TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

TARLAC CITY

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY:

GROUP I
TANGLAO, ALJON
YALUNG, MYCAH
VELASQUEZ Jr, MARCIANO
GARCIA, JUSTIN
CALMA, JOHN RUIZ

SUMITTED TO:

DR. MURPHY MOHAMMED

DATE SUBMITTED:
SEPT. 19, 2017
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
A SYSTEM is a set of interrelated parts, called components, which perform a number of functions
in order to achieve common goals.
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
- defined as planned network of elements or physical components that lay different roles in the
transportation of goods and persons from one place to another.
The elements or physical components of a transport system are referred to as the facilities
.A transportation system can therefore be considered as consisting of fixed facilities, the
flow entities, and control system
3 Major Components
The vehicle (equipment) is what moves objects or traffic (people, goods). The vehicle
consists of a container and some type of motive power, either onboard or elsewhere
The guideway is what the vehicles move along. The guideway consists of links and nodes
that together form a network. A sequence of links is called a route. A terminal is a node
where traffic is transferred from one vehicle to another.
The operations plan is the set of procedures by which traffic and vehicles are moved over
the guideway, including schedules or timetables, crew assignments, and control systems.

-Functional components:
Fixed Facilities
Flow Entities
Control System

That permits people and goods to overcome the friction of geographical spaces.
o Geographical space- is the place we live/ land.
In a most efficient, safe and convenient manner
In order to achieve time and space utility for desired activity

FIXED FACILITIES
Are the physical components of the system that are fixed in space and constitute the network of
links and nodes of the transportation system.
For example, the links could be:
Roadway segment
Railway track
The nodes could be:
Intersections
 Interchanges
Transit terminals
Harbours
Airports
The design of these fixed facilities has traditionally been within the realm of civil
engineering.
THE DESIGN INCLUDES:
Soil and foundation engineering design
Structural engineering design
The design of drainage systems
Geometric design, which is concerned with the physical proportioning of the elements
of fixed facilities.
FLOW ENTITIES
Flow entities are the units that traverse the fixed facilities. These include people, vehicles,
container units, railroad cars and so on.
In the case of a road system, the fixed facilities are expected to accommodate a wide variety of
vehicle types, ranging from bicycles to large tractor-trailer combinations.

CONTROL SYSTEM
Consists of vehicular control and flow control.
Vehicular control refers to the technological way in which individual vehicles are guided on fixed
facilities
Such controls can be manual or automated
In the case of highway facilities, where the vehicles are manually controlled, these include
driver's characteristics, such as time a driver takes to perceive and react to various stimuli.
The flow control system consists of the means that permit the efficient and smooth operation of
streams of vehicles and the reduction of conflicts between vehicles.
This system includes various types of signing, marking, and signal systems and the
underlying rules of operation.
COMPONENTS OF TRANSPORTATION

Modes. They represent the conveyances, mostly taking the form of vehicles that are used
to support the mobility of passengers or freight. Some modes are designed to carry only
passengers or freight, while others can carry both.
Infrastructures. The physical support of transport modes, where routes (e.g. rail tracks,
canals or highways) and terminals (e.g. ports or airports) are the most significant
components.
Networks. A system of linked locations that are used to represent the functional and spatial
organization of transportation. This system indicates which locations are connected and
 how they are serviced. Within a network some locations are more accessible (more
connections) than others (less connections).
Flows. Movements of people, freight and information over their respective networks.
Flows have origins, intermediary locations and destinations. An intermediary location is
often required to go from an origin to a destination. For instance, flying from one airport
to another may require a transit at hub airport.

TRANSPORTATION DEMAND (YALUNG, Mycah B.)

-refers to the amount and type of travel people would choose under specific conditions,
taking account factors such as the quality of transport options available and their prices.

Transportation as a Derived Demand

Transportation as a Derived Demand In economic systems what takes place in one sector has
impacts on another; demand for a good or service in one sector is derived from another.

Example: A consumer buying a good in a store will likely trigger the replacement of this
product, which will generate demands for activities such as manufacturing, resource
extraction and, of course, transport. What is different about transport is that it cannot exist
alone and a movement cannot be stored. An unsold product can remain on the shelf of a
store until a customer buys it (often with discount incentives), but an unsold seat on a flight
or unused cargo capacity in the same flight remain unsold and cannot be brought back as
additional capacity later. In this case an opportunity has been missed since the amount of
transport being offered has exceeded the demand for it. The derived demand of
transportation is often very difficult to reconcile with an equivalent supply and actually
transport companies would prefer to have some additional capacity to accommodate
unforeseen demand (often at much higher prices). In this case an opportunity has been
missed since the amount of transport being offered has exceeded the demand for it.

