of class 3 that according to the AFTES is
medium to strong since the permeability
oscillates between 10 ^ 6 - 10 (-4).

N T(s) T(min) T(hour)

1 15600 260 4.333333
2 17500 291.67 4.861111
3 18600 310 5.166667
AVERAGE 17233.33 287.22 4.787037

RESULTS

k ( m/s) 0.00029

CLASS K3 M EDIUM TO STRONG

Result with cellphone

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017

3.4 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017

In the present laboratory a rectangular sample

with a length of 10cm was taken, with a width of
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 8 of 4

3.5 PISTOL OF WINDSOR CONDITION WEIGHT DIM ENSIONS

# SHAPE
OF NUCLEOS (g) (in)
For this laboratory Windsor gun and by means Base x
1 Natural Prismatic 456 1X1
of a scale were made different shots, obtained a Height
rebound index with an average of 8%, it was
Natural and
done in 1 sample or core of 1.57 "(4cm) x 3.14 "~ 2 Cylindrical 512 Diameter 2
baked at 115 C
(8cm) long with a weight of 1425.3 gr, it is worth
3 Frozen Cylindrical 502 Diameter 2
emphasizing that as the sample weakened it was
4 Saturated Cylindrical 468 Diameter 2
not used for another type of test.
5 Water bath Cylindrical 466 Diameter 2

Saturated and
6 Cylindrical 455 Diameter 2
to the Freezer
PENETRATION PENETRATION
SAMPLE (MICRAS) EN (CM) B R EA K
C O N D IT IO N LO A D S LO A D S
815 0.00815 N M O D ULE
O F N UC LE O S ( Kgf ) (N )
( M pa )
1 853 0.00853 1 Natural 308 3080 28.19
867 0.00867 Natural and
2 598 5980 11.62
baket at 115C
AVERAGE PENETRATION (CM) 0.00845
3 frozen 715 7150 13.89
AVERAGE PENETRATION (%) 0.845
4 saturated 635 6350 12.33
5 water bath 165 1650 3.21
saturated and
6 856 8560 16.63
frozen

BREAK MODULE
30.00
Natural
VALUE BREAK MODULE

25.00

20.00 Natural y al horno a

115C
15.00
Congelada
10.00

5.00 Saturada

0.00
1 Bao Maria
SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
CYLINDER
3.6 RUPTURE MODULE
It is a suggested method for the determination of
the resistance of rocky materials subjected to SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
bending by the test of simply supported beam
subjected to point load in the Center. At the time of the test it was possible to show that
the shape of the rupture varies with the nature of
the rock and the shape of the test pieces when the
rocks are hard and compact are broken up dividing
into a kind of straight prisms of irregular section
being their parallel generatrices to the sense of the
efforts, and sometimes they leave projected with
great force, being convenient to surround with a
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 9 of 4

wire cloth that has the equipment. Since during moment of failure do not jump fragments and has
bending the specimen is subjected to both tensile nothing to do with the application of the load. on
the other hand, it is necessary to keep the control
and compression stresses the magnitude of its
of the pressure at all times since at the moment
rupture modulus is greater than the tensile strength of the failure the indicator immediately reduces
so this will depend on the size of the specimen in the pressure it is necessary to indicate that the
such a way that by increasing the volume of the equipment registers the highest load. The shape
of the rupture or failure of the "sample" test tube
specimen will increase the severity of the defects
varies with the nature of the rock and its shape.
and consequently the rupture modulus will be The most important thing in this test is that the
smaller. On the other hand it was observed that it loads have to be directly and exactly located
is not advisable to use any type of element such as oppositely so that the resistance value is real and
for this the test tube must be measured very
plates or calsas to adjust the sample between the
accurately with a well calibrated scalimeter.
core and the points of support of the press as this
LO A D
can alter the data thrown by the equipment. N
D IA M E T E R
(m)
LE N G T H
(C m)
WE IG H T
( g)
p kg.f
LO A D
Kgf
C OR R EC T ED
Kgf
it was also observed that the strengths obtained 1 0.1 9.6 1844 1110 1.4111 1566.321
2 0.1 10 1902 1122 1.4426 1618.5972
from each sample indicated a notable variation
3 0.1 10 1869 1116 1.4426 1609.9416
with respect to the moisture conditions and 0.01 AVERAGE 1598.2866
temperature in the samples where it was seen that
the alteration of the samples to their natural state
D IA M E T E R LE N G T H D IA M E T E R 2
N
showed a great decrease in their resistance giving (m) (C m) (m)

