Formulari de Relativitat General

Manel Bosch Aguilera

I. Geometria Diferencial Dual de Hodge : m nm

Camps de vectors i corbes integrals
1 1 i...kj...l
( T )j...l = i...kj...l T i...k ( B)j...l = Bj...k
dxi  dxi m! m!

d i i
~v = = v (x) i v (x) =
d d p xi d nformes i smbol de Levi Civita
1 i...j


Commutador: [~v , w]~ = v i i wj wi i v j = [w,
~ ~v ] j
1...n 1...n = 1 i...j i...j = n! i...j = f i...j i...j = 
{~vi } s base coordenada [~v(j) , ~v(k) ] = 0. f
Tensors en una varietat
ijk imn = m
j k
n nk m
j
Vectors i vectors duals:
[a a ]
a1 ...aj aj+1 ...an a1 ...aj bj+1 ...bn = (n j)!j!bj+1
j+1
. . . bnn
~v = v i~ei = v i i Tp p = pi i = pi dxi Tp
Determinant i canvi de base:
i
x f 1
j (~ei ) = dxj (i ) = = ji df = dxi det(A) = ij...k A1i A2j . . . Ank = ab...c ij...l Aai Abj . . . Ank
xj xi n!
0 0 0 0
~ei0 = ii0 ~ei i = ii i v i = ii v i pi0 = ii0 pi f 0 = f det()
N
: T : Tp . . . Tp Tp . . . Tp R


Tensor M Forma volum mtric:
i...j 0 0 0 0
T= Tk...l (~ei . . . ~ej k . . . l ) g = 1 1 . . . n n .
0 0 0 0 0 0 p
Tki0...j i j k l i...j
...l0 = i . . . j k0 . . . l0 Tk...l
= 1 . . . n = |det(g)|dx1 . . . dxn

Mtrica: g, tensor 02 : Derivada exterior

1
g = gij i j = g(~ei , ~ej )( i j ) ~ei ~ej ( i j ) d = l i...j dxl dxi . . . dxj
p!
gij g ik = jk vi = gij v j v i = g ij vj ~ = gij v i wj = vj wj
~v w
d( + ) = d + d d( ) = (d) + (1)p (d)
Derivada de Lie
d(d) = 0 d(f ) = df = gradf d(f dg) = df dg
f Aplicacions:
~v f |t0 = v i i = ~v (f ) ~u~v = [~u, ~v ]
x E3
(u v) ~u ~v
Transport dun vector per Lie: ~ ~a
da
d ~a = (div~a) = (div~a)dx1 dx2 dx3
~u~v = 0 ui i v j v i i uj = 0 Integraci

Propietats: xi xj a
= (~ei , . . . , ~ej ) dx . . . db
~v (p(~u)) = (~v p) (~u) + p (~v ~u) a b
U Rn
~v (T Q) = (~v T) Q + T (~v Q)
Teorema de Stokes i 0-formes:
~v (df ) = d~v (f ) a~v = a~v [~v,~u] = [~v , ~u ] p

Simetries i vectors de Killing d = f = f | det(g)|dx1 ... dxn
Equaci de Killing:
~v g = 0 Teorema de Gauss:
(~v g)ij = v k k gij + i v k gkj + j v k gik

~v = d~v i 1
v ni d ... d n1
= (div ~v )
Nombre mxim: n(n+1)
2 j vi + i vj = 2vl lji
p-formes
Components, dimensi i producte exterior: Connexi i derivada covariant

n! ~x (~y ~z) = (~x ~y ) ~z + ~y (~x ~z)