Major types of derived transportation demand:

Direct Derived Demand
-refers to movements that are directly the outcome of economic activities,
without which they would not take place.

Example: Work-related activities commonly involve commuting between the place

of residence and the workplace. There is a supply of work in one location
(residence) and a demand of labour in another (workplace), transportation
(commuting) being directly derived from this relationship. For freight
transportation, all the components of a supply chain require movements of raw
materials, parts and finished products on modes such as trucks, rail or
containerships. Thus, transportation is directly the outcome of the functions of
production and consumption.
 Indirect Derived Demand

-considers movements created by the requirements of other movements.

Example: Transportation fuel: the energy for transportation is provided by fuel

(gasoline, diesel). There is need of to transport this fuel from extraction area to
refineries to storage area, then to the consumer. Therefore an energy production
system comes to existence, as the fuel cannot move directly from the extraction
place to the consumer.

Factors Affecting Transportation Demand

1. Demographics
Number of people (residents, employees and visitors)
Incomes
Age/lifecycle
Lifestyles
2. Economics
Number of jobs
Incomes
Business activity
Freight transport
Tourist activity
3. Prices
Fuel prices and taxes
Vehicle
taxes & fees
Road tolls
Parking fees
Vehicle insurance
Public transport fares
4. Transport Options
Walking
Cycling
Public transit
Ridesharing
Automobile
Taxi services
Delivery services
5. Service Quality
 Relative speed and delay
Reliability
Comfort
Safety and security
Waiting conditions
Parking conditions
Social status

Movement and Transportation (VELASQUEZ Jr, Marciano)

A city can be considered as a locational arrangement of activities or a land use pattern. The location
of activities affects human beings, and human activities modify locational arrangements.
Interaction between activities is manifested by the movement of people, goods, and information.

Spatial interaction is the flow of products, people, services, or information among places, in
response to localized supply and demand.

It is a transportation supply and demand relationship that is often expressed over a geographical
space. Spatial interactions usually include a variety of movements such as travel, migration,
transmission of information, journeys to work or shopping, retailing activities, or freight
distribution.

The reason that people and goods are move from one place to another can be explained by the
following conditions:

Complementarity the relative attractiveness between two or more destinations. A deficit of a

good or product in one place and a surplus in another. e.g we choose to go in one place
despite of more distance to overcome but there is a same place to that place but there is
lack of supply on that places.

Transferability the desire to overcome distance; measured in terms of time and money needed
to overcome this distance and the best technology available to achieve this.

Intervening opportunities to competition among several locations to satisfy demand and

supply. How people and goods move from an origin to a destination is a matter of mode
choice. This decision is made depending on such attributes as time, speed, efficiency, costs,
safety and convenience
Land use is one of the prime determinants of movement and activity. This activity known as trip
generation, will dictate what transportation facilities, such as streets and bus systems, will be
needed to move traffic. When such additional facilities have been provided, the system will
naturally have increased accessibility. A change in accessibility will determine the change, if any
in the value of land, and this change may affect the way the land is currently used.

Land use development patterns (also called urban form, built environment, community design,
spatial development, and urban geography) refer to human use of the earths surface, including
the location, type and design of infrastructure such as roads and buildings. Land use patterns can
have diverse economic, social and environmental impacts. Transportation planning decisions
influence land use directly, by affecting the amount of land used for transport facilities, and
indirectly, by affecting the location and design of development.

Trip generation This is widely used for forecasting travel demands; this activity will dictate the
transportation facilities such as streets and bus systems will be needed to move.
Transportation needs is discussing transportation needs, we need to consider both infrastructure
(roads, bridges, sidewalks, etc.) and modes (buses, bikes, cars, pedestrians, etc.) transportation
infrastructure is closely tied to land use, and like land use has a great impact on how people go
about their daily lives.

Transportation facilities such as bus stops, bus stop pad, terminal.

Accessibility refers to peoples ability to reach services and activities, and therefore the time and
money that people and businesses must devote to transportation.

Land value the value of the property is directly proportional to the accessibility of the said zone
 Land Use/Transportation Cycle

The time consumed, the speed of the travel, the efficiency of the mode of transportation the
costs, safety and the convenience.
Overview of Transportation Systems Characteristics

The physical plant of most transportation systems consists of four basic elements:

Links: the roadways or tracks connecting two or more points. Pipes, beltways, sealanes,
and airways can also be considered links

Vehicles: the means of moving people and goods from one node to another along a link.
Motorcars, buses, ships, airplanes, belts, and cables are examples

Terminals: the nodes where travel and shipment begins or ends. Parking garages, off street
parking lots, loading docks, bus stops, airports, and bus terminals are examples.

