Problems ..
61
{7] Cook, R. D., Malleus, D. S., Plesha, M. E., and Witt, R. 1. Concepts and Applications of
Finite Element Analysis, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 2002.
[8] Forray, M. 1., Variational Calculus in Science and Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York,
1968.
A Problems
2.1 a. Obtain the global stiffness matrix IS. of the assemblage shown in Figure P2-1 by
superimposing the stiffness matrices of the individual springs. Here kl' k 2 and ks
are the stiffnesses oithe springs as shown.
b. If nodes 1 and 2 are fixed and a force P acts on node 4 in the positive x direction,
find an expression for the displacements of nodes 3 and 4.
c. Determine the reaction forces at nodes 1 and 2.
(Hint: Do this problem by writing the nodal equilibrium equations and then making
use of the force/displacement relationships for each element as done in the first part of
Section 2.4. Then solve the problem by the direct stiffness method.)
, - < y - - -..... x
Figure P2-1
2.2 For the spring assemblage shown in Figure P2-2, detennine the displacement at node
2 and the forces in each spring element. Also detennine the force F3: Given: Node 3
displaces an amount g = "l in. in the positive x direction because of the force F3 and
kl = k2 500 lbfm.
Figure P2-2
2.3 a. For the spring assemblage shown in Figure P2-3, obtain the global stiffness matrix
by direct superposition.
b. If nodes 1 and 5 are fixed and a force P is applied at node 3, determine the nodal
I displacements.
t c. Determine the reactions at the fixed nodes 1 and 5.
I
Figure P2-3
62 2 Introduction to the Stiffness (Displacement) Method
2.4 Solve Problem 2.3 with P = 0 (no force applied at node 3) and with node 5 given a
fixed, known displacement of 0 as shown in Figure P2-4.
Figure P2-4
2.5 For the spring assemblage shown in Figure P2-5, obtain the global stiffness matrix
by the direct stiffness method. Let k{l) = 1 kip/in., k(2) = 2 kip/in., k(3) 3 kip/in.,
k(4) = 4 kip/in., and k(5) = 5 kip/in.
3 -X
Figure P 2-5
2.6 For the spring assemblage in figure P2-5~ apply a concentrated force of 2 kips at
node 2 in the positive x direction and determine the displacements at nodes 2 and 4.
2.7 Instead of assuming a tension element as in Figure P2-3, now assume a compression
element. That is, apply compressive forces to the spring element and derive the stiff-
ness matrix.
2.8-2:16 For the spring assemblages shown in Figures P2-8-P2-16, determine the noda1 dis-
placements; the forces in each element, and the reactions .. Use the direct stiffness
method for all problems.
~ k;.S~I;:i: 1c:5~I~in~
~ v v v-r- v V v-r---
Figure P 2-8
k= 1000 Ib/in.
4000 Ib
4
Figure P2-9
~~;;Ic =500 Ib/in:
Figure P2-10
Problems ~ 63
~s~
8 = 20mm
Figure P2-11
Figure P2-12
~'2~
' 20kN/m 20kN/m 5kN 20kN/m ~OkN/m
1 S
'/
Figure P2-13
Figure P2-14
,
/. I 500kN/m 1 kN
\,..f---oQ--+--
2 500 kN/m
\,..I----<:>--+--
lkN
Figure P2-1S
k =100 Ib/in.
Figure P2-16
2.17 Use the principle of minimum potential energy developed in Section 2.6 to solve the
spring problems shown in Figure P2-17. That is, plot the total potential energy for
variations,in the displacement afthe free end of-the spring to determine the minimwn
potential energy~ Observe that the displacement that yields the minimum potential
energy also yields the stable equilibrium position.