AMath026

AMath026 UWO
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1.0 Complex Numbers
Definition of Complex Numbers

i 2 = 1 or i = 1

Re ( z ) = Re ( x + yi ) = x , Im ( z ) = Im ( x + yi ) = y

The Modulus

w = a + ib = a 2 + b2

The Argument
If the line from the origin to the point ( a, b ) makes an angle with
the real axis, then we call an argument of the complex number
w = a + ib .

arg ( w ) = arg ( a + ib ) =

Polar Form of a Complex Number

w = w cos + i w sin

Method of Finding the Modulus and Argument

When the only information you have been given is the cartesian coordinates of the point,
try the following steps:
Step 1: Plot the point ( a, b ) in an argand diagram

Step 2: Find the modulus using w = a2 + b 2

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Evaluate sheet
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a

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Conjugate of a Complex Number

denoted w , given by:

w = a ib

Complex Addition and Subtraction

If w = a + bi and z = x + yi , where a,b,x and y are real numbers,
then w + z = ( a + x ) + ( b + y )i
w z = ( a x ) + ( b y )i

Product of Complex Numbers

If w = a + bi and z = x + yi , where a,b,x, and y are real numbers,
then

wz = ( ax by ) + ( ay + bx )i

The Modulus and Argument of a Product

wz = w z and arg ( wz ) = arg ( w ) + arg ( z )

The Modulus and Argument of a Quotient

---- = ------ and arg ---- = arg ( z ) arg ( w )

z z z
w w w

The Quotient of Complex Numbers

If z 1 and z 2 are both in polar forms, then

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z rstudy
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---- = ---- [ cos ( sheet
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2
practice tests
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tests at:
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2
z2 r2

de Moivers Theorem

( cos + i sin ) n = cos n + i sin n

Eulers Identity

e i = cos + i sin

e i e i e i + e i
sin = ---------------------
- cos = ---------------------
-
2i 2

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2.0 Inverse of Functions
Method of finding the Inverse of a function

Step 1: Show that the function has an inverse

Either use the horizontal line test, or show that the function is con-
tinuously increasing or decreasing on the given interval.

Step 2: Let y = f ( x )

Step 2: Solve for x in terms of y

Step 3: Exchange x for y

3.0 Trig Functions

Memorize the following Identities and Laws:

opps adj opp

sin t = ------------, cos t = -----------, tan t = ---------
hypt hypt adj

1 - sec t = --------- cos -t = ---------

1 - cot t = --------- sin t-
1 tan t = ---------
csc t = -------- , , ,
sin t cos t sin t tan t cos t

cos2 t + sin2 t = 1 cot2 t + 1 = csc2 t 1 + tan2 t = sec2 t

cos ( t ) = cos t sin ( t ) = sin t

Double-angle Formulas:

sin 2t = 2 sin t cos t

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2t = cos t sin t
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2
at: 2

cos 2t = 2 cos2 t 1
cos 2t = 1 2 sin2 t
cos2 t = 1----------------------
+ cos 2t-
2
1 cos 2t
sin2 t = ----------------------
2

cos ( A + B ) = cos A cos B sin A sin B sin ( A + B ) = sin A cos B + sin B cos A

tan A + tan B-
tan ( A + B ) = --------------------------------
1 tan A tan B

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Cancellation Laws:

sin ( sin 1 x ) = x for all x [ 1, 1 ]

sin 1 ( sin x ) = x for all x

---,
---
2 2

cos ( cos 1 x ) = x for all x [ 1, 1 ]

cos 1 ( cos x ) = x for all x [ 0, ]

tan ( tan 1 x ) = x for all x R

tan 1 ( tan x ) = x for all x ------,

---
2 2

Inverse-Trig Functions:

---,
sin 1 x is restricted to --- and is:
2 2

in the first quadrant if x > 0 .

