3.

INTEGRATION
UNIT 3.1.1 Basics
Integration is the reverse of differentiation
d 2
1. Since
dx
( )
x + c = 2x ,
2x dx = x2 + c
d
2. Since ( 10 x + c ) = 10 ,
10 dx = 10 x + c
dx

d 3 d
1. Given
dx
(
x+c ) = 3x2 , find
3x 2
dx . 2. Given
dx
( )
2 x5 + c = 10 x 4 , find
10x 4 dx .

d
( x + c)

2 3
3x dx =
dx
= x3 + c
d 1 6 d 2 2 2
3. Given x+ c = 3 x 5 , find
3x 5 dx . 4. Given + c = - 2 , find
- 2 dx .
dx 2 dx x x x

d d
5. Given
dx
( )
4 x3 = f ( x) , find
f ( x ) dx . 6. Given
dx
( 100 x + c ) = h( x) , find
h( x) dx .

d 2 d 2 x
7. Given = g ( x) , find
dx x - 3
g ( x) dx . 8. Given = f ( x ) , find
dx x + 1
f ( x) dx .

d d
9. Given
dx
(
x( x + 2)3 dx = w( x) ,) 10. Given
dx
[ ( x - 3)( x + 2)] = p( x) ,
find
w( x) dx . find p ( x ) dx .

UNIT 3.1.2 (a) Integration of xn : x n +1

x n dx =
n +1
+ c , n - 1

x 3+1 2.
x dx 5
= 3.
x dx9
=
1.
x dx =
3
+ c
3 +1
x4
= +c
4
x -3 dx =
4. 5.
x -2
dx = 6.
x dx =

Integration 1
UNIT 3.1.2 (b) Integration of axn : ax n +1

ax n dx =
n +1
+ c , n - 1

Note :
m dx = mx + c , m a constant
x 3+1 2.
10x 4
dx = 3.
4x 3
dx =
1.
6 x 3 dx = 6.
3 +1
+ c

x4
= 6. +c
4
3x 4
= + c
2

1
4..
10 dx = 10x + c 5. dx = 6..
- 3dx =
2

x1+1 8.
6x dx = 9.
3x dx =
7.
8 x dx = 8.
1+1
+ c

x2
= 8. +c
2
= 4x 2 + c

dx = dx = dx =
3 2 5
10. 12x 11. 8x 12. 10 x

2 -3 8 -5 12
13.
x
dx =
3
2x dx 14.
x
dx =
5
8x dx 15.
x 4
dx =

x -3+1 =
= 2. +c
-3 + 1

x -2
= 2. +c
-2
1
= - 2 + c
x

2 2
dx =
2
18. 0.9x
16.
5 x3
dx = 17.
3
x dx =

Integration 2
UNIT 3.1.3 To Determine Integrals of Algebraic Expressions.
Note : Integrate term by term. Expand & simplify the given expression where necessary.

3x3 4 x 2
- 4 x + 5) dx =
2
Example : (3 x - + 5x + c
3 2
= x3 2x2 + 5x + c

(6 x - 4 )dx + 8 x - 1)dx - 3x + 2)dx
2 3
1. 2. (12 x 3. (x

= = =

4.
x(3x - 2 )dx 5.
(2 x - 1)(2 x + 1)dx 6.
( x + 2)( x - 3)dx

= = =

(2 x - 1)(2 x + 1) 6x2 - 4

(3 x - 2) 2
7. dx 8. x2 dx 9. x 2 dx
=
= =

(3 x + 4) 2 11.
(2 x -2
- x + 1) dx 12.
(2 - x) 2
dx
10. x 2 dx
= =
=

1 1 1

x(3 - x) 2
(-2 x -2 + 3 - x + 15. dx
13.
(3 - )(3 + )dx
x x
14. x2
)dx
=
= =

Integration 3
UNIT 3.1.4 To Determine the Constant of Integration (I)
Example Exercise
1 SPM 2003, K2, S3(a) 3 Marks 2 dy
Given = 2x + 3 and y = 4 when x = 1, find y in
dy dx
Given = 2x + 2 and y = 6 when x = 1,
dx terms of x.
find y in terms of x.
dy
Answer: = 2x + 2
dx
y= ( 2 x + 2 ) dx

