CHAPTER - 3

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

KEY POINTS
A radian is an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc whose
length is equal to the radius of the circle. We denote 1 radian by 1c.

radian = 180 degree

180
1 radian = degree

1 degree = radian
180

If an arc of length l makes an angle radian at the centre of a circle of

radius r, we have

l

r

Quadrant I II III IV

t- functions which All sin x tan x cos x

are positive cosec x cot x sec x

Function x x x x + x 2 x 2 + x
2 2
sin sin x cos x cos x sin x sin x sin x sin x
cos cos x sin x sin x cos x cos x cos x cos x
tan tan x cot x cot x tan x tan x tan x tan x
cosec cosec x sec x sec x cosec x cosec x cosec x cosec x
sec sec x cosec x cosec x sec x sec x sec x sec x
cot cot x tan x tan x cot x cot x cot x cot x

25 XI Mathematics
 Function Domain Range
sin x R [1,1]
cos x R [1,1]

tan x R (2n 1) ; n z R
2

Cosec x R {n; n z} R (1,1)

Sec x R (2n 1) ; n z R (1,1)
2

cot x R {n, n z} R

Some Standard Results

sin (x + y) = sinx cosy + cosx siny

cos (x + y) = cosx cosy sinx siny

tan x tan y
tan(x y)
1 tan x. tan y

cot x. cot y 1
cot(x y)
cot y cot x

sin (x y) = sinx cosy cosx siny

cos (x y) = cosx cosy + sinx siny

tan x tan y
tan(x y)
1 tan [Link]

cot x. cot y 1
cot(x y)
cot y cot x

tan x tan y tan z tan x tan y tan z

tan(x y z)
1 tan x tan y tan y. tan z tan z tan x

2sinx cosy = sin(x + y) + sin(x y)

2cosx siny = sin(x + y) sin(x y)

2cosx cosy = cos(x + y) + cos(x y)

2sinx siny = cos(x y) cos(x + y)

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 x y xy
sin x sin y 2 sin cos
2 2

x y xy
sin x sin y 2 cos sin
2 2

x y xy
cos x cos y 2 cos cos
2 2

x y xy
cos x cos y 2 sin sin
2 2
2 tan x

Sin 2x 2 sin x cos x 2

1 tan x
2
1 tan x
cos 2x = cos2x sin2x = 2 cos2x 1 = 1 2sin2x = 2
1 tan x

2 tan x
tan 2x 2
1 tan x

sin 3x = 3 sinx 4 sin3x

cos 3x = 4 cos3x 3 cos x

3
3 tan x tan x
tan 3x = 2
1 3 tan x

sin(x + y) sin(x y) = sin2x sin2y

= cos2y cos2x

cos(x + y) cos(x y) = cos 2x sin2y

= cos2y sin2x

Principal solutions The solutions of a trigonometric equation for which

0 x < 2 are called its principal solutions.

General solution A solution of a trigonometric equation, generalised by

means of periodicity, is known as the general solution.

27 XI Mathematics
 General solutions of trigonometric equations :

sin = 0 = n n z

cos = 0 = (2n n z
2
tan = 0 = n n z
sin = sin = n (1)n n z
cos = cos = 2n n z
tan = tan = n n z
Law of sines or sine formula
The lengths of sides of a triangle are proportional to the sines of the
angles opposite to them i.e..

a b c

sin A sin B sin C
Law of cosines or cosine formula

In any ABC

2 2 2
b c a
cos A
2bc
2 2 2
c a b
cos B
2ca
2 2 2
a b c
cos C
2ab

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1. Find the radian measure corresponding to 5 37' 30''

11 c
2. Find the degree measure corresponding to
16

3. Find the length of an arc of a circle of radius 5 cm subtending a central

angle measuring 15

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 19
4. Find the value of tan
3
5. Find the value of sin(1125)

6. Find the value of tan 15

3
7. If sin A = and 2 < A < , find cos A
5

a 1
8. If tan A = and tan B = then find the value of A + B.
a 1 2a 1

9. Express sin 12 + sin 4 as the product of sines and cosines.

10. Express 2 cos4x sin2x as an algebraic sum of sines or cosines.

11. Write the range of cos

12. What is domain of sec

Find the principal solutions of cotx = 3

14. Write the general solution of cos = 0

5
15. If sinx = and 0 < x < find the value of cos 2x
3 2

1 x
16. If cosx = and x lies in quadrant III, find the value of sin
3 2

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

17. A horse is tied to a post by a rope. If the horse moves along a circular
path, always keeping the rope tight and describes 88 metres when it
traces 72 at the centre, find the length of the rope.

18. It the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3:4:5, find the smallest angle in
degrees and the greatest angle in radians.

12
19. If sinx = and x lies in the second quadrant, show that secx + tanx = 5
13

29 XI Mathematics
 1 5 3
20. If cot , sec where and , find
2 3 2 2
the value of tan ( )

Prove the following Identities

tan 5 tan 3
21. 4 cos 2 cos 4
tan 5 tan 3

cos x sin x cos x sin x

22. 2 tan 2x
cos x sin x cos x sin x

cos 4x sin 3x cos 2x sin x

23. tan 2x
sin 4x sin x cos 6x cos x

1 sin cos
24. tan
1 sin cos 2
25. tan tan tan(60 + ) = tan 3

1
Show that cos20 cos40 cos80 =
8

27. Show that 2 2 2 cos 4 2 cos

cos x x
28. Pr ove that tan
1 sin x 4 2

29. Draw the graph of cosx in [0, 2

Find the general solution of the following equations ([Link]. 30 to Q. No. 33)

30. cos x 0
10

31. sin 7x = sin 3x

32. 3 cos x sin x 1

33. 3 tanx + cotx = 5 cosec x

34. In any triangle ABC, prove that

a(sin B sin C) + b(sinC sinA) + c(sinA sinB) = 0

XI Mathematics 30
35. In any triangle ABC, prove that

a = b cosC + c cosB

36. In any triangle ABC, prove that

A B
ab cos
2
c C
sin
2

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

37. Prove that

sin 16A
cosA cos2A cos4A cos8A = 16 sin A

1
38. Prove that sin10 sin30 sin50 sin70 =
16
39. Find the general solution of

sin2x + sin4x + sin6x = 0

40. Find the general solution of

1
cos cos2 cos3 =
4

3 3
41. Draw the graph of tanx in ,
2 2

42. In any triangle ABC, prove that

b
2
c
2
sin 2A
c
2
a
2
sin 2B
a 2
b
2
sin 2C 0
2 2 2
a b c

31 XI Mathematics
 ANSWERS

c
1. 2. 3922'30''
32

5
3. cm 4. 3
12

1
5. 6. 2 3
2

4
7. 8. 45
5
9. 2 sin8 cos4 sin 6x sin2x

11. [1,1] 12. R 2n 1 ; n z


2

5 11
13. , 14. 2n 1 , n z
6 6 2

1 6
15. 16.
9 3

5
17. 70 m 18. 45, radians
12

2 n 2 , n z
20
11
30. 5

n
31. (2n 1) , ,n z 32. 2n ,n z
10 2 3 6

n
33. 2n ,n z 39. , n , n z
3 4 3

40. (2n 1) , n , n z
8 3

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