&
'
.
/ !
9 F (x) = 0
x1 x2 F (x) = 01 ax1 + bx2
a b
(2 + k2)E = 0 1 ! E1 E2
aE1 + bE2
3 4
#%
%
4 ? 1 !
,
"
!
01 ei(k1 rt+1 )
1 = E
E
02 ei(k2 rt+2 )
2 = E
E
1 2 !
!
= k r t +
k1 k2
$ k = n c
% 4
!
total = E
E 1 + E 01 ei(k1 r+1 ) + E
2 = E 02 ei(k2 r+2 ) eit
==
=A
" D &
!
. 7 /
7
2
E
Itotal = E = E
= 1 + E
(E + E
2 ) (E )
1 2
2 2 + E
= E1 + E 2
1
+ E E2
2 E
1
2 2
E1 = I1 and E2 = I2
= E
1 E
E ei[(k1 k2 )r+(1 2 )] =
01 E
I1 I2 ei[(k1 k2 )r+(1 2 )]
2 02
= E
2 E
E ei[(k1 k2 )r(1 2 )] =
02 E
I1 I2 ei[(k1 k2 )r+(1 2 )]
1 01
cos = 12 (ei + ei ) 7
!
Itotal = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos
= (k1 k2 ) r + (1 2 )
7
r 7
. /
)
. /
= 0, 2, 4,
. /
= , 3, 5,
I1 = I2 = I
Itotal = 2I + 2I cos = 4I cos2
2
AB
I
total
4I
2I
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
, .
/
, ,
?
" ! (k1 k2) r
,
7
,
,
1
,
,
(a) Phase difference induced by material
material (n)
mirror
combiner
Laser Beam detector
Splitter
(b) Phase difference induced by path difference
mirror
combiner
Laser Beam detector
Splitter
A&
,
= k2 (r) ds k1 (r) ds + (2 1 )
c2 c1
C1
P
C2
S
3 5 % 4
@
!
@
!
$
! %
"
Light source Slit
Double Slit
Screen
! 7
! 1 = 2
.
/
A'
x
P
x
S
1
h
z
S2
D
h
z
, S1 S2 P
OP D = h sin h
x
tan =
D
" , 2
2 hx
= = 2m m = 0, 1, 2,
D
xm = m D
h
m
,
mth
OP D = m
,
hx
I = 4I1 cos2 = 4I1 cos2 ( )
2 D
- 7
C
?
0
0
A0
Isource
0
. 7 /
?
x = 0 $
m = 0%
|m| > 0
,
Idifferent color
Itotal x
D
m m = 0
, xm = m Dh
D
|x| = |m|
h
4
$ m = 1%
D
|x| = 0
h
A5
m m+1
x
"
|x|
1
|x|
0
|m|
0
+ 7
#
5BB ;BBnm
550nm
|m| < 1.8
300nm
& x = 0
m = 0
' x
m = 1, 2
0 x
m
2
,
A6
3 /
,
" .
/
<
<
d 4 <
. ! < /
7
< 5K
D
i
n1
A C
n2 t d
B
n3
3 <
DC
, $C9J%
OP D = n2 (AB + BC) n1 AD
d
AB = BC =
cos t
AD = 2AB sin t cos( i ) = 2AB sin t sin i
2
+
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2
2d
OP D = (n2 n1 sin i sin t )
cos t
2n2 d
= (1 sin2 t )
cos t
= 2n2 d cos t
, ,
2
= (2n2 d cos t )
0
0
*
< D &
# 7 ?
ni nt
ni < nt phase shift
ni > nt 0 phase shift
A:
n1 < n2 > n3
<
A
2
= (2n2 d cos t ) + = 2m
0
n2 d cos t = 0
4
(2m + 1) m = 0, 1, 2
,
7
"
<
1 5K
<
d
Er2
E
r1
Ei Ei
n1=1 n n3
2
anti-reflection coating
< 7<
n2
n3 n1 = 1 < n2 < n3
,
2
= (2n2 d cos t )
0
? < Er1
Er2 ,
(2m + 1) $i = t = 0%
4dn2
= (2m + 1)
0
A;
7<
0
d = (2m + 1) m = 0, 1, 2,
4n2
Er1 Er2
<
# < I
r = nn n
i
i +n
t
t
n1 n2 n2 n3
=
n1 + n2 n2 + n3
# n1 = 1
n2 = n3
3 & 4
7
@
"
Mirror 1
Compensation Plate
Mirror 2
Beam Splitter
Light source
Screen
& '
<
& < 6BK
&
6BK
' <
'
0
&
& ,
A=
&
& (
&
& '
-
9 & d
2d
n = 1
,
= 2d
c
9
2d
IP = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos( )
c
6BK I1 = I28 12 I0
2d
IP = I0 [1 + cos( )] = I0 [1 + cos ]
c
= 2dc .
