GUILLERMO PROL CASTELO.

PH O TO NIC S. 0 4 4
= (1 + ) ; = = (1 + ) = =
1. FUNDAM PROPERTIES OF LIGHT. 60 2 2 (02 2)2 + 2 2
UV:1-400nm; Visible 400-700nm; IR: 700nm- = = (1 + ) / Extinction: =
7. Microscopic Maxwell: 2. BEAM PROPAGATION. 0 2|0+ |2 2
= /0 =
/ + ( , ) = 0 (, ) (,) (0) = 2
2 (0 2) + 2 2

=0
= 0 + 0 0 / = 0+ (, ) (0) 2 2
1 + = =
: = 0; = 0 (, ) = [0 (, ) + 0 (, )] 0 (02 2 )2 + 2 2
2 Macroscopic Maxwell:
Continuity: + = 0 Monochromatic optical beams:

= + =
Wave equations: + ( , ) = 0+ (, , )
= + + =
1 Helmholtz:
(
) + = 0; = (00 )1
2
( 0+ ) 2 0+ = 0 = + + +
1
(
)+ =0 2
2 Intensity: = | | = ; = ; = 0 +
1D wave equation: Paraxial optical beams: = 0 (
+ ) = 0 (1 + ) = 0

2 1 2 + ( , ) = 0+ (, , ) () If : = 0; = 0:
=0
2 2 2 +
=0 =
/
PLANE WAVE: : 0+

=0 = + /
( , ) = 0 cos( + ) 0+ 2 +
=0 Wave eq. For macroscopic media:
1 0 ( ) 2 0
( , ) = [ ]= Fresnel: 1 2
2 +0 ( ) (
) + 0 + 2 2
0+ 2 ()
1 + + ( , ) = 2
= [ + ] = [ + ]
2 = 0 [ + ]
Gaussian beams:
+ = 0+ ( ) = 0 ( ) 0+ 2 ()
1 2
= [0+] + ( , ) = 2() ( ) + 0 + 2 2
()
Properties:
0 22 [ 2 ()] ()
( + , ) = (, ); = 2/ + ( , ) = 0 2() = 0 [ + ]
()
2 2 2
(, + ) = (, ); = ; = 0 Macroscopic Helmholtz:
= ; () = 0 (1 + 2 )
2
SPHERICAL WAVE: ( 0 ) 2 0 = 0
0 2
(, ) = cos( + ) = () = (1 + 2 ) ; () = atan ()

= () + ; () =

1 0
0 () 02 222 1 0
= [ () + ] (, ) = 0 2 ; = 02 0 Energy relations macroscopic:
2 () 2
1
Polarization: = 2 ; (() < 20 ) ( ) = [ (0 2 + 0 2 )]
2
+ = 0+ ( ) = (0
+ +
, 0 +
, 0 ) ( ) 4
(20 20 ) =
+ = 0+ ( ) = (0
+ +
, 0 +
, 0 ) ( )

(20 20 )
= ; = 2 =
1 =
= (20 20 ) 1

1 1 1 = || = 0 |0+ |2
+ = ( 0 +
0

) ( ) = = = + 2
( ) ( ) () () 2 () TOOLS.
= 0 ( + 2 ) ( ) = ( ) 2 2
0 0
2
= 0 ( cos + ( ) 3. LIGHT EMISSION & LIGHT-MATTER. 2
sin ) 2 = 2 + 2
0 Elementary dipoles: = ; :
= arctan ( ) ; = sin [] [][]
0 =
4 1 1
cos sin , = (+ + ) + ( + + )
( ) ; : = 0, = ; = 2 2
sin 4 1
1 1 = [+ + ]
: = , = ( ) 2
2 4 2 = ; = = (cos , cos , cos )
0
1 1 = (cos sin , sin sin , cos )
: = , = , ( ) = 0 2 /6
2 4 2 0 4 2
2
cos sin cos = || = = ;
=
= ( ) 12
sin cos sin2 Single atom: = 0202 /2 = 2 sin
4
= 2 1 202 sin /2
= sin3 =
Malus: = cos( ) 4 0 3
Energy conservation: 0 02 2 1 cos2( + ) = 1/2
= = ; =
6 () : =
() =