1 0.1 9.6 0.01

thus a value below that obtained from the sample
2 0.1 10 0.01
under natural conditions which gave us a much 3 0.1 10 0.01
greater resistance, which results in a very stable
rock type. Resulting in a type of transverse fault.
FORMULA Is Pa
1 156632

2 161860
= 3 160994
2 PROM 159829

For our test at the time of failure there was a type

of Columnar Failure which is one of the most
common in this type of ensembles which helps us
to indicate that it is feasible and that the
accomplishment of the test was carried out in an
adequate manner by other side the obtained values
of resistance are of logical and acceptable
magnitudes taking into account the type of rock
studied.

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017

3.7 TIMELY LOAD

At the moment of carrying out the test and using

the machine it was evident that the coating of the
sample is only intended to avoid that at the
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 10 of 4

40
34
35 32 32
30 30
30 28 28
26 26 26
24 24 24 24 24
25 22 22 22 22 22
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
REBOTE LADO 1 24 24 22 22 22 26 24 22 28 24
REBOTE LADO 2 22 26 28 24 30 32 34 30 32 26

REBOTE LADO 1 REBOTE LADO 2

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017

The result of the test did not result and analysis

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017 that for this type of samples the test is a little
expensive because the cross-sectional area of the
3.8 SCLEREMETER test is not large enough to be able to take a
considerable number of data which makes the
The sclerometric or rebound index using a test is complicated because each footprint must
sclerometer is a non-destructive test of core be examined after the impact and if the impact
strength. A sclerometer weighs less than 2 kg, has crushes or breaks holes near the surface, the
a strong impact energy and its operation is very result obtained will be discarded when the result
simple. This is what a sclerometer basically does. is valid they must be registered and compared
As it is a fully manual instrument we must load with those made previously and if the results are
the plunger to send it with a fixed impact energy very different it is necessary to clean and adjust
for this we press the same on the surface of the the equipment "sclerometer" and the test must be
nucleus or cylinder and once the plunger reaches repeated after having completed the test in the
a certain point a spring releases it and hits the whole surface and taken the data it is necessary
nucleus. to verify if more than 20% of all the readings
differ from the median by more than six units, all
readings will be discarded and the test repeated.
REBATE REBATE
N KNOCK
SIDE 1 SIDE 2 As we performed the test on both sides of the
nucleus was presented that the results obtained
.1 24 22 were different with a considerable variation
2 24 26 taking into account that it was a same nucleus
with the same characteristics which indicated
3 22 28
that the sample is not homogeneous in its
4 22 24 resistance.
5 22 30
1
6 26 32

7 24 34

8 22 30

9 28 32

10 24 26
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 11 of 4

it is not advisable to use any type of element such

as plates or calsas to adjust the sample between
the core and the points of support of the press as
this can alter the data thrown by the equipment.

It was also observed that the resistances obtained

from each sample indicated a remarkable
variation with respect to the conditions of both
SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017 humidity and temperature in the samples where
it was seen that the alteration of the samples to
their natural state showed a great decrease in
their resistance giving thus a value below that
3.9 TRANSVERSE BEAM obtained from the sample under natural
conditions which gave us a much greater
The aim of the test is to measure the flexural resistance, which results in a very stable rock
strength and the fracture modulus which is a type. Resulting in a type of transverse fault.
measure of tensile strength to the outermost fiber
of a material in rocky cores. This test is based on
the stability analysis of subterranean excavations
where the roof can be assimilated to a simply
supported beam.