Management and Labor: The people, who construct, operate, manage, and maintain the
links, vehicles, and terminals.

Three basic attributes of Transportation system

Ubiquity the amount of accessibility to the system, directness of routing between access
points, and the systems flexibility to handle variety of traffic conditions. Highways are very
ubiquitous compared to railroads, the latter having limited ubiquity as a result of their large
investments and inflexibility. However, within the highway mode, freeways are far less
ubiquitous than local roads and street. The ability to move or be moved freely and easily.

Mobility the quantity of travel that can be handled. The capacity of a system to handle traffic
and speed are two variables connected with mobility. Here again, a free way has a high
mobility, whereas local roads haw low mobility. Water transport may have comparatively
low speed, but the capacity per vehicle is high. On the other hand, a rail system could
possibly have high speed and high capacity.

Efficiency the relationship between cost of transportation and the productivity of the system.
Direct costs of a system are composed of the capital operating costs, and indirect costs
 comprise adverse impacts and unquantifiable costs, such as safety. Each mode is efficient
in some aspects and inefficient in others.

HIERARCHY OF ROADS (GARCIA, Justin)

The hierarchy of roads categorizes roads according to their functions and [Link]
sources differ on the exact nomenclature, the basic hierarchy comprises freeways, arterials,
collectors, and local roads.

Freeways or Controlled-access highway

A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed
vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated.

They are free of any at-grade crossings with other roads, railways, or pedestrian paths, which
are instead carried by overpasses and underpasses.

On the controlled-access highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated by a

median strip or central reservation containing a traffic barrier or grass.
Arterials
An arterial road or arterial thoroughfare is a high-capacity urban road. The primary function
of an arterial road is to deliver traffic from collector roads to freeways or expressways, and
between urban centres at the highest level of service possible.
In traffic engineering hierarchy, an arterial road delivers traffic between collector roads and
freeways.

Collectors
Collectors collect traffic from local roads, and distribute it to arterials.
Local roads
At the bottom of the hierarchy are local streets and roads. These roads have the lowest speed
limit, and carry low volumes of traffic. In some areas, these roads may be unpaved.
Classifications

The Philippine highway network refers to the highway system of the Philippines. It is a network
of national roads owned and maintained by the Department of Public Works and Highways
which are organized into three classifications depending on their function or purpose they serve
within the road network: national primary, national secondary, and national tertiary roads.

National Primary

The national primary roads are roads which form parts of the main trunkline system and
directly connect three or more major cities and metropolitan areas with a population of at least
100,000.

National Secondary
The national secondary roads are roads that complement the primary roads and provide access
to other major population centers. They directly link smaller cities and provincial capitals,
airports, seaports, and tourist centers to the primary roads.
 National Tertiary
A third classification was introduced in 2014 known as national tertiary roads. They include
other existing roads administered by the DPWH which perform a local function.

Provincial Roads (Local Roads)

-Connect Cities and Municipalities without traversing National Roads
-Connect National Roads to Barangays through rural areas
-Connect to Major Provincial Government Infrastructure

Municipal and City Roads (Local Roads)

-Roads within the Poblacion
-Roads that connect to Provincial and National Roads
-Roads that provide Inter-Barangay connections to Major Municipal and City Infrastructure
without traversing Provincial Roads

Barangay Roads (Local Roads)

Other Public Roads (officially turned over) within the Barangay and not covered in the above
definitions.

Expressways
Highways with limited access, normally with interchanges; may include facilities for levying
tolls for passage in an open or closed system.
Transportation Systems Model (CALMA, John Ruiz)

Introduction

Transportation models are a formal description of the relationships between transportation system
components and their operations. These relationships allow for predicting unknown quantities
(outputs), from quantities that are known (inputs).

What is a Transportation Systems Model?

In transportation engineering, a transportation system model may be viewed using the diagram
presented below in which inputs such as land, labor, and capital are fed into three subsystems: the
physical subsystem, the activity subsystem, and the human subsystem. The physical subsystem
consists of vehicles, pavements, tracks, rights-of-way, terminals, and other manufactured or
natural objects. The activity subsystem includes riding, driving, traffic control, and so on.
These activities interface with the human subsystem individuals and groups of people who
are involved with the physical and activity subsystems. Outputs from the system include the
movement of people and goods and improvement or deterioration of the physical environment.

TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION MODELS

1. Demand models (econometric models, short-term traffic prediction, traffic generation, etc.)
2. Network models (modal split, traffic assignment, scheduling)
3. Traffic models (advanced traffic and control representation, interaction between vehicles)
4. Performance models (traffic quality perception, safety performance models, fuel
consumption, air-pollution generation, noise generation, signal optimization, etc.)

