Schlumberger

ANSWERS FOR
WORK SESSIONS

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Introduction to Open Hole Logging

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SECTION B:

1a. Given Rmf = 2.5 Ω-m @ 10oC, find Rmf @ 52oC, using Chart Gen-9 (Figure B2).

Rmf = 1.1 ohm-m

b. What is NaCl concentration of the mud filtrate in ppm?

3000 ppm

2a. Given a solution salinity of 80 000 ppm, find the solution resistivity @ 121oC
Rm = 0.028 @121oC

b. Given a solution salinity of 10 000 ppm @ 20oC, find the solution resistivity @ 50oC
Rm = 0.36 @50oC

3. Given Rm = .74 @ 20oC, what will Rm equal at BHT if Total Depth is 2400m and the
Geothermal Gradient is 2oC/100m (Surface temperature 20oC) ?

Rm = 0.34 @ 68 o
C

BHT= 20 + (2/100 x 2400) = 68o C

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Introduction to Open Hole Logging

4. From this SP calculate the Rw.

SP(MV )
Formation temperature is 63oC. Rmf
-150.0 0.0
= .79 @ 20oC.
15
-|---|+
a) Rmf = 0 . 3 3 @FTGen 9 (Figure B2)

CP 32.6 FILE 1 01-APR-1941 17:28 b) SP = - 1 0 0 mV

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1 05-JUN-1992 08:34 c) Rmfe = 0 . 2 6 @FTSP 2m (Figure B12)

1/240
d) Rwe = 0 . 0 1 8 @FTSP 1 (Figure B11)

e) Rw = 0 . 0 3 4 @FTSP 2m (Figure B12)

2150

f) Rw = 0.06 @25oCGen 9 (Figure B2)

g) Formation NaCl concentration

= 1 4 0 ppm Gen 9

Note: Use charts SP-1 and SP-2m

(Figures B11 and B12)

S S P = 6.75 Div x 15 mv/div

= -100 mv

SP---

2175

Figure B30

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GR(GAPI)
5. Calculate Rw for the zone from 2326 to
30.000 130.00
SP(MV ) 2340 m.
-150.0 0.0 Rmf = .110 @ 20oC
15 Formation temperature = 58.9oC
-|---|+

Rw = 0 . 4 5
CP 32.6 FILE 3 01-APR-1941 18:05
@25oC
INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE
1 05-JUN-1992 08:38
a) R m f = 0.052 @ 58.9 @FT
1/240 b ) SP = +50 mV
c ) R mfe = 0.057 @F.T.
d ) R we = 0.21 @F.T.
e) Rw = 0.25 @F.T.
Rw = 0.45 @25 oC

3.3 div x 15/div = +49.5 mv

2325
6. Using the log examples on the next page
calculate:

a. Depth of invasion at A and B

---GR and
SP--- b. Rt-(ILD corrected) at A and B
a . Point A - 1.0 m
Point B - 1.2 m

b . Point A - 0.55 ohm-m

Point B - 9.8 ohm-m

7. Calculate Rw for the example DISFL on

page B-18.
Given: Rm = 3.05 @ 17oC
Rmf = 2.60 @ 17oC
2350 BHT = 23oC
a) R mf = 2.25 @ 23o C
b ) SP = -90 mv
c ) R mfe = 1.1
d ) R we = 0.053
e ) Rw = 0.08 @ 23o C

Figure B31

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Introduction to Open Hole Logging

