BUILDING TYPES
FROM ITS INDUSTRIAL BEGINNINGS IN LONDON
EMERGING PRACTICES IN HOUSING
MEASI ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE
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The swift development of architectural technique and form in this century has roots that go as far back as the
18th century.
The Enlightenment :
Enhanced the significance and the social status of every citizen. Fundamental change in political culture.
The Industrial Revolution :
spreads from England to Europe and North America, created a new type of worker : the wage-laborer or proletarian,
who earn hard living in the numerous factories
19th Century : An era of revolutionary changes affecting every aspects of life.
Why was it Started?
Industrial Revolution as, a widespread replacement of manual labor by machines that began in
Britain in the 18th century.
People did not want to do their work manually for the rest of their lives.
Somewhere around 75% of the British made their money from farming. In the winter when they
couldn't farm they worked with the wool from their sheep to make cloth. This was called the
cottage industry. This was one thing that caused the Industrial Revolution.
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Why did the Industrial Revolution first start in England by the 1780s?
The factors are :
Geographic
Political factors
Economic factors
Technological factors
Before THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Lived differently then today.
9 out of 10 people lived in rural areas.
No electricity, no telephones, no cars etc.
Ordinary people make things by hands they needed.
Slow pace
No education
Quiet world
Coal
energy
wood
There policies on scientific development allowed innovators to create and improve without
science
having permission from the state.
the government played a very important role
finance
No other nation had a naval power anywhere near that of Britain during this period
NEW INVENTIONS
The Steam Engine : invented by James Watt in 1785, whose proliferation into newly built machine shop and iron
foundries engendered an appropriate type of building.
The Railway : A meaningful symbol of the new age which in turn had consequences for architecture - stations,
bridges, tunnels.
The Steam Boat : An important means of transportation which in turn had consequences for mass migration from
across the globe.
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DEVELOPMENT IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Roads, railways and canals were built.
Canals- canals began to be built in the late Eighteenth century to link major manufacturing Centres
Rail road - the construction of major railways Connecting the larger cities and towns
INVENTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS
Cast iron Wrought iron glass
Cast iron, an essentially brittle material, is Approximately four times as resistant to
Compression as stone.
Wrought iron, which is forty times as Resistant to tension and bending as stone, is Only four
times heavier. It can be form and Molded into any shape.
Glass can be manufactured in larger sizes And volumes.
Solid structures could be replaced by Skeleton structures, making it possible to Erect buildings of
almost unrestricted height.
Buildings could be constructed into any Shape and in short time.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION FOR ARCHITECTURE
The need for fancy architecture left and the need for industrial architecture took place
Instead of beautifully made buildings that were designed to impress buildings were made with just
the industry in mind.
No fancy types of architecture just plain architecture that was created to make sure that the facility
worked efficiently.
This movement made it possible for production to become easier and for more people to have many
different types of architecture to choose from.
POPULATION INCREASE
At the start of the 19th Century about 1/5 of Britains population lived there, but by 1851 half the
population of the country had set up home in London.
The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1851
and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million.
Europes population doubled during the 18th century, from roughly 100 million to almost 200 million,
and doubled again during the 19th century, to around 400 million.
WHAT WAS THE EFFECT ON AGRICULTURE
Farmers that had always done everything by hand were now using machines in their fields.
With all of the machines not as many farm workers were needed so they had to move to cities to find work.
BUILDING TYPES NEW MATERIALS IRON as Example
The Iron Bridge
The Iron Rail Road Station
The Iron Market Place
The Iron Commercial Buildings
The Iron Cultural and Religious Buildings
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The Iron Exhibition Buildings
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT DURING 19TH CENTURY
Just as important as its growing geographical size and transport network was the dramatic
change in the nature of the buildings in which Londoners lived.
During the eighteenth century, and even outside the areas affected by the Great Fire of 1666,
wood and lathe, plaster, waddle and daub, were replaced by bricks, stone and stucco.
The streets were newly paved and the roadways carefully divided from the pavements.
Street lighting first became a familiar aspect of the London scene, and then gradually, with
technical developments in the design of the lamps, began to have a significant impact on
people's ability to see at night.
Oil lamps were replaced by gas lamps that were in their turn replaced by electric lights. Street
signs and numbered houses began to appear in the 1740s, becoming commonplace by the 1770s
and ubiquitous by the 1800s.
HOUSING AND ITS TYPES
General scenario
1. In the process of rebuilding and building afresh, Londoners created a new type of house, a machine for
living in a new way.
2. The TERRACED HOUSE, with its vaults, kitchen and services on the lower ground floor and its living
quarters above, became both the standard template for all new housing, and the architectural expression of
a new set of aspirations.
3. Despite changing decorative tastes, this lasted relatively unchanged in its essentials throughout the period
covered by the Proceedings.
4. For middling sort and elite Londoners, this new architectural style, with sash windows and an ever-growing
pallet of room types - bedrooms and parlors, front rooms and libraries - created a sophisticated style of
urban life.
5. What was not built into the design of these terraces was space for trade and manufacturing. These activities
were increasingly separated off into purpose built structures.
6. Commuting between home and work became a familiar part of everyday life for both working people and
the middling sort.
7. At the same time, in the back streets, and between the new built terraces, older houses survived in
remarkable numbers.