WHAT ARE THE USES OF TRANSPORTATION MODELS?

Modeling is applied in all the areas of transportation engineering: planning, design, and
operations. Although planning is traditionally the most model-demanding, intelligent
technologies and techniques applied to transportation have increased the demand for
modeling in design and traffic operations areas.

Planning

Modeling for planning includes predicting future travel demands, identifying potential
performance problems under the future travel demands, and proposing general solutions of the
anticipated transportation problems. Modeling packages for long-range planning may include all
the types of models: demand prediction, network modeling, traffic flows, and performance
modeling. From this perspective, long-range planning requires the most comprehensive modeling.
Questions frequently addressed with modeling for planning applications include:

1. Future travel demands. Travel demand is typically defined as the volume of travelers willing
to travel between two locations. A quadratic matrix of one-way traffic flows represents travel
demand between multiple locations. Demand for travel strongly depends on land use and on
economic conditions.
2. Impact of regulations and policies on future travel demands. Knowledge of this relationship
is particularly useful if proper regulatory and economic measures are sought to keep travel demand
at the desired level. The desired level of demand is determined by congestion management or
environmental concerns.
3. Identification of components of the existing infrastructure that will need improvements.
Performance of an existing system under future demands is frequently studied to identify the
system bottlenecksin other words, the infrastructure components that will cause excessive
hazard, congestion, or environmental concerns. This analysis leads to the next one, whereby
engineering solutions of the anticipated transportation-related problems are sought.
4. Identification of projects needed to maintain acceptable performance of the system. Once
future transportation issues and weak components of the infrastructure are identified, adequate
alternative solutions can be proposed and evaluated. Transportation models are run for various
scenarios that represent various solutions, and consecutive evaluation of the scenarios is carried
out to select the best one.
5. Identification of improvements is needed to make the existing infrastructure more resilient to
damage and more efficient in emergency situations. Modeling of emergency conditions that
follow natural or human-inflicted disasters (earthquake, hurricane, nuclear blast, biological
/chemical attack) help identify critical components of a transportation system.
A component of transportation infrastructure is critical if its failure brings severe deterioration of
the system performance. Such components, once identified, can be structurally strengthened, better
protected through enhanced security means, or supplemented with backup facilities. Scenarios of
operations management can be prepared if a critical component is damaged.

Design
A well-designed transportation facility is economical in construction and maintenance,
accommodates traffic demand during its lifetime, and does not expose its users to excessive
danger. To meet these design criteria, a designer must be able to link design decisions about
facility geometry and traffic control with facility performance (delays, speeds, safety, and
costs).

Operations
Studies of existing systems may include direct observations of their performance. Although this is
the most desirable method of evaluating existing systems, costs and measurement difficulties often
make modeling desirable. Transportation analysts try to replicate the existing system through its
model, and outcome from the model is used to evaluate the systems performance, detect
operational problems, and evaluate possible solutions. Although this approach brings to mind
planning studies, there is a considerable differencenot future but present traffic conditions
are evaluated. Such studies are particularly justified if the considered improvements are low-
cost and are implemented quickly. Examples of such improvements are signal retiming and
reorganizing traffic circulation in the area.

Selecting a Model

Output Scope and Format

Transportation models are used to produce specific results. If a model does not produce
what is needed or the results are insufficient to calculate the needed outcome, then such a model
cannot be used.

Model Validity
Another criterion that is often overlooked and is closely related to the validity of the model is the
accuracy of the results, which is tested by inspecting the model error. The model is valid if the
discrepancies between the calculated and observed results are acceptable. The validity of many
available models is not sufficiently documented, part of which can be explained by the fact
that validation of transportation models is not easy. Validation requires field-collected
inputs and field-collected values corresponding to the model outputs.

Model Calibration
Even a valid model requires calibration if the local conditions differ from the ones for which the
model was developed and validated. Frequently, a simulation model is developed from component
models and the default values of model parameters are assumed using common sense or published
research

Scope of Input
A model is practical if it requires input that is feasible to obtain. In the planning phase, only major
transportation characteristics are known or considered, and it is unusual, to consider the details of
intersection geometry or the detail settings of a signal controller 20 years in advance. Not only the
information is uncertain but also planners are not interested in such detail decisions. Models that
require unavailable input lead to use of default values, and when default values may be used is in
itself an important issue. The answer depends on the variability of the input and on the model
sensitivity.

Modeling Costs
The costs of transportation analysis include gathering and formatting data, running a model, and
documenting and reporting results. Data collection and formatting are frequently the primary
component of the total costs, particularly when the model is complex and requires calibration.
The costs can be significantly reduced if the data required by the model are routinely collected
by a transportation agency and stored in well-maintained databases.