ILM(OHMM)
RILD = 0.55
GR(GAPI)
.20000
ILD(OHMM)
2000.0
R I L M = 0.65
0.0 150.00 .20000 2000.0 R SFL = 1.4
SP(MV ) SFL(OHMM)
-150.0 0.0 .20000 2000.0 RIM
CP 32.6 FILE 8 09-JUN-1992 14:42 ______ = 1.18
INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE
1 09-JUN-1992 14:09
RID
1/240
RSFL
____ = 2.54
RID
di = 1 m
Rt
____
=1m
RID

therefore Rt = 0.55

NOTE: Rt
1800 A _____

RILD
cannot exceed 1.00

---GR
---SP
---ILM
---ILD
---SFL
R ILD = 10
R ILM = 12
R SFL = 17
RIM
_____ = 1.2

RID
1700
RSFL
_____ = 1.7

RID
di = 1.4 m
Rt
---SP B _____ = .95
---ILM
RID
---ILD
SFL--- R t = 9.5 ohm-m

1725

Figure B32

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SP(MV )
8. Calculate Rw for both zones.
-80.00 20.000
Rm = 1.18 @ 25oC
Rmf = 0.93 @ 16oC
10
-|---|+ BHT = 59oC

CP 32.6 FILE 4 01-APR-1941 18:13 a. Top Zone 1685m to 1695m

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE
1 05-JUN-1992 08:41 Rw = 0.12 ohm-m @ 59oC
1675
Rw = 0.22 ohm-m @ 25oC

a. Bottom Zone 1695m to 1717m

Rw = 0.082 ohm-m @ 59oC

Rw = 0.145 ohm-m @ 25oC

c. What are possible reasons for the differ-

ence?

a) SP = 4 x 10 = -40 mv l o g
R mf = 0.43 @ 59o C Gen 9 (Figure
B2)
R mfe = 0.3 ohm-m SP 2 (Figure
B12)
R we = 0.099 ohm-m SP 1 (Figure
1700 B11)
R w = 0.12 ohm-m SP 2 (Figure
B12)

b ) SP = 5.2 x 10 = -52 mv
log
R mf = 0.43 @ 59oC Gen 9
R mfe = 0.3 ohm-m SP 2
R w e = 0.068 SP 1
---SP R w = 0.082 SP 2

c ) 1. Zone not 100% clean.

2. Hydrocarbon and/or shale sup-
pression.
3. Different Rw from different sand
units.

1725

Figure B33

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Introduction to Open Hole Logging

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SECTION C:

1a. Using the sonic log on page C-49 (Figure C34), calculate the sonic porosity at 586 meters.

∆tf = 620 µsec/m

∆tma = 182 µsec/m

∆t - ∆tma 400 - 182

Φs = = = 50%
∆tf - ∆tma 620 - 182

5 (∆t - ∆tma) 4 (400 - 182)

Φs = = = 34%
8 ∆t 8 (400)

b. Using Chart Por-3m (Figure C6)

Φs Wyllie Time Average = 50+

Φs Field Observation = 37.6

50% Porosity is not possible. We should use a compaction correction to the

Wyllie Time Average Equation:
ie., B c p = 4 2 0 = 1.28 Φ s = 38%
328

2. For the example logs on pages C-47 to 49 (Figures C32 to C34), calculate the following:
581m 600m
a. RILD 70 0.8

b. Rt ? 0.8

c. ∆t 372 350

d. ΦS 35 33 using field observation lines

(Raymer-Hunt) or 44 and 39
using Wyllie or 34 and 30.5
using Wyllie-compaction cor-
rected
e. ΦD 37.5 30

f. ΦN 6.0 35

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Introduction to Open Hole Logging

3a. On the CNT-LDT log on page C-50 (Figure C35), what effect is seen at 1941 m to 1946m?

Apparent gas effect

b. Using the Pe what is the lithology in this zone?

P e = 1.8
therefore Lithology is Sandstone

c. Convert the log readings (Φn and Φd) to equivalent sandstone values.

Φ d = 19% (SS matrix) Por 5 (Figure C14)

Φ n = 19% (SS matrix) Por 13a (Figure C21)

d. Explain the effect identified in question 3a.

The crossover effect is due to the matrix selection for the porosity calcula-
tion, and not due to the presence of gas.

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SECTION D:

1. Using the logs on pages D-10 to 12 (Figures D3 to D5) follow through the overlay tech-
nique outlined on pages D-1 and 2.