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8. Small houses, frequently built of wood in a distinctive London vernacular style, filled many courts
and alleys in the areas of the city left untouched by the Fire.
9. To supply the demands of these newly housed Londoners, shops and patterns of shopping became ever
more complex.
10. Shop fronts gained newfangled glass windows from the 1700s, and standards of display and internal
ornamentation rose steadily through the eighteenth century, while fashionable arcades and exclusive
shopping districts gradually developed in the West End the Burlington Arcade marking a highpoint in
this evolution when it opened in 1819.
11. The second half of the nineteenth century witnessed in turn the evolution of the "Department Store", and
by 1913 many familiar names could be found, including Whiteleys, Harrods, Maples and Heals.
12. London was overflowed like I already mentioned in the previous theme and thats why it was normal that 2
or 3 families were living in one house. Furthermore, the people decided to live near the factories so that
people could walk to work. Victorian parents had in the majority of cases 4 or 5 children, so that they had
between 2 and 5 rooms, because the houses were built quickly and cheaply.
13. However, the houses did not have any mains water and as a result toilets. The suboptimal solution was that
a whole street shared an outdoor pump and outside toilets. During this period the typical houses for
London "BACK-TO-BACKS" were built. On account of the shortage of space even the cellars were
rented.
14. The boom of the Industrial Revolution in London at the end of the 18th and early 19th centuries
transformed the city from nations capital to one of the most overcrowded cities in the world.
15. The increasing demand for factory workers caused a mass migration from the nations agrarian
communities, as workers descended onto London looking for better paying jobs. By the start of the 19th
century, one-fifth of Englands entire population lived in London.
HOUSING based on
CLASS BUILDING TYPES
The Industrial Revolution brought urbanization. People who lived and worked in the countryside
moved to the city for new employment opportunities.
As Britain became industrialized, British society was stratified (layered) into
a small wealthy upper class,
a larger middle class of professionals and
a large lower class of workers and peasants.
Housing for the upper, middle and lower classes reflected their working conditions and lifestyles.
Castle
UPPER CLASS FAMILIES
Mansions
MIDDLE CLASS FAMILIES Terraced home.
Cellars
WORKERS AND LABORS Small terraced home
Communal toilets
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The social classes of Britain in the Industrial Revolution
The upper classes comprised the land-owning nobility and new rich families.
Has political connections but their position in society was reinforced by their ownership of land.
The Industrial Revolution did not challenge their power but opened the upper class to new groups.
The Industrial Revolution provided the opportunity for ambitious individuals to rise from poverty to riches
through hard work and ingenuity.
Inventors and entrepreneurs could start companies and amass great wealth
The Industrial Revolution created a new, large, middle class of professionals. These professionals included
lawyers, doctors and tradesmen.
These professionals also benefited from the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution created a new, large, middle class of professionals.
These professionals included lawyers, doctors and tradesmen.
These professionals also benefited from the Industrial Revolution.
Differences in wealth and occupation were reflected in the living standards and housing of the British classes.
Upper class homes
The land-owning nobility lived on estates that had been owned by their families for generations. These
estates could be self-sufficient with small farms attached. The houses of the nobility were mansions with
many rooms. Noble families were attended upon by servants.
Newly-rich families adopted this lavish lifestyle.
Cliffe Castle in Keighley is an example of an upper class home from the Industrial Revolution and is situated
on a large estate and is modeled on a castle complete with turrets and towers.
The house is surrounded by a large garden which is closed off from the public by high walls.
Large homes and gardens tended by servants were the benefits of the upper-class household. Upper class
families were able to afford such luxuries from landed wealth or newly-acquired wealth.
Middle class homes
The Industrial Revolution also produced a large middle class of professionals and tradesmen.
The lifestyles of professionals and tradesmen were not as lavish as those of the nobility.
Members of the middle class could, however, afford to buy their own terraced home.
This terrace could have one or two levels and two or three bedrooms.
Professional families did not have many servants, perhaps a nanny for young children.
The middle class lifestyle was, however, luxurious when compared with the lifestyles and accommodation of
the working class.
Working class Homes
Peasants and farmers moved to the city to realize dreams of wealth and steady employment.
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Upon arriving in the city and taking on a new job, the peasants were met with exploitation and disappointment.
Workers were housed close to the factories, to minimize transportation time and cost.
This allowed the factory owners to exert more control over the workers.
Most factory owners and employers were not willing to provide workers with good quality housing.
Instead, poorly-built, cheap and unsanitary settlements were erected.
Workers paid high rents to live in these slums.
Terraces, small, identical houses built in rows, were hastily constructed.
The houses were basic with earth floors and no running water.
Some houses had small yards at the back with a toilet outside. Other houses had communal toilets.
Poor hygiene and sanitation.
outbreaks of diseases
crime and drunkenness.
crowded and dirty slums
not afford to live in the terraced houses were accommodated in cellars.
Cellars were located underneath other houses.
Sewage that had been thrown out by neighbours living upstairs could seep through the cellar walls.
When it rained, the cellars could flood.
By the 1850s, conditions in the British slums gained public attention.
Workers campaigned for improvements in housing and sanitation.
Parliament passed a number of public health acts which ordered the covering of sewers and other basic
hygiene procedures.
While these acts improved conditions, they were ineffective in solving the ongoing housing and health
problems.
As the Industrial Revolution continued, wages increased and living standards gradually improved.
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