2 x2
= + 2x + c
2
y = x2 + 2x + c
y = 6, x = 1, 6 = 12 + 2(1) + c
6 = 3+c
c = 3
Hence y = x2 + 2x + 3
y = x2 + 3x
3 dy 4 dy
Given = 4x + 1 and y = 4 when x = -1, Given = 6x 3 and y = 3 when x = 2, find y in
dx dx
find y in terms of x. terms of x.
dy
Answer : = 4x + 1
dx
y= ( 4 x + 1) dx

=

y = 2x2 + x + 3
y = 3x2 3x 3
5 dy 6 dy
Given = 4 2x and y = 5 when x = 1, Given = 3x2 2 and y = 4 when x = -1, find y in
dx dx
find y in terms of x. terms of x.

y = 4x x2 +2 y = x3 2x + 3
7 dy 8 dy 3
Given = 3(2x 4) and y = 30 when x = Given = 2- 2 and y = 1 when x = 1 , find
dx dx x
-2, find y in terms of x. y in terms of x.

3
y = 2x + +6
y = 3x2 12x 6 x

Integration 4
UNIT 3.1.4 To Determine the Constant of Integration (II)
Example Exercise
1 dy 2 dy
Given = 6x 4 and y = 2 when x = 1, Given = 2x + 5 and y = 1 when x = 1 , find
dx dx
find the value of y when x = 2. the value of y when x = 3.
dy
Answer: = 6x 4
dx
y= ( 6 x - 4 ) dx

6 x2
= - 4x + c
2
y = 3 x2 4x + c
y = 2, x =-1, 2 = 3(-1)2 - 4(-1) + c
2 = 3+4+c
c = -5
y = 3x2 4x 5
2
When x = 2, y = 3(2) 4(2) 5 = 1
29
3 dy 4 dy
Given = 1 3x2 and y = 2 when x = -1, Given = 6x 3 and y = 3 when x = 2, find the
dx dx
find the value of y when x = 2. value of y when x = 1.
dy
Answer: = 1 3x2
dx
y= ( 1 - 3x ) dx

2

4
3
5 dy 6 dy
Given = 4 2x and y = 5 when x = 1 find Given = 3x2 2 and y = 4 when x = -1, find the
dx dx
the value of y when x = 1. value of y when x = 0.

-3 3
7 dy 8 dy 3
Given = 3(2x 1) and y = 5 when x = Given = 5- 2 and y = 1 when x = 1 , find
dx dx x
-2, find the value of y when x = 1. the value of y when x = 3

-13 25

Integration 5
3.1.5 To Determine the Equation of Curve from Gradient Function
Example Exercise
1 SPM 2004, K2, S5 (3 Marks) 2. The gradient function of a curve which passes
The gradient function of a curve which passes through B(1, 5) is 3x2 + 2 .
2
through A(1, -12) is 3x 6x . Find the equation of the curve.
Find the equation of the curve. dy
dy Answer: = 3x2 + 2
Answer: 2
= 3x 6x dx
dx
(

y = 3x 2 + 2 dx )
y= (
3x - 6 x dx
2
) =
3
3x 6x2
= - +c
3 2
y = x3 3x2 + c
3
y = -12, x = 1, -12 = 1 3(1) + c
- 12 = 2+c
c = 10
Hence y = x3 6x 10 y = x3 + 2x + 2

3. The gradient function of a curve which passes 4. The gradient function of a curve which passes
through P(1, 3) is 4x 6 . through Q( 1 , 4) is 3x (x 2) .
Find the equation of the curve. Find the equation of the curve.