DATA
SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
WEIGHT 1952 Gr
LENGTH 20 CM
WIDTH 7 CM
HIGH 7 CM

At the time of the test it was possible to show that

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
the shape of the rupture varies with the nature of
the rock and the shape of the test pieces when the
3.10 ULTRASOUND
rocks are hard and compact are broken up
dividing into a kind of straight prisms of irregular The ultrasound corresponds to a laboratory test
section being their parallel generatrices to the intended to determine the speed of sound (elastic
sense of the efforts, and sometimes they leave waves) through the rock core. The test allows to
projected with great force, being convenient to obtain the elastic wave velocities, considering
surround with a wire cloth that has the this a movement with uniform velocity through
equipment. Since during bending the specimen is the rock core .This wave velocity corresponds to
subjected to both tensile and compression a face that allows to identify the indirect form
stresses the magnitude of its rupture modulus is using correlations, properties of the rock. The
greater than the tensile strength so this will method consists in the determination of velocity
depend on the size of the specimen in such a way parameters along the sample of a rock, in a
that by increasing the volume of the specimen direction of propagation.
will increase the severity of the defects and
consequently the rupture modulus will be
smaller. On the other hand it was observed that
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 12 of 4

Based on the wavelength ranges vs. proposed by It is a rugged IV-type rock and its classification
Shn in 1996, and taking into account the wave for the joint roughness coefficient is classified as
velocity data found in the range 1.2 - 2.3, the rock a number 15, taking into account the
is classified as a Sandstone and a similar classification of Barton
compressive stress is sealed.

LENGTH LENGTH VELOCITY VELOCITY

NUCLEOS TIME (s)
(Cm) (m) (m/s) (Km/s)

DRY ENVIRONMENT 9.8 0.098 8.15E-05 1202.45 1.20

60-100,DRY 10 0.1 1.25E-05 8000.00 8.00
0-5,DRY 9.9 0.099 5.39E-05 1836.73 1.84
SATURATED-ENVIRONMENT 10 0.1 1.03E-04 974.66 0.97
BAIN - MARIE 10 0.1 1.07E-04 938.97 0.94
0-5, SATURATED 10 0.1 4.35E-05 2298.85 2.30

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017

3.12 DIRECT TRACTION TEST

The test of indirect traction of the rock made in

its natural condition was made to a test cylinder
(1 cylinder of 5 cm diameter and 10 cm height)
according to the Brazilian method using a test
device for cylindrical specimens, which is
SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
installed and placed later on the specimen
centered for the correct distribution of stress.
According to its applied force in tons was 0.32
3.11 RUGOSITY Ton, at tensile the sandstone rock evaluated by
means of the test of indirect tensile strength
A face of the rock is placed on a comb of Barton Brazilian method, is classified as a rock of
is sought the profile of the rock, with a millimeter resistance to weak (R4), since its load applied is
blade is taken the different heights and the points 0.32 ton average obtained is about 14 Mpa effort
are joined. This lab aims to find a factor to be which is located within the rank of the
taken into account in shear strength classification. Getting Instant Failure

The type of fracture present after the application

of load can be attributed to an extensional
fracture by traversing the fracture over the entire
length of the cylinder where the compressive
forces were applied which in turn were
distributed over the whole surface of the cylinder
exerting a tension in its entire length. all this is
because the resistance of the traction of the rock
was exceeded surpassing the resistance of
traction of the materials

Instantaneous failure its strength strength was

SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
0.32 tons applied
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 13 of 4