Scattering:
2 ( ) = {1; 2 2

= [ 2= 2 ] + + 02 = 2 0;
0 2 +
2 20+ /
1 + = 0+ ; 02 = 2 () = ( )
= ( + 0 2 ) [ 2] (0 2)
2 0 =
0 4|0+ |2 1 1 1
1 = + =
= || = | | 12
0 0 4 |0+ |2 4
1 1 =
= 0 02 = 0 |0+ |2 12 2 (02 2)2 + 2 2
2 2

1
GUILLERMO PROL CASTELO.
4. a. OPTICS OF CRYSTALS. = 4. c. DIFFRACTION EFFECTS.
() ()2 FT limited: () = 0 = (, , 0) = (, , 0)(, )
() = ()0 = =
Gaussian pulse: (, , ) = ( , , ) 2(+)
2
2

( ) + 2 = 0 2 ( , , ) = (, , ) 2(+)
0+ () = 0 0
() (1)
= 0 + + 0 ( ) () 2

2 2 + 2 = 0 + 4 2 2 = 0
1 0+ () = 0 0 2
= 0 ( + ) = 0
= 2 ln 2 / 1
Instantaneous frequency: = (2 + 2 )
= ( )
0+ () = |0+ ()| ()
(, , )
0 0 Global phase: () = 0 ()
() () = ( , , 0) 2 2(+)
= ( 0 0)
() = = 0
0 0
() = 0 2 ; 2 (, , ) = ( , , 0) ( ,
2 ( 2 + 2 + 2 )
Pulse chirp: , )
02 [2( + ) + 2 ( + )
> (() 0) ( , , )
+ 2( + )] c>0 up-chirped, blue, broader at start; > 0 )+ ( ))
= 2 2((
+ 04 = 0 c<0 down-chirped, red,; < 0
Isotropic: ; k=nk0 Dispersive media: (, , )
1 1
Uniaxial: , ; = 0 ; = ()0 (, , 0)
1/2
() = = = 2
2
sin cos 2 () 1 1 2
() = ( 2 + 2 ) 1 (cos +cos )

() = ( ) =
() cos
< () < ()

= =

Positive uniaxial: > Group velocity dispersion (GVD): Diffraction:
Negative uniaxial: < 2 1 2 1
= = 2 [ ] (, , ) = ( , , 0) ( ) (
Birefringence: | | 2 2
Ordinary mode: (); = g<0 normal gvd u increases with red 1
)

+ +
= exp( [ ] ) travel faster than blue
g>0 anomalous gvd u decreases with (, , )
Extr mode: (); = ()
blue faster than red 1
+ = + exp( ()[ ] ) = ( , , 0)
Wave equation for pulse propagation:
Polarization state of normal modes:
2 (, , )
Isotropic: ( ) + 0 2 =0
( 2+2) 2 2

Uniaxial: = ( sin , cos , 0) = 2 ( , , 0) 2( + )
2
cos cos cos sin sin + =0
( 2 , 2 , 2 ) 2 2 2(
+ )


= (, ) = ( , 0)( ) ( 2+2)
cos2 sin2 {
4 + (, ) = (0, )(, z) (, , ) = 2 ( , , 0)
4
2 0.61 1.22
= (cos cos , sin sin , cos ) Where (, z) = exp (
2
) Resolution limit: = =
0 0
, 1 1.22
Retarders: () = (0 + ) = (0 ) + + 2 =
0 2
( )2 g=0 A=cte FOURIER TRANSFORMS:
= ( ) =
0 1 +
= + () = () = 1[()]
(0, ) ? (, ) 2
1 0 + +
( ) = ( )
0 (, ) = (0, ) (, ) () = [()] = ()