Answer: Answer:

y = 2x2 - 6x + 1 y = x3 - 3x2 + 8
5. The gradient function of a curve which passes 6. The gradient function of a curve which passes
through A(1, 6) is 5 3x2 . through R(2, 3) is 6x2 4 .
Find the equation of the curve. Find the equation of the curve.

y = 5x x3 + 2 y = x3 - 4x +3
7. The gradient function of a curve which passes 8. The gradient function of a curve which passes
through A(1, 10) is x( 6 3x) . through A(-1, 7) is 3x2 + 2x - 1 .
Find the equation of the curve. Find the equation of the curve.

y = 3x2 x3 + 8 y = x3 + x2 x +6

Integration 6

(ax + b) dx, n -1
n
UNIT 3.1.6 Integration of the form

(ax + b) n +1

(ax + b) dx = + c , n - 1
n

a (n + 1)

E (3x + 2) 4+1 E 12 -4
X
(3x + 2) 4 dx =
3(4 + 1)
+c X
(2 x - 3) 4
dx =
12(2 x - 3) dx
A A
12(2 x - 3) -3
M M = +c
P (3x + 2)5 P -3. (2)
= +c
L 15 L
E E =

1. 2. 4

(2 x + 5) dx =
3

( x - 3) 2
dx =

3. 4.

-4

(2 + 4 x) dx = ( x + 2) dx =
5

5. 3 6. 15

(2 x - 1) 2
dx =
(3 x - 5) 6
dx =

7. 8.

-3

6(2 - x) dx = 30(4 + 3x) dx =
3

9. 2 10. 15
(1 - 2 x) dx = 3

2( x - 3) 4
dx =
3

Integration 7
UNIT 3.2 Definite Integral b
If
f ( x)dx = F ( x) + c, then
f ( x)dx =
a
F (b ) - F ( a )

2 3 2
2 3

2x dx =
x2
4x 3 dx =
x4 dx =
2
1. 2. 3. 6x
1 0
1 0 1
= 2 2 12 = =
= 41
= 3

[81] [14]
2 4 3

8x dx =
x dx =
10 dx =
3
4. 5. 6.
1 2 1
= = =

[12] [60] [20]

2 3 2
-2 2 3
7.
3x
1
dx = 8.
( ) dx =
1
x 3
9.
2x
1
2
dx =

= =

3 8 3
[ ] [ ] [ ]
2 9 4
3 3 3

(2 - 6 x) dx =
(4 x - 3 x ) dx =
x(2 x + 1) dx =
2
10. 11. 12.
0 1 0

[-10] [22.5]
[-21]
2 3 1

13.
(2 x - 1)(2 x + 1) dx
1
14.
(3 x - 2) 2 dx
1
15.
x(3x - 2) dx =
0

= =

25
[ ] [38]
3 [0]

Integration 8

(ax + b) dx, n -1
n
3.2.1 Definite Integral of the form
E 1 1 2
3
2
(3 x + 2)5

+ = dx = 3(2 x - 1) -2 dx
4
X (3 x 2) dx Y
A 0 5.3 0 o 1
(2 x - 1) 2
1
M 1
(3 x + 2)5
u
P = =
15
L 5 5
0
T
E 5 2 r
= - =
15 15 y
= 206.2 !

[1]
1. 1 2. 5
10

(2 x + 3)2 dx =
( x - 3)
4
2
dx =
0

1
[ 16 ] [5]
3
3. 1 4. 1
-3

16(2 + 4 x)3 dx =
6( x + 2)
0
dx =
0

5
[ ]
[1280] 12
5. 2
6 6. 3
24

1
(2 x - 1) 2
dx =
(3 x - 5)
2
3
dx =

[2] [3.75]

Integration 9
UNIT 3.2.3 Applications of Definite Integral (I)

3 3
Given that
f ( x)dx = 4 ,
1
g ( x)dx =
1
6 . Find the value of .....

1. 1 2. 3

f ( x)dx = [2 +
f ( x)] dx =
3 1

-4 8
3. 3 4. 3

[ 5 f ( x)] dx
= [ f ( x) - 4] dx
=
1 1

20 -4
5. 3 6. 3
3 f ( x) - 1

[ 4 f ( x) - 2 x] dx
= dx =
1 1
2

8 5
7. 3 8. 3
1
[ 3 f ( x ) - 2 g ( x)] dx
= 2 g ( x) + f ( x) dx =

1 1
2

0 14
9. 3
[ 6 f ( x) - g ( x)] dx 10 3
3


1
3
= .