2. Given ∆tma = 182 µsec/m tabulate the values and do an Rwa analysis of the example using
pages 10 to 12. First find Sw from Φs only and then do the calculation again using cross-
plot ΦT from the CNT/LDT log to get Sw. Compare the two results.

Depth ∆t ΦS Rt Rwa Sw ΦT Rwa Sw

_____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

605 360 34 0.90 0.104 91 33.0 0.098 89

600 350 33 0.80 0.087 100 31.0 0.077 100

595 355 33.5 0.90 0.101 93 32.0 0.092 91

592.5 3 5 5 33.5 1.00 0.112 88 31.0 0.096 90

590 372 35.2 13.0 1.610 23 33.0 1.420 23

587.5 4 0 0 37.5 17.0 2.391 19 31.0 1.630 22

585 395 37 38.0 5.202 13 25.5 2.500 18

580 375 35.5 50.0 6.301 12 24.5 3.000 16

Φ S uses Raymer-Hunt Transform on Chart POR-3m (page C-8) .

R wa from Rwa = Φ T 2 Rt for CNL-FDC.
S w from Rwa min
Rwa

R wa min is at 600 metres for both Sonic and CNL-FDC (Φ T ).

NOTE: Results for Sw are similar for both calculations in spite of different Φ
inputs.
R wa varies because:
None of the Φ (Porosity) measurements are corrected for gas effects

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Introduction to Open Hole Logging

3. Use Chart SW-1a (Figure D6 on page D-14) to calculate Sw for depths 1943m and 1945m.
(Rw = 0.06 @ formation temp.) (Figures D7 andD8 on ages D-15 and 16).

Depth RID ΦN ΦD Pe ΦT Ro RT Sw BVW

_____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _____

1943m 60 20 19 1.9 19.5 1.2 60 14% 273

1945m 40 18 16 2.15 17 1.6 40 19% 304

a. What can be said about the lithology from the Pe curve?

Sandstone

b. What can be said about permeability from the caliper and gamma ray?

Good permeability exhibited; especially from the caliper

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4. Interpret the following sets of logs (Figures D9 and D10 on pages D17 and D18) using the di-
rect method of calculating water saturations in clean zones. Rmf = 2.35 @ FT (24 oC); a = 1;
m=2

ie. Sw 2 = Rw
Φ T 2 Rt

a. Zone 303m to 325m: Rw = 0.30 @ FT

SP = -50 mv
Rmf = 2.35 @ FT
Rmfe = 1.15 @ FT
Rwe = 0.20 @ FT
Rw = 0.23 @ FT

b. Zone 303m to 308m: Sw = 23 %

ΦN = 8
ΦD = 43 Sw = 0.23
ΦT = 25 (0.25) 2 x 70
Rt = 70

c. Zone 309m to 317m: Sw = 61 %

ΦN = 27
ΦD = 37 Sw = 0.23
ΦT = 32 (0.32) 2 x 6
Rt = 6

d. Zone 317m to 325m: Sw = 67 %

ΦN = 33
ΦD = 34 Sw = 0.23
ΦT = 33.5 (0.335) 2 x 4.5
Rt = 4.5

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Introduction to Open Hole Logging

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SECTION F:

1 . Shaly Sand Problem.

Given: BHT = 24oC
Rmf = 3.08 @ 14.4oC
Rm = 2.86 @ 18.8oC
Rmf = 2.435 @ 24oC
Gel Chem Mud; WMUD = 1090 kg/m3
VISC = 585
pH = 8.5
Fluid Loss = 7.0 cc
[Link] hydrocarbon zones.
b. Rw - Calculate Rw for this interval.
c.Φe - Determine effective porosity.
d. ΦT - Determine total porosity.

