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Pcawin Program

pca win

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25 views6 pages

Pcawin Program

pca win

Uploaded by

Orlando Isaac Castellon Marrugo
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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a Tamang Jounal of Science ard Grgraoring, Vol No.4 pp. 283-300 (2009) 208 PCAWIN Program for Jointed Concrete Pavement Design Ying-Haur Lee! and Samuel H. Carpenter” * Department of Civit Engineering Tamkang University Tamsui, Taipei, Taiwan 251, RO.C. E-mail: yingheaur @mail thu edu tw 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of tlinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 Newmark CE Lab, 205 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA E-mail: scarpent@uuc edu Abstract “The primary objective of this stedy is to unveil the technial know how of the Porland Cement Association (PCA) pavement thickness design procedure, The PCA thickness design criteria ae limit the number of load repetitions based on both fatigue analysis and erosion analysis to prevent the first crack initiation de to eitical edge ‘stresses as well as to prevent pavement failures such as pumping, frosion of foundation, and joint fouling due to critical comer Geflections. “The PCA design equations have been ieapemented in @ ‘window-based computer program (PCAWIN) to ficilitte verification ngtinst the well-known PCAPAV program. Tbe PCAWIN program was designed (o be highly userfriendly and thus came with many well organized graghical interfees, selection menus, and command buttons for easy use. Bath English version and Chinese version of the program are available at the web site: [Link], Many tentative modiication alternatives including the revonsideration of design period and traffic, axle Toad disributons, temperate curling and moisture warping, modified equivalent stress calcultion, ‘the determination of equivalent stress factors, subbase and subgrade support, and design reliability are discussed Key Words: PCA, Concrete Pavements, Thickness Design, Fatigue Analysis, Equivalent Stress, Erosion Analysis, PCAWIN 1. Introduction ‘Over the years, pavement engineers have been striving to develop rational pavement design procedures, which are generally grouped into two major types, namely perely empirical approach and mechanistic-empirical approach. The AASHTO pavement design procedure _{1), _oiginally developed at the AASHO Road Test and formerly known as purely empirical approach, has undergone many serious revisions in 1972, 1986, 1993, and 1998 become more aechanistic-empisical oriented. The concept of converting different axle loads to standard 18-kip Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs) or the ESAL concept has been adopted worldwide since then, even though many researchers have argued against its continuous use. The current effort to -ssablish the proposed revi Guide for Design of Pavem e by 2002, will be based on mechianistic-empirical procedures, and is believed to totally abandon the use of ESAL concept, 7 On the other hand, the Portland Cement Association (PCA) thickness design procedure, originally developed based on sound mechanistic principles, has been widely accepted for concrete pavement designs for many decades. Since not all the details ofthe PCA design methodology have ca ‘Yng Hur ie and Sema! Carpanter been openly documented in the literature, the primary objective of this study is to unveil the technical know of the PCA thickness design approach to provide an alternative approach for not using the FSAL concept. Many technical ins to the curent on-going and future development of more refined mechanisticempirical pavement dosign procedures are discussed, 2. Know How of the Portland Cement Association Thickness Design Procedure ‘The Portland Cement Association's thickness design procedure (or PCA method) is the most well-known, swidely-adopted, and ‘mechanically-based procedure for the thickness design of jointed concrete pavements [14]. The PCA method uses design tables and charts, implemented in the PCAPAV computer program, {0 determine the minimum slab thickness based on the results of J-SLAB [15] finite efement analysis. ‘The primary design factors of the PCA method are: design period, the flexural strength of concrete (or the conerete modulus of rupture), the modulus of subbase-subgrade reaction, design traffic (including load safety factor, axle load distribution), with or without doweled joints and a ted concrete shoulder [5}. The PCA thickness design criteria are to limit ‘he number of load repetitions based on both fatigue ‘analysis and erosion analysis. Cumulative damage concep! is used for the fatigue analysis to prevent the frst crack initiation due to critical edge stresses, ‘whereas the principal consideration of erosion analysis is to prevent pavement failures such as ‘pumping, erosion of foundation, and joint faulting dlue to efitieal comer deflections during the desi perio. 2.1 Fatigue Analysis In the PCA, thickness design procedure, the determination of equivalent stress is, based on the sesulling maximum edge bending stress of J-SLAB FE, analysis under a single axle (SA) Toad and a” tandem axle (TA) load for different levels of slab thickness and modulus of subgrade reaction. ‘The basic input parameters were assumed as: slab modulus E~ 4 Mpsi, Poisson's ratio u= 0.15, finite ab length L = 180 in., finite slab width W = 144 in ‘A standard 18-kip single axle load (dual wheels) ‘with each wheel Joad equal to 4,500 Ibs, wheel contact area = 7*10 in. (or an equivalent load radius a= 4,72 in, wheel spacing s = 12 in. axle ‘width (distance between the center of dual wheels) 1D = 72 in, was used for the analysis, whereas a standard 36-kip tandem axle load (dual wheels) ‘with axle spacing t - 50 in, and remaining gear configurations same as the standard single axle was also used, Ifa tied concrete shoulder (WS) was present, the aggregate interlock factor was assumed as AGG = 25,000 psi, PCA also incorporated the results of computer program MATS to account for the support provided by the subgrode extending beyond the slab edges for a slab with no concrete shoulder (NS). Together