9/8/98 AC 43.

13-1B
CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
CHAPTER 4. METAL STRUCTURE, WELDING, AND BRAZING
SECTION 1. IDENTIFICATION OF METALS
4-1. General..........................................................................................................................................................4-1
Table 4-1. Ferrous (Iron) Alloy Materials...............................................................................................4-1
4-2. Identification of Steel Stock .........................................................................................................................4-1
Table 4-2. Numerical System for Steel Identification.............................................................................4-2
Table 4-3. Examples of Stainless and Heat-Resistant Steels Nominal Composition (Percent)..............4-3
4-3. Interchangeability of Steel Tubing ...............................................................................................................4-2
4-4. Identification of Aluminum ..........................................................................................................................4-2
Table 4-4. Basic Temper Designations and Subdivisions from Aluminum Alloys................................4-4
4-5.4-15. [RESERVED.]................................................................................................................................ 4-4

SECTION 2. TESTING OF METALS

4-16. Hardness Testing ..........................................................................................................................................4-5

4-17. Rockwell Hardness Test...............................................................................................................................4-5
4-18. Brinell Hardness Test ...................................................................................................................................4-5
4-19. Vickers Hardness Test..................................................................................................................................4-6
4-20. Microhardness Testing .................................................................................................................................4-6
4-21. Indentions .....................................................................................................................................................4-7
Figure 4-1. Comparison of Indentation Made by Knoop and Vickers Indenters
in the Same Work Metal and at the Same Loads...................................................................4-7
4-22. Magnetic Testing ..........................................................................................................................................4-8
4-23. Aluminum Testing ........................................................................................................................................4-8
Table 4-5. Hardness Values for Aluminum Alloys. (Reference MIL-H-6088G.).................................4-8
4-24.4-35. [RESERVED.].............................................................................................................................. 4-8
SECTION 3. PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES

4-36. Flutter and Vibration Precautions.................................................................................................................4-9

4-37. Load Factors for Repairs ............................................................................................................................4-10
4-38. Transfer of Stresses Within a Structure......................................................................................................4-10
4-39.4-49. [RESERVED.]............................................................................................................................ 4-10

SECTION 4. METAL REPAIR PROCEDURES

4-50. General........................................................................................................................................................4-11
4-51. Riveted (or Bolted) Steel Truss-Type Structures.......................................................................................4-11
4-52. Aluminum Alloy Structures........................................................................................................................4-11
4-53. Selection of Aluminum for Replacement Parts..........................................................................................4-12
4-54. Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloy Parts .................................................................................................4-12
4-55. Bending Metal ............................................................................................................................................4-13
Table 4-6. Recommended Radii for 90-Degree Bends in Aluminum Alloys.......................................4-14
4-56. Setback........................................................................................................................................................4-13
Figure 4-2. Setback for a 90-Degree Bend.............................................................................................4-13
Table 4-7. K-Chart for Determining Setback for Bends Other Than 90 Degrees ................................4-15
Figure 4-3. Methods of Determining Setbacks for Bends Other Than 90 Degrees...............................4-16
AC 43.13-1B 9/8/98