1
2
f ( x) + 2 g ( x ) - 1dx

=

6 16

Integration 10
UNIT 3.2.3 Applications of Definite Integral (II)
1. k 2. k

Given that
(2 x - 3)dx = 6 , where k > -1, find Given that
(2 x - 1)dx = 12 , where k > 0, find the
0
-1
the value of k. (SPM 2004, P1, Q 22) value of k.

k=4 4
3. k 4. k

Given that
(3 - 4 x)dx = - 20 , where k > 0, find
0
Given that
(6 x + 1)dx
0
= 14 , where k > 0, find

the value of k. the value of k.

4 2
5. 6 6 6. 3
Given that ( 2 f ( x) - kx ) = 10 ,
f ( x) = 7 and
Given that
f ( x) = 5 and
2 2 1
find the value of k. [SPM 05, P1,Q21] 3

( 3 f ( x) + kx ) = 23 , find the value of k.

1

2
5. 5 5 6. 4
Given that
f ( x) = 6 and ( f ( x) + kx ) = 10 ,
Given that
f ( x) = 3 and
2 2 1
find the value of k. 4

( kf ( x) + 6 x ) = 39 , find the value of k.

[k=-2]
1

8
21 -2

Integration 11
Questions based on SPM Format (I)
1. 2 2 3
3 - x2
Find the value of x2
dx . Find the value of
x(4 - x ) dx .
0
1

9
3. 2 4 4
5dx 15
Find the value of
(1 + 2 x)
0
2 . Find the value of
(3 x - 2)
1
2
dx .

2 4.5
5. k 6. k

Given that
(2 - 2 x) dx = - 16 , where k > 0, Given that
(4 x - 1)dx = 6 , where k > 0, find the
0
1
find the value of k. value of k.

k=5 k=2
7. 4 4 8. 4 4

Given that ( 2 f ( x) - kx ) = 6 ,
f ( x) = 15 and Given that
f ( x) = 10 and ( 3 f ( x) - kx ) = 0 ,

0 0 1 1
find the value of k. find the value of k.

k =3 k =4

Integration 12
SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS (II)
1. (SPM 06, P1,Q21) 2. 4

g ( x )dx = 10 , find
5
Given that
Given that
g ( x)dx = 8 , find
1
1
1
1

(a) the value of

g ( x)dx, (a) the value of
2 g ( x )dx,
4
5
4
5

(b) the value of k if [ kx - g ( x)] dx = 10.

(b) the value of k if [ k + 2 g ( x)] dx = 50.

1 1

3
(a) -8 (b) (a) -20 (b) k = 10
2
3. 3 4. 4
Given that
g ( x)dx = 5 , find
0
the value of p if Given that
g ( x) dx = 9 , find the value of p if
1
3 4
[ 2 px + 3g ( x) ] dx
= 3. [ kx - 3 g ( x)] dx = 48.

0
1

p=2 k = 10
5. dy 6. dy
Given = 4x + 2 and y = 10 when x = 1, Given = 1 2x + 3x2 and y = 3 when x = 1,
dx dx
find y in terms of x. find y in terms of x.

y = 2x2 +2x + 10 y = x x 2 + x3 + 2
7. The gradient function of a curve which passes 8. The gradient function of a curve which passes through
through P(1, 3) is 8x 3x2. Find the equation of 1
the curve. Q(-1, 4) is 2x - . Find the equation of the curve.
x2

y = 8x 3x2

Integration 13
 1
y = x2 + +4
x

SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS (III)

1. (SPM 06, P1,Q20) 2. Diagram 9 shows the curve y = f(x) cutting the
Diagram 8 shows the curve y = f(x) cutting the x-axis at x = a and x = b.
x-axis at x = a and x = b.

y
y = g(x)
y
y = f(x)
Diagram 9
Diagram 8 Given that the area of the shaded region is 6 unit2, find
Given that the area of the shaded region is 5 unit , 2
a x
O a b
O
b
a b x the value of
3g ( x) dx .
find the value of
2 f ( x )dx .
a
b

Answer : ...................... Answer : ..........................