with several other adjustment factors, the equivalent stress was dined as fllows [610]: (Not: 1 i. 2.54 0m, 1 psi = 0.0689 Mpa, | kip ~ 1000 tbs = 4.45 N) Mags otf of o 3 Avenremmo-sernenn. use Persson cea tne lan Se aces a M6 s(SALr18) SA (srt +(r4z/36) TA 4, = {0892+N89.71-07/3000. NS ah ws f= 0.894 for 6% truck atthe slabedge f, =WL235*(-Cv)] Where, yj ~ equivalent stress, psy h = thickness of the slab in.; £-(B%B(12°(1-22)"5))", radius of relative stiffness of the slab-subgrade system, in; k= modulus of subgrade reaction, pci; fh = adjustment factor for the effect of axle loads and contact areas; 2 adjustment factor for a slab with no concrete shoulder based on the results of ‘MATS computer program; f = adjustment factor to account for the effect of truck placement on the edge stress (PCA recommended a 6% truck ‘encroachment, (50.894); f= adjustment Factor to account for the increase in concrete strength with age after the 28:h day, along with a reduetion in conorete strength by one coefficient of variation (CV); PCA used CV=15%, fi-0.953); and SAL, TAL ~ actual single asle or tandem axle load, hips (Note: 1 in, = 2.54 em, 1 psi = 0.0689 Mpa, 1 pei = 0.027 kPa/mm, | kip ~ 1000 Ibs = 4.45 N) PCA's fatigue analysis concept was to avoid pavement fuilues (or first initiation of crack) by fatigue of concrete due to critical stress repetitions. Based on Miner's cumulative fatigue damage assumption, the PCA thickness design procedure first lots the users select a tal slab thickness, calculate the ralio of equivalent stress versus concrete modulus of rupture (stress ratio, oa/S,) for ve | “BAG _POAWIN Program for Jointed Concrete Pavement Dasign 285 ‘each axle load and axle type, then determine the ‘maximum allowable load repetitions (N;) based on the following GeyS. - Nrrelationship: [loge MLT3T-12009 5/8.) Cry!5 2055 ly, {sa frst @ ‘The PCA thickness design procedure then uses ‘the expected number of load repetitions dividing by [ito caleulate the percentage of fatigue damage for each axle lad and axle type, The total cumlative fatigue damage has to be within the specified 100% limiting design criterion, or = different tial slab thickness has to be used and repeat previous calculations again. 2.2 Erosion Analysts ‘The principal mode of failure in the AASHO Road test was pumping or erosion of the granular subbase. Thus, PCA's crosion analysis concept is to avoid pavement failures due to pumping, erosion of foundation, and joint faulting, which are closely related to pavement deflection. The most critical pavement deflection occurs atthe slab comer when an axle load is placed at the joint near to the comer. Likewise, based on unpublished manuscripts, equivalent comer deflection (B,y) equations were developed as the following for slabs with no ‘conereie shoulder (NS) or a tied concrete shoulder (WS) and with aggregate interlock joints (ND) or doweled joints (WD) under a single axle (SA) load fora tandem axle (TA) load: Bg Fs Se ® imi SR ATT 2B san si BEEN, 2° rasp Pee 130.9 5245, ose $5108 1282, 388 saan ora ore, ‘isst pened toe, asst “ayaa oi «088 28 sary TANGAD saison fous Has. 62008 cas [sults sa Vranas TA (oss 5 NDINS -fto01-(2se-—4) 30M 1 wD 2,2 {086 88 Ws In which, 8,,~ equivalent comer deflection, in. ‘Pe™ pressure at slab-foundation interface, pi; f ‘adjusiment factor for the effect of axle bonds. fo~ adjustment factor fora slab with no doveled joints and no tied concrete shoulder based on te results of MATS computer program; f; = adjustment factor to account for the effect of truck placement on the comer deflection; and SAL, ¢,k,= same definitions as previously described. (Note: in. = 2.54 em, 1 psi= 0.0689 Mpa) Since satisfactory correlations between commer eflections and the performance of the AASHO Road Test pavement sections could not be obtained, 2 better correlation was obtained by relating the performance tothe rate of work or power (P) which is defined as the product of comer deflection (8) sand pressure at the slab-foundation interface (p) divided by a measure of the length of deflection basin oF the radius of relative stiffness (2). The concept is that for @ unit area a thinner pavement With ifs shorter deflection basin received a faster ‘punch than a thicker slab did, As shown elsewhere in the literature [57,13], the rate of work or power (P) was derived as: reaaftty) raft] Where p. is the pressure on the foundation under the slab comer, which is equal to the product of comer deflection (6.,) and modulus of subgrade reaction (k) by definition. ‘The development of the erosion eriteria was generally related to joint faulting studies of the ‘pavements in Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, Georgia, and California to include a wider range of pavement design features such as mixed and higher truck traffic loadings, undoweled pavements, and stabilized subbases, which could not be found atthe AASHO Road ‘Test. From unpublished ‘manuscripts, the determination of the well-known ‘erosion factor (EF) in the PCA thickness design procedure was defined by tog) LMULHo.8a6e P} «4 Fn | © eri 208 Ying Hour Lee and Samal. Carpentor Jn which, C; is an adjustmeat factor whieh bas 2 value close to 1.0 for untreated subbases and decreases to approximately 0.90 for stabilized subbases. In addition, the following equations were developed 19 compute the allowable mumber of repetitions (N) based on PCA'S erosion eitera (5.7) tog N, “14524-6777 (C,2P-9)"™ 67P29 @ Gress Where the constant C0.06 is an adjustment factor for pavements without concrete shoulders. With 2 concrete shoulder, the comer deflection is not Sipnificanly affected by tuck load placement, so a large value of C0294 shouldbe used. Note tha the — Jog C; tem of equation (6) is needed to account forthe ajusiment made to the allowable load repetitions in the PCA design methodology, “The thickness design procedure then uses the ‘expected numberof load repetitions dividing by Neto cakulate the percentage of ersion damage for each ane load and axle type. The total cumulative erosion damage has to be within the specified 100% Fmiting design criterion os well, or diffrent trial sb thickness has 10 be used and repeat previous

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