The rate of wave transmission depends, in

theory, only on the elastic properties and
the density of the rocks.
The permeability represents the ability of
the rock to let a flow pass through it. In
this case, our rock is defined by the
classification AFTES as a rock type K3,
classified in a descriptive range (medium
to strong), with a permeability of
0.000290135 m / s, which indicates that
in environments with high water content,
its resistance can decrease considerably.
The factors that prevail during the
deformation (confinement pressure,
interstitial pressure, temperature and
magnitude of the stresses) greatly
condition the limits of deformation and
the characteristics that the rocks present
against a state of stress.
Rock exposed to high temperature
conditions makes the minerals that
constitute the rock crystallize into an even
SOURCE: AUTHORS, September 21, 2017
denser rock, which increases its resistance
to compression, all this happens if there is
no presence of quartz in the rock and if
4. CONCLUSIONS
there is no abrupt reduction of the
The absorptive capacity represents how
temperature which would generate tensile
much water can be introduced into a rock
stresses being represented in microfissures
so it can increase the pore pressure, which
due to the contraction. In the same way
causes the values of strength and stress in
also depends on the porosity of the rock,
the rocks to fall.
these pores can absorb this type of
The rocks exposed to the environment
internal stresses, resulting in that the rock
undergo modifications in their structure
being subjected to volumetric changes
and mineralogical composition,
due to temperature increase will not
modifying their characteristics and
generate micro cracks which can
original properties.
considerably affect the resistance
The denser the rock, the greater its
mechanics of the rock,
durability. It also depends on the presence
The rock results in frequent mechanical
of water where it adversely affects its
degradation, when subjected to
durability.
continuous heating and cooling cycles,
since the consequent expansions and
volumetric contractions generate stresses
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 14 of 4

that can lead to fracturing of these ductile field, while at high speeds they
materials by fatigue, and eventually reach produce brittle deformations.
their granular disintegration . Depending on the magnitude of the
Microfissures develop during volume stresses, the mechanical properties of the
shrinkage processes (in general, cooling), rocks vary. With small magnitudes of
as the tensile strength of the rocks is less effort the ductile deformation is
than their compressive strength. facilitated, whereas with great
If the rocks are porous, the compression magnitudes the brittle deformation.
forces are absorbed in part by the internal Fragile rocks under surface conditions
deformation of the pores. This supposes can be deformable ductile in depth, where
that the porous rocks will tend to suffer the temperature, confining pressure and
less deterioration by thermal causes than the time spent during deformation vary
the rocks little porous. the resistance that presents to deform
Regardless of the processes of against a particular state of stress.
disintegration, the formation of micro- Depending on the state of stresses, the
cracks produces an increase of the deformation may be of the fragile type
porosity, which has a secondary (fractures, faults), or ductile (folds).
deteriorating effect given the greater For the rupture modulus analysis, it was
possibility of water absorption and observed that the resistance obtained
therefore of physical and chemical from each sample indicated a notable
alterations linked to it. variation with respect to the humidity and
Based on the premise that the increase in temperature conditions, where it was
volume produced by the change from observed that its physical alteration
water to ice in a rocky environment is showed a great decrease in its resistance,
10%. It can be said that the deterioration resulting in a value lower than that
of porous materials due to the processes obtained from the sample under natural
of ice formation is essentially due to conditions. Also a type of transverse fault
increase in volume. However, the specific was evidenced, which indicates to us that
mechanisms by which the water-ice it is a stable rock.
transformation induces rock damage are The sclerometer test did not work. It was
due to variables such as pore size, water presented that the obtained results were
saturation, degree of pore different with a considerable variation
interconnection, degree of cracking, etc. taking into account that it was a same
The interstitial pressure reduces the nucleus with the same characteristics that
action of the stresses of the confining indicated that the sample is not
pressure on a rocky material and homogeneous in its surface resistance.
decreases its deformation; the
temperature reduces the resistance of the
materials and increases the field where
the ductile deformation acts; the
deformations produced at very slow
speeds allow the development of the
Curso Tratamiento de Aguas, Facultad de Ingeniera Civil, Universidad Santo Toms 15 of 4

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY

[Link] OF ROCKS
LABORATORY TESTS. Laboratory Manual for
rocks. University Santo Tomas.

CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY. A.m. Neville;

J.J. Arroyos Editorial Trillas. Mexico. D.f.

Pardo, E. et al. Caracterizacin de la

anisotropa textural de mrmoles comerciales.
In: MACLA. 2006. P 453-456.