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Paragraph Page

CHAPTER 4. METAL STRUCTURE, WELDING, AND BRAZING

SECTION 4. METAL REPAIR PROCEDURES

4-57. Riveting.......................................................................................................................................................4-14
Figure 4-4. Rivet Identification and Part Number Breakdown ..............................................................4-16
Table 4-8. Aircraft Rivet Identification.................................................................................................4-17
Figure 4-5. Rivet Hole Spacing and Edge Distance for Single-Lap Sheet Splices................................4-20
Figure 4-6. Riveting Practice and Rivet Imperfections ..........................................................................4-21
Figure 4-7. Self Plugging Friction-Lock Cherry Rivets .........................................................................4-22
Figure 4-8. Mechanical-Lock (Bulbed Cherry) Cherry Rivet ................................................................4-23
Figure 4-9. Cherry Max Rivet.................................................................................................................4-24
Figure 4-10. Olymic-Lok Rivet ................................................................................................................4-25
Figure 4-11. Huck Rivet ...........................................................................................................................4-26
4-58. Repair Methods and Precautions for Aluminum Structure........................................................................4-25
Figure 4-12. Typical Repair Method for Tubular Members of Aluminum Alloy....................................4-28
Figure 4-13. Typical Repair for Buckled or Cracked Metal Wing Rib Capstrips ...................................4-29
Figure 4-14. Typical Metal Rib Repairs (Usually Found on Small and Medium-Size Aircraft).............4-30
Figure 4-15. Typical Repairs of Trailing Edges.......................................................................................4-31
Figure 4-16. Typical Repairs of Stressed Sheet Metal Coverings ...........................................................4-32
Figure 4-17. Typical Stringer and Flange Splices ....................................................................................4-33
Figure 4-18. Example of Stringer Splice (Material-2017 Alloy) .............................................................4-34
Figure 4-19. Application of Typical Flange Splices and Reinforcement.................................................4-35
Table 4-9. Number of Rivets Required for Splices (Single-Lap Joint)
in Bare 2014-T6, 2024-T3, 2024-T3, and 7075-T6 Sheet, Clad 2014-T6,
2024-T3, 2024-T36, and 7075-T6 Sheet, 2024-T4, and 7075-T6 Plate,
Bar, Rod, Tube, and Extrusions, 2014-T6 Extrusions ........................................................4-37
Table 4-10. Number of Rivets Required for Splices (Single-Lap Joint)
in 2017, 1017 Alclad, 2024-T3 Alclad Sheet, Plate, Bar, Rod,
Tube, and Extrusions ...........................................................................................................4-38
Table 4-11. Number of Rivets Required for Splices (Single-Lap Joint)
in 5032 (All Hardnesses) Sheet ...........................................................................................4-39
4-59. Repairing Cracked Members......................................................................................................................4-40
Figure 4-20. Example of Intermediate Frame Stringer Splice (Material 2017-T3 AL Alloy).................4-41
Figure 4-21. Typical Methods of Repairing Cracked Leading and Trailing Edges
and Rib Intersections ..................................................................................................................................4-42
Figure 4-22. Typical Methods of Replacing Cracked Member at Fittings ..............................................4-43
Figure 4-23. Typical Methods of Repairing Cracked Frame and Stiffener Combination .......................4-44
Figure 4-24. Typical Repairs to Rudder and to Fuselage at Tail Post .....................................................4-45
4-60. Steel and Aluminum Fittings ......................................................................................................................4-40
Figure 4-25. Typical Methods of Repairing Elongated or Worn Bolt Holes...........................................4-46
4-61. Castings.......................................................................................................................................................4-40
4-62. Selective Plating in Aircraft Maintenance..................................................................................................4-40
4-63.4-73. [RESERVED.]............................................................................................................................ 4-51
9/27/01 AC 43.13-1B CHG 1