0.62 Rw
[Link] - From SWT2 =
ΦT2.15 Rt

Note: When Φe has been determined, Rt must also be corrected for effect of shale to properly
calculate Swe. This will be discussed in the next chapter.

a)407 - 409.5 m and 416 - 422 metres

b ) From SP @ 407 - 409
1. R mf = 2.435 @ 24o C
2. R mfe = 1.10 @ 24o C
3. SP = -68
4. R we = 0.12 @ 24o C
5. R w = 0.125 @ 25o C

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Introduction to Open Hole Logging

From the logs:

Φ NSH = 49 Φ DSH = 18 R S H = 2.1

GR CL = 30 GR SH = 105

(c) (d)
Depth RT ΦN ΦD GR VSH Φe ΦT
_____ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

Zone 1
422 - 423 2 . 3 39 25 75 40 19.0 32

Zone 2
418 - 420 5.5 31 34 75 40 20.5 34

Zone 3
407 - 409.5 7.5 21 39 40 6 29.0 32

(e)

Zone 1. SW = 62%

Zone 2. SW = 38%

Zone 3. SW = 34.6%

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SECTION G:

1. Calculate SWE on the shaly sand example. (Figures F10 to F13).

RO = 1 1
ΦT 1-V S H
2
VSH
RWF + RWB

Need RW B
RWB = Φ T 2 RT in Shale
therefore: RWB = (0.335) 2 x 2.1
= 0.23

2 . RO = 1  1  = 1.28
(0.34) 2  1 - 0.40 0.4 
 0.12 +
0.23 
S WT = RO = 1.28 = 48%
RT 5.5

1 . RO = 1  1  = 1.45
(0.32) 2  1 - 0.40 0.4 
 0.12 +
0.23 
S WT = 1 . 4 5 = 79%
2.3

3 . RO = 1  1  = 1.21
(0.32) 2  1 - 0.06 0.06 
 0.12 +
0.23 
S WT = 1 . 2 1 = 40.1%
7.5

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Introduction to Open Hole Logging

S WE = S W T - SW B
1 - SW B

Calculate SWT from SW = RO

RT

1 . S W E = 0.48 - 0.40 = 0.133 or 13.3%

1 - 0.40

2 . S W E = 0.79 - 0.40 = 0.65 or 65%

1 - 0.40

3 . S W E = 0.401 - 0.06 = 0.36 or 36%

1 - 0.06

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SECTION H:

1. Using the complex lithology example logs determine:

a. Lithology and Φ at 1377m.

Anhydrite - 0%

b. Lithology and Φ from 1360-1370m.

Dolomite

c. Lithology and Φ at 1342-1349m.

Limestone

d. Is there any secondary Φ in any of the zones?

N Φ S = Φ N-D

[Link] the cross plot porosities for points a and b.

a. Φ = ____0 ___%
b. Φ = ____0 ___%

b. What is the lithology in these zones?

Limestone

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Introduction to Open Hole Logging

[Link] plot Pe and DPHI for both points a and b (use chart CP-16 - Figure H15).
a. Φ =___8 . 5___%
b. Φ =____0 ___%

b. What is the lithology at points a and b?

a. _Dolomite__
b. _Limestone_

c. What effect is occurring at point a?

Gas Effect

d. Apply proper correction for point a to find correct cross plot porosity.
a. Φ =___8 . 5___%

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SECTION I:

1. Calculate BVW for the shaly-sand example. What predictions can be made for the production
of this zone:

a. Type of fluid or gas?

b. A.O.F. production rates?

1 . From the Φ N - Φ D x Plots and Shale corrections, Zones 1 and 3 would

produce gas and Zone 2 would produce water.

2 . Total BVW S WT x Φ T

1. 0.48 x 0.34 = 0.1632

2. 0.79 x 0.32 = 0.2528
3. 0.40 x 0.32 = 0.1280

Use SW = 40% as SW I R R

Then: K 1/2 = 79 Φ T 3
SWIRR

K = 79 (0.32) 3 = 2.54
0.4

Q gas = 0.11 x 2.54 x 2 x (3337)2

___________________________________
x 103
273 + 24

= 20 951 366 m3 /day or 739 mcf/day

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Introduction to Open Hole Logging

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