in the fourth quadrant if x < 0

sin 1 x = 0 if x = 0

cos 1 x is restricted to ( 0, ) and is:

in the first quadrant if x > 0

in the second quadrant if x < 0

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cos x study
free --- if x = sheet
study
=
2
1 sheet
0 and
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tan 1 x is restricted to
---
--- and is:
2 , 2

in the first quadrant if x > 0

in the fourth quadrant if x < 0

tan 1 x = 0 if x = 0

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4.0 Limits
Limit Rules to Memorize:

If lim f ( x ) = L, lim g ( x ) = M and k is a constant, then

xa xa

1. Limit of a sum: lim [ f ( x ) + g ( x ) ] = L + M

xa

2. Limit of a difference: lim [ f ( x ) g ( x ) ] = L M

xa

3. Limit of a product: lim f ( x )g ( x ) = LM

xa

4. Limit of a multiple: lim kf ( x ) = kL

xa

f(x) L
5. Limit of a quotient: lim ---------- = -----
x ag ( x ) M

If m is an integer and n is a positive integer, then

6. Limit of a power: lim [ f ( x ) ] m / n = L m / n

xa

Trouble Shooting Limits:

1. Substitute in the given point c.

2. If you are working with a quotient, try factoring the top and bottom, and see if anything
cancells out.

3. If you are working with a quotient and you are taking the limit of x , try dividing
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both top and bottom of the function by the highest power of x.

4. If you are working with absolute values, then try breaking the limit into two one-sided
limits.

5. If you are working with a quotient, and factoring does not work, then see whether the
LHopitals rule will work.

6. If you are working with trigs, then you may try the squeeze theorem.

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Important Limits to know:
sin x 1 cos x
1. lim ---------- = 1 2. lim -------------------- = 0
x0 x x0 x
3. If a > 1 , then

lim log ax = and lim log ax =

x x 0+

4. If 0 < a < 1 , then

lim log ax = and lim log ax =

x x 0+

5. lim e x = and lim e = 0

x x

6. lim ln x = and lim ln x =

x x 0+

7. lim f 1--- = lim f ( x ) and lim f 1--- = lim f ( x )

x 0 + x x x 0 - x x

8. lim tan 1 x = --- and lim tan 1 x = ------

x 2 x 2

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5.0 Derivative
The Definition of the Derivative:
The Derivative of f at x is given by
f ( x + h) f ( x )
f ' ( x) = lim
h o h
and, equivalently by

f ( x ) f( a)
f' ( a ) = lim ------------------------
-
xa xa

The Product Rule:

d f x x = f x
[ ( )g ( ) ] ( )g' ( x ) + g ( x )f' ( x )
dx

The Quotient Rule:

f(x)
d ---------- g ( x )f' ( x ) f ( x )g' ( x ) g x
-, ( ) 0
= ------------------------------------------------
d x g( x) [ g ( x )] 2

Differentiation Formulas to Memorize:

1. d ( x n ) = nx n 1 2. d ( sin x ) = cos x 3. d ( cos x ) = sin x

dx dx dx

4. d ( tan x ) = sec2 x 5. d ( e x ) = e x 6. d ( ln x ) = --
1-
dx dx dx x

d x d 1 d 1
7. ( a ) = a x ln a 8. ( sin 1 x ) = ------------------ 9. ( cos 1 x ) = ------------------
dx dx d x
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1 x2 1 x2
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d
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10. ( tan 1 x ) = --------------
dx 1 + x2

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Process of Logarithmic Differentiation
1. Take the ln of both sides. This results in an expression of the from ln y = ln [ f ( x ) ]
2. Simplify ln [ f ( x ) ] by using the properties of logarithms.
3. Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
dy
4. Solve for ------
dx
5. Express the answer in terms of x only.

Process of Implicit Differentiation

1. Take the derivative of both sides with respect to x. Note: The derivative of any term
dy
that contains a y, must be multiplied by ------ (this is a result of using the chain rule!)
dx
dy
2. Solve for ------ .
dx

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