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 4. METAL STRUCTURE, WELDING, AND BRAZING
SECTION 5. WELDING AND BRAZING
4-74. General........................................................................................................................................................4-53
Table 4-12. Current and Polarity Selection for Inert Gas Welding ........................................................4-54
Figure 4-26. Common Defects to Avoid when Fitting and Welding Aircraft Certification Cluster........4-55
Table 4-13. Torch Tip Sizes....................................................................................................................4-55
Figure 4-27 Butt-Welding Strength Calculations ....................................................................................4-56
4-75. Equipment Selection...................................................................................................................................4-53
4-76. Accurately Identify the Type of Material to be Repaired ..........................................................................4-54
4-77. Preparation for Welding .............................................................................................................................4-54
4-78. Inspection of a Completed Weld................................................................................................................4-54
4-79. Microfissures ..............................................................................................................................................4-55
4-80. Nondestructive Testing...............................................................................................................................4-55
4-81. Practices to Guard Against .........................................................................................................................4-55
4-82. Torch Size (Oxyacetylene welding) ...........................................................................................................4-55
4-83. Welding Rods and Electrodes ....................................................................................................................4-56
4-84. Rosette Welds.............................................................................................................................................4-56
4-85. Heat-Treated Members...............................................................................................................................4-56
4-86. Types of Welding .......................................................................................................................................4-56
Figure 4-28. Basic Gas-Welding Flames: Each has Distinctive Shape, Color and Sound.
Neutral Flame is the Most Used...........................................................................................4-57
Figure 4-29. Set TIG Welder to DC Current, Straight Polarity for Welding Mild Steel,
Stainless Steel and Titanium................................................................................................4-58
Figure 4-30. Set TIG to AC Current for Welding Aluminum and Magnesium .......................................4-58
4-87. Electric-Resistance Welding ......................................................................................................................4-58
Figure 4-31. In Spot Welding, Heat is Produced by Electrical Resistance Between
Copper Electrodes. Pressure is Simultaneously Applied to Electrode Tips
to Force Metal Together to Complete Fusing Process. Spot-Weld-Nugget Size
is Directly Related to Tip Size.............................................................................................4-58
4-88. Brazing........................................................................................................................................................4-59
Table 4-14. Calculated Allowable Strength of Base Metal.....................................................................4-60
Figure 4-32. Silver Brazing Joints ............................................................................................................4-60
Figure 4-33. Electric Soldering Iron.........................................................................................................4-61
4-89. Aircraft Parts Not to be Welded................................................................................................................4-62
4-90. Welding Rod Selection...............................................................................................................................4-62
Table 4-15. Chart Showing Welding Filler Rod Selection .....................................................................4-63
4-91. Repair of Tubular Members .......................................................................................................................4-62
Figure 4-34. Finger Patch Repairs for Members Dented at a Cluster ......................................................4-64
4-92. Repair by Welded Sleeve ...........................................................................................................................4-65
Figure 4-35. Members Dented in a Bay (Repairs by Welded Sleeve) .....................................................4-66
4-93. Repair by Bolted Sleeve .............................................................................................................................4-65
4-94. Welded-Patch Repair..................................................................................................................................4-65
Figure 4-36. Welded Patch Repair ...........................................................................................................4-67
4-95. Splicing Tubing by Inner-Sleeve Method ..................................................................................................4-65
Figure 4-37. Splicing by Inner-Sleeve Method ........................................................................................4-67
4-96. Splicing Tubing by Outer-Sleeve Method .................................................................................................4-65
Figure 4-38. Splicing by Outer-Sleeve Method (Replacement by Welded Outside Sleeve)...................4-69
Figure 4-39. Tube Replacement at a Station by Welded Outer Sleeves ..................................................4-69
9/27/01 AC 43.13-1B CHG 1
CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Paragraph CHAPTER 4. METAL STRUCTURE, WELDING, AND BRAZING Page
SECTION 5. WELDING AND BRAZING

4-97. Splicing Using Larger Diameter Replacement Tubes................................................................................4-68

Figure 4-40. Splicing Using Larger Diameter Replacement Tube...........................................................4-70
4-98. Repairs at Built-In Fuselage Fittings..........................................................................................................4-71
Figure 4-41. Repairs at Built-In Fuselage Fittings ...................................................................................4-72
4-99. Engine-Mount Repairs................................................................................................................................4-71
4-100. Built-Up Tubular Wing or Tail-Spars........................................................................................................4-73
Figure 4-42. Streamline Tube Splice Using Round Tube (Applicable to Landing Gear) .......................4-74
4-101. Wing-Brace Struts and Tail-Brace Struts...................................................................................................4-73
Figure 4-43. Streamline Tube Splice Using Split Sleeve
(Applicable to Wing and Tail Surface Brace Struts and Other Members) .........................4-75
4-102. Landing Gear Repair ..................................................................................................................................4-73
Figure 4-44. Streamline Tube Splice Using Split Insert (Applicable to Landing Gear)..........................4-76
Figure 4-45. Streamline Tube Splice Using Plates (Applicable to Landing Gear)..................................4-77
Figure 4-46. Representative Types of Repairable Axle Assemblies........................................................4-78
Figure 4-47. Landing Gear Assemblies that Cannot be Repaired by Welding ........................................4-79
4-103. Repairs to Welded Assemblies...................................................................................................................4-74
4-104. Stainless Steel Structure .............................................................................................................................4-75
4-105.4-110. [RESERVED.]........................................................................................................................ 4-79

SECTION 6. WELDING AND BRAZING SAFETY

4-111. General........................................................................................................................................................4-81
4-112. Fire and Explosion Safety ..........................................................................................................................4-81
4-113. Welding Work Area ...................................................................................................................................4-81
4-114. Fire Protection ............................................................................................................................................4-81
4-115. Protective Apparel......................................................................................................................................4-82
4-116. First-Aid Kits ..............................................................................................................................................4-82
4-117.4-128. [RESERVED.]........................................................................................................................ 4-82