3. Diagram 10 shows part of the curve y = f(x). 4. Diagram 11 shows part of the curve y = f(x).
y y
5

Diagram 10
6
O 4 x O x
y = f(x) Diagram 11
y = f(x)
4 Given that the area of the shaded
8 region is 40 unit2,
Given that
f ( x )dx = 15 unit2, find the area of 8

0 find the value of

f ( x)dx .
the shaded region. 0

Answer : ...................... Answer : ......................

5. (SPM 01) Diagram 12 shows the sketch of part of 6. Diagram 13 shows the sketch of part of a curve.
a curve. y
10 Diagram 13

y
(4, 8)
(6, 2)
x
Diagram 12 O
2
x (a) Shade, on the given diagram, the region represented
(a) Shade, on the O
given diagram, the region 10
8 by
x dy .
represented by
x dy .
2
2
10
4 8 (b) If
x dy = p , find , in terms of p, the value of
(b) Find the value of
y dx +
0
x dy
2
6
2

y dx
0
.

Answer : (b) ...................... Answer : (b) ......................

Integration 14
SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS (IV)
1. (SPM03) 2. 12
Given that
5
dx = k(1+ x)n + c ,
Given that
(3 x - 2) 3
dx = k(3x 2 )n + c , find the
(1 + x) 4 value of k and n.
find the value of k and n. [3 marks]

5
[ k = - , n = -3 ]
3 k = -2 , n = -2
3. dy 4. dy
(SPM 02) Given that 4 x + 3 = 6 , express y Given that 8 x - 2 = 5 , express y in terms of x.
dx dx
in terms of x.

2 2 5
y = 2x - x +c y = 2x2 - x+c
3 2
5. d2y 6. d2y
(SPM 1999) Given that 2
= 5x4+ 1 , Given that = 2 - 6x ,
dx dx 2
dy dy
when x = 1, y = 3 and = 2 , find y in when x = 1 , y = 3 and = 1 , find y in terms
dx dx
terms of x. of x.

Integration 15
 1 6 1 2 1 y = x 2 - x3 + 4 x + 5
y= x + x - 4x +
6 2 3

7. (SPM 2002) Given that 8. 1

1 Given that ( 3x

2
+ 10kx + 4 ) dx = 0 . Find the value
( 16 x + 10kx + k ) dx = 43 . Find the
2 2
0
0 of k.
possible values of k.

k = -1 , -4 k = -1
9. 10 d x
d x 2
(SPM 01) Given that = g ( x ) , find Given that = f ( x) , find the value of
dx x - 1 dx x - 1
3
3
the value of ( 2 x - g ( x) ) dx .
( 4x +
f ( x ) ) dx .
2
2
. .

9
1
2 13
2
11. d x - 1 12 d 12
Given that = h( x) , find the value Given that = w( x ) , find the value of
dx x + 2 dx ( x + 1)3
1 1
of ( 6 - 4h( x) ) dx .
( 6 w( x) - 3) dx .

0 0
.

[4]
Integration 16
 [ 66]

13. 7 . 14. (SPM 2008) Given that

(SPM 2007) Given that
h( x)dx = 3, find
2 ( 6 x 2 + 1) dx = px3 + x + c, where p and c are
the constants, find
2

(a)
h( x )dx (a) the value of p,
+ 1) dx = 13
7 2
7
(b) the value of c if (6 x
(b)
[5 - h( x)]dx .
2
when x = 1.

k = -3 ,22 p = 2, c = 10
15 (SPM 09 ??) Given that 16 (SPM 2010 ??)
. d x 2

= h( x ) , find the value of

dx x - 1
Given that ( 3x

2
)
- kx + 1 dx = 2 . Find the value
1
3 of k.
( 4 x - 3 h( x) ) dx .

2
.

Integration 17
 9
2 k=4

Integration 18