i...j = [i...j] Cpn = =
p!(n p)! ~x ((~y )) = (~x )(~y ) + (~x ~y )
En una base: ~x (f~z) = (~x f )~z + f (~x ~z)
1 ~x (t) = ~x(t)
= i...j i . . . j
p!
f~x+g~y ~z = f ~x ~z + g~y ~z
1 1
(p q) = (p q)i...l i . . . l = p[i...j qk...l] i . . . l
(p + q)! p!q! ~ej ~ek = ikj ~ei (~y )(, ~x) = j y i i xj xj j y i = (~x ~y )i
Producte interior i(x) : p p1 j y i = j (y i ) + ikj y k j i = j i kij k
1 jk
i Tlm jk
= i Tlm +jsi Tlm
sk js
+...+ksi Tlm sli Tsm
jk jk
...smi Tls
(~x) = ij...l xi j . . . l
(p 1)!
Connexi simtrica: Dinmica:
ikl = ilk
g u u = 1 g k k = 0 k u =
~y ~x ~x ~y = [~x, ~y ] = ~x ~y
Si s Killing i v geodsica, v = g v = cnst.
~x = xk k i + k i xk
Connexi mtrica: u0 E k0 E u L k L

g = 0 g = 0 Trajectries:
2 ! 2
1 L2 2M L2
     
dr 2M dr
lji
= g lm (j gmi + i gmj m gij ) 2
= E 1 1+ 2 = E2 1
2 d r r d r r2
Transport parallel:
Mnim estable:
~v ~u = 0 v k k ui + ilk v l uk = 0
2
2 Mr 2 1 2Mr
L = E =
dui dxl k 1 3M 1 3M
+ ilk u =0 r r
d d s
Geodsiques L2 12M 2
r= 1 1
2M L2
d2 xk dxl dxi
~v ~v = 0 2
+ kli =0
d d d Coordenades de Kruskal-Szekeres:
Curvatura de la connexi  12
 r  
r/4M t
Tensor de Riemann: R(~x, ~y ) [~x , ~y ] [~x,~y] X= 1 e cosh
2M 4M
l
[~ei , ~ej ]~ek [~ei ,~ej ]~ek = Rkij ~el  12
 r  
t
T = 1 er/4M sinh
l
2M 4M
Rkij = i lkj j lki + m l m l
kj mi ki mj
32M 3 er/2M
n2 (n2 1) ds2 = (dT 2 + dX 2 ) + r2 d2
Amb 12 components independents. r
l l l
Teoria Linealitzada i Ones Gravitacionals
Rk(ij) =0 R[kij] =0 Rk[ij;m] =0
1
i g = + h |h |  1 h = h h

Rklmn = gki Rlmn 2
Tensor de Ricci i escalar de Ricci: h h0 = h 2( )

m 1 Gauge de Lorentz: h = 0 2 = h
Rik = Rimk R = g ik Rik R = R Equacions linealitzades + gauge: h = 2T
2
Gauge TT: h0 = 0 , h i
= 0 , hik = 0
Tensor dEinstein:
1 h h0 = h 2( ) +
ij
Gij Rij gij R G = R i G = 0
2
Ones planes:
Divergncia (respecte connexi Levi-Civita):
h = Re [A exp(il x )] l = (, ~k)
1 1 p 
v = v + v = p
p
= p |g| |g|v
|g| |g| l l = h l = R l = l l = l = 0 il =

[Link] General Potncia:

1 dE G ... ... ... 1

R Rg = 8T P = = 5 h I ij I ij i I ij = Dij ij Dkk
2 dt 5c 3

0 0 X
Simetria Esfrica i Forats Negres Dij = T 00 (x)xi xj d3 x0 = m xi xj

Esttic: killing temps + g0i = 0 Lmit Newtoni:
M
Schw: ds2 = (1 2)dt2 + dx2 + dy 2 + dz 2 = R+x
ds2 = e2(t,r) dt2 + e2(t,r) dr2 + r2 (d2 + sin2 d2 )
p dt = d |0 |  |i |
r2
1
l12 = e2 dr = e(r2 )(r1 ) u = (1, v i ) |v i |  1
2
r1

Mtrica de Schwarzschild:
dr2
 
2M
2
ds = 1 dt2 + + r2 (d2 + sin2 d2 )
r 1 2M
r