/
d
9
IP
-4/ -2/ 0 2/ 4/
AA
S
2d
S t
'
t
Mirror 2
d
Mirror 1
}
off-axis waves
d t t t ,7
2
= 2d cos t = 2m
m
d1 2d = 40
m=4
2
1 3
,
,
*
7
&BB
Reference
Mirror
Measured
Mirror
screen
7 < 7
<
.< /
*
,
"
7 7
&)'B
30 4
6
4 '
cos ,
$ = 2 OPD%
!
o
&B&
*+,+- . )
r
1
Pr1
r P
2
P
r2
incident dsin
plane wave
d
r
N
P
rN
D observe scene at infinity
4
$Nd%
!
$"
% ! P
( N 2
E = E0 (Pr1 )ei(tkr1 ) + E0 (Pr2 )ei(tkr2 ) + + E(PrN )ei(tkrN )
rN N th P PrN
N th
E0 = E0 (Pr1 ) = = E0 (PrN )
E = E0 [ei(tkr1 ) + ei(tkr2 ) + + ei(tkrN ) ]
= E0 ei(tkr1 ) [1 + eik(r2 r1 ) + + eik(rN r1 ) ]
- r2 r1 = r21 = d sin =C9J ( r3 r1 =
2r21 , , rN r1 = (N 1)r21 ." ,
( k(r2 r1) = kd sin d (
! 9
E = E0 ei(tkr1 ) 1 + ei + (ei )2 + + (ei )(N 1)
xN 1
1 + x + x2 + xN 1 =
x1
!
i(tkr1 ) eiN 1
E = E0 e
ei 1
i(tkr1 ) eiN /2 (eiN /2 eiN /2 )
= E0 e
ei/2 (ei/2 ei/2 )
sin N2
= E0 ei{tkr1 (N 1)/2}
sin 2
&B'
-
1
Dc = r1 + (N 1)d sin
2
P #
i(tkDc ) sin N
2
E = E0 e sin 2
|E|2
sin2 ( N kd2sin )
I = I0
sin2 ( kd sin
2
)
sin2 (N d sin
)
I = I0 [ 2
d sin
sin ( )
]
- sin2 (N)
sin2() = d sin
?
d sin
= m m = 0, 1, 2,
d sin = m m = 0, 1, 2,
m
$
)
%
? 2 0, or 2N sin 1
sin2 (N d sin
) (N d sin 2
) 2
2
d sin
d sin 2 = N
sin ( ) ( )
I = N 2 I0 d sin = m
#
I
4 = m I = N 2 I0
3
N
&B0
Principal
maximum
Secondary
maximum
0 /2 3/2 2
()
4
Nd sin = m
d sin dm
= cos =
d Nd d
> d dm m = 1
=
Nd cos
# ! = 0 =
= /grating size
?
Nd
?
P
4
P
,
!
?
*+,+/ 0 &
&
:0
<
<
7
<
<
,
&B5
n
E0t2r4
E0t2r3
E0tr4
3 E0t2r2
E0tr
2
E t r
0 E0tr2
E0t2
E0tr
E0r
E0t
E0 d
+
D7
<
n #
<
7
7<
<
!
<
# :0
,
4
= nd cos
0
- r I < t I 97
<
<
E0 t E0tr E0 tr2,
!
E0
7
E0t2 E0 t2r2 E0 t2 r4,
,
Et = E0 t2 + E0 t2 r 2 ei + E0 t2 r 4 ei2 +
= E0 t2 (1 + r 2 ei + r 4 ei2 + )
E0 t2
=
1 r 2 ei
(1 a)1 = 1 + a + a2 +
|t|4
It = I0
|1 r 2 ei |2
- r t
< r = |r|ei /2 r
< #
r
&B6
0
1 !
R < T
r t
R = |r|2 = rr and T = |t|2 = tt
T2
It = I0
|1 Rei |2
= + r , -
|1 Rei |2 = (1 Rei )(1 Rei ) = 1 2R cos + R2
4R 2
= (1 R)2 [1 + sin ]
(1 R)2 2
*
I0 T 2 1
It =
(1 R)2 1 + F sin2
2
1/(1 + F sin2 2 ) ,
4R
F =
(1 R)2
#
!
7
1
<
R
, <
R
/2 "
(1 + F sin2 2 )1
F /2 = N
4
2N = nd cos + r N = 0, 1, 2,
0
N