= 1
1 (, ) = (, ) (() + ()) = () + ()
= 2 1
2 Gaussian pulse: [()] = ( )
1 0 ||
() = ( ) 2
2 () 2
()2
0 1 (, ) = 0
0
0 () (( )) = ()
= /2 ()
1(( )) = ()
1 = 02 /2 + +
= |()|2 = |()|2
4 2
1 0 () = 0 1 + 2
(/2) = ( ) (() () = ()()
0
+ 2
2
() = 2 = ; > 0
4. b. LIGHT PULSE PROPAGATION. 2
(1 + )
+ (, ) = 0+ (, ) 0 2
Time domain: = 2()/02 G(t) G(omega)
+ () = |0+ ()| () 0 Gaussian not FT limited: (0) 0 [( 0 ) + ( + 0 )]
2 cos 0
Frequency domain: 2 (1+) 2
+
0+ () = 0 0
rect(t) Sinc(omega/2)
() = () 2() 2 (1 + 2) 2
() = 0 1 + + exp(-t^2) exp ( )
1 + | | 2 4
() = () 1 ()
2
= 0
0+ () = |0+ ()| () 0
Spectrum: () = |0 ()|2
(, ) = (, 0)
2
GUILLERMO PROL CASTELO.
QUANTUM ASPECTS OF LIGHT. Relaxation 1
= ( + )
Einstein coeff: 1 1 2
1
2 ()

ABS. = 1 12 (21 ) = 1 () = ( + )
2
= 2 21 (21 ) { 2

2
2 Linear momentum:
2
= 2 21 = 1 ()

2 () = 2 ; = 2
12 = 21 2 2
2 2 1
213 | ()| = | (0)| exp =
21 = 2 3 21 1 2
2 1
1
1 2 2 = 2 2
= 2
2 + 2 + 2

= = 1 12 (21 ) LASERS.
1
1 + 2 =
= STEM dominates ABS: 2 > 1 12 = 21
+2 21 (21 ) + 2 21 = 0 (. ) To dominate SPEM:
1 () + 2 () = = 2
12 (21 ) 21 21

2 = Comparison with Einstein:
212 (21 ) + 21 Rate equations: 0 = 1[100%], = <1

12
1 = 2 12 = 21 = 1
0 2 + 2
= 2 21
1 12 1 1
Planck: Doppler: =
3 1 2
() = 2 3 2 = 2 21 + 1 12 2 2
exp ( ) 1
= 2ln 2 ; = 1

= 2 21 1 12 () ; =
Boltzmann: Out of resonance: {
2 2 1

( ) = exp ( ) () = [ (+) 12 = 21 ; =
1 2 ()
.

Bohr: =
2 1
= 21 + () ] () = {[2 () 1 ()]12 } ()


Maxwell-Boltzmann: () = ()
3 2
2 1 2 Order 0:
() = ( ) 4 2 exp ( ) = = 2 = 1 + 2
2 2 1 () = 1 (0) = 1, Longitudinal modes: resonance condition
= 0; = 0 {
Semiclassical: () = (0) = 0, 2
|() (0) (1)
Order 1: () (), so on... = , = , = ; = 1,2,
= |() 2
Order n:
=
|() = ()| exp ( () 2
)
1 Short-pulse regime: 03

[ 2 (1) ]
=
+

1 ( 1 +)
= 2
= ; = ( = 0) 2 1
+ [ 2 (1)]

{ ( 1 ) + 2 }
() = [ (+) + () ] () 1
2

( 1 ) + 2
() = +
Where: = ; 2 1
=2 +

| ()|2 = 1 [ ( 1 ) + 2 ]
= ; { Refractive index:

| = 1
Rotating-wave approx. (RWA): () = 1 + 2 2
1 2
1 =2
= 2 () 2

2 () = 1 +
{ 2 02
2
= 1 () Quantum theory: (vacuum)

2
= ;
=

() =
= ( , ) = { ( ) + ( )}

() =

= 1
Rabi oscillations: = ( + ); =
40 2
1 2
|() = 1 ()|1
+ 2 |2
1
2 2 = ( + ); =
|2 ()|2 = ( ) sin ( ) = sin2 2
2 = 2
|1 ()|2 = 1 |2 ()|2
=
{ = 2 + 2 20

()||() 1 = |2 ()|221 Canonical quantization:

() = () = () [ , ] = , ; [ , ] = ,
=0 2
() = ()||() = 21 sin() () ( , ) = { ( ) + ( )}
=0
Area of short light pulse: 1 1
= ( 2 + 22 ) = ( + )

2 2
()


.
| = |