02-08-2017
Energy Systems I
Instructor: Santanu De
NL 302, Northern Lab
Ph: 6478, Email: sde@[Link]
Office hour: W 5:30 6:30 p.m. or by appointment
Course Website: [Link]
Course Overview
Class Schedule
Day Monday Friday
Time 11:00AM to 11:50 AM 11:00AM to 11:50 AM
Venue L-3 L-3
Marks Distribution
Total Marks Distribution
Attendance 5%
4 HWs 10%
4 Announced Quizzes 15%
Mid Semester Exam 25%
End Semester Exam 45%
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Course Content
Fuels and combustion: stoichiometry, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of reaction, adiabatic flame
temperature, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, quasi steady state assumption, partial
equilibrium
Internal Combustion Engine: Classifications, Real Cycles, Combustion, Emissions, Performance and
Testing.
Power Plant Technology: Rankine cycle, reheat, regeneration, supercritical cycle, binary and
combined cycles, equipment in a power plant, non-conventional/renewable power plants, energy
storage.
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Systems: reverse Carnot cycle, vapor compression refrigeration
cycle, cascading, multi-staging, absorption refrigeration cycle, air conditioning, dew point, WBT,
psychometric processes, winter and summer air conditioning, applications
Recommended Books
SR Turns Introduction to Combustion
Heywood Internal Combustion Engines
P K Nag Power Plant Engineering
CP Arora Refrigeration and air- conditioning
Additional resource materials: Will be supplied from time to time in the class/ course website.
Questions may be asked from these materials.
Introduction of Energy
Energy creates the power to drive tools and machines, to process materials into manufactured
products and to create structures.
Power is generated from nonrenewable energy sources such as coal, oil, and gas, or can be generated
from natural resources such as geothermal, solar, and gravitational energies.
Energy can be defined as the capacity or ability to do the work. Any physical activity in this world is
caused due to the flow of energy in one form to another form.
The combination of energy and matter make up the universe. Matter is substance, and energy is the
mover of substance.
Historical Overview of Energy
The word energy derives from the Greek word en-ergon, which means activity. It is also defined as
the in-work or work content.
Energy is subject to the law of conservation. According to this law, energy can neither be created
(produced) nor destroyed by itself. It can only be transformed.
The concept of energy emerged out of the idea of vis viva (living force), which Gottfried Leibniz
defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva
was conserved.
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Grades of Energy
This energy efficiency rating is based on nature, availability and total base cost involved in its
exploration.
A-C grade energy comes under high grade energy due to its lower running cost and higher efficiency.
D-E grade energy comes under medium grade energy due to either high running cost or lower
efficiency .
F-G grade energy comes under low grade energy due to its higher running cost and lower efficiency.
Reference: US conference report, EU Directive 2002/91/EC
Energy Chart
Energy
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Classification of Energy
Energy sources are broadly classified into three types:
(1) On the basis of usability of energy
(a) Primary Resources: Available resources in raw form as petroleum, uranium etc.
(b) Intermediate Resources: Modified form of primary resources that can not be directly used
(c) Secondary Resources: End user form of energy that can be directly utilized as electrical energy,
thermal energy etc.
(2) On the basis of traditional Use
(a) Conventional Energy: Traditionally used energy resources as fossil fuels, nuclear.
(b) Non Conventional Energy: Other than conventional resources as solar, wind , hydro, etc.
(3) Based on availability
(a) Renewable Energy: It is the energy obtained from the repetitive currents of energy occurring in the
natural environment.
(b) Non-renewable Energy: It is energy obtained from static deposit s of any sources that remains bound
unless exploited by human interaction. (These are available as reserves or deposits)
Forms of Energy
All forms of energy are related.
Each form can be converted into any other form.
Most important is that one can not create or destroy energy, one can only change its form.
The ability of energy to do useful functions is realized, when energy is converted from one form to
another via an energy conversion device.
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Energy Conversion Matrix
Reference: [Link]
Fossil Fuels: Introduction
Fossil fuels are formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead
organisms. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and
sometimes exceeds 650 million years.
Crude Oil contains many hydrocarbons which are fraction recrystalized at different temperatures.
In oil refineries, diesel, kerosene and gasoline is distilled from the crude oil which are the basic fossil
fuels used in industries and vehicles.
Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon. General formula of fossil fuel can be given as CxHyOz.
Most of the worlds energy is derived from Fossil Fuels. Fossil fuels are the 85% of the world
commercial energy.
The Major usage of Fossil fuels are:
Transportation (26.5%)
Industrial (32.5%)
Residential/Commercial (41.0%)
Electrical Power (40.7%)
Top three sources of Fossil fuels are:
(a) Oil: Liquid form of non renewable fuel (Crude oil)
(b) Coal: Solid form of non renewable fuel
(c) Natural Gas: Gaseous form of non renewable fuel
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Why is this such a big deal environmentally?
Fossil fuels have to be extracted from the Earth or the Ocean; often there are environmental
consequences from extracting fossil fuels (e.g. strip mining, oil spills, etc.)
Fossil fuels are pollutants, especially crude oil. Major oil leaks create an
environmental/economic/political nightmare.
Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases (CO2, Methane, etc.), which have been associated with
global climate change.
Burning fossil fuels releases several pollutants:
Coal burning releases sulfates in the air that produce acid rain
Burning of gasoline releases CO2,volatile organic compounds, nitric oxides, and ozone.
Increased demand of renewable fuels and its consumption Reference: [Link]
Renewable Energy Resources: Solution of energy crisis
Renewable energy uses energy sources that are continually replenished by naturethe sun, the wind,
water, the Earths heat, and plants.
The renewable energy is ready to harnessed, inexhaustible and more importantly it is clean
alternative to fossil fuel .
Today we primarily use fossil fuels but we have a limited supply of these fuels on the Earth. We are
using them much more rapidly than they are being created. Eventually, they will run out.
Burning of fossil fuel, such as coal, oil and natural gas will cause green house effect, rise in sea effect,
impact on our ecosystem and agriculture production, and most commonly pollutants into
atmosphere.
Advantages
Available in unlimited extent.
Very low operational cost.
Very low maintenance cost.
They cause no or very little pollution
Disadvantages
High capital cost.
Low output in terms of power and efficiency.
Conveyance from one place to other is difficult.
Storage is difficult.