Q1. Prepare a chart using Microsoft excel for the following data.

X 110 210 299 390 480 598 657

Y 97 206 310 386 521 551 742

Y vs X
800 742
700 R = 1
600 551
521
500
386
400
310
Y

300
206
200
97
100
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
X
Q2. Heat capacity of gaseous propane is given as follows. Prepare a plot for the following data.

Temperature 20 100 150 200 300 400 500 600

Heat Capacity 34.06 41.3 58.79 56.07 73.6 73.93 94.01 112.59

Heat Capacity vs Temperature

200
174.6
180 163.55
R = 0.9959115613 154.77
160 142.67
140
112.59
Heat Capacity

120
94.01
100
73.6 73.93
80
58.79
56.07
60 41.3
34.06
40
20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Temperature

Heat Capa ci ty vs Temperature

Pol ynomi al (Heat Capaci ty vs Temperature)
 700 800 900 1000
142.67 154.77 163.55 174.6
Q3. Calculate volume occupied by one mole of oxygen at 300 K and 100 bar pressure using (a) ideal gas law (b) van der wa

n= 1 mol
P= 100 bar
a= 0.1379 Nm4/mol2
b= 0.0000318 m3/mol

P= 10000000 Pa

(a) Ideal gas law

RT R= 8.314 KJ/KmolK

v T= 300 K

P
v= 0.00024942 m3

(b) Van der Waals equation

RT a
P 2 0 f (v )
vb v
v= 0.000229449 m3

f(v)= 0.00 m3
) ideal gas law (b) van der waals equation
 Q. The waste acid from a nitrating process containing 20% HNO 3, 55% H2SO4 and 25% H2O by
weight is to be concentrated by addition of conc. Sulphuric acid containing 95% H 2SO4 and conc.
Nitric acid containing 90% HNO3 to get desired mixed acid containing 26% HNO 3 and 60% H2SO4.
Calc the quantities of waste and conc. acids required to produce 1000 kg of desired acid.

Consider 1000 kg of mixed acid.

Waste acid 20% HNO3, 55%

H2SO4

Conc. HNO3 Blending Desired mixed acid 1000 kg

90% HNO3 26% HNO3 & 60% H2SO4

Conc. H2SO4
95% H2SO4
1000 kg of mixed acid
It contains 26% HNO3 260 kg HNO3
60% H2SO4 600 kg H2SO4
14% H2O 140 kg H2O

Let us consider x, y, z amount of waste acid, conc. Nitric acid, and conc. Sulphuric acid in kg

DOF analysis
No. of variables 3 say x, y, z
No. of equation 3

1 x + y + z =1000
2 0.20x + 0.90y + 0z = 260
3 0.55x + 0y + 0.95z = 600
4 0.25x + 0.10y + 0.05z = 140

x 400.0002111 kg
y 199.9999111 kg
z 399.9998778 kg

f(x,y,z) 0
2 -0.00004
3 0
4 0.00004
Q5. 1 Kmol of CO2 occupies a volume of 0.381 m3 at 313 K. Calculate pressure by
(a) ideal gas law (b) van der waals equation
n = 1000 mol
a = 0.365 Nm4/mol2
b = 0.0000428 m3/mol
v = 0.381 m3

(a) Ideal gas law

nRT
P R
T
=
=
8.314 KJ/KmolK
313 K
v

P = 6830136.483 Pa = 6830.136 KPa

(b) Van der Waals equation

nRT n 2a
P 2
v nb v
P = 5180056.736 Pa
f(P) = 0
Q6. Calculate volume occupied by 1 mole of ethanol using (a) Ideal gas law, (b) Van
der Waals equation of state, take P which is given by Antoine equation at given
temperature using Antoine constant given below.

Component A B C
Ethanol 16.8958 3795.17 -42.232

n = 1 mol
T = 290 K
R = 8.314 KJ/KmolK

ln( P ) A B
(T C )

(T is in K & P is in kPa)

ln P = 1.578366
P = 4.847029 kPa = 4847.029 N/m2

Tc = 513.9 K
Pc = 48.98 bar = 4898000 N/m2

27 R 2Tc2 RTc
a b
64 Pc 8Pc
a = 1.572325 Nm4/mol2
b = 0.000109 m3/mol

(a) Ideal gas law

RT
v
P
v = 0.49743 m3/mol

(b) Van der Waals equation

RT a
P 2 0 f (v )
vb v
v = 0.496887 m3/mol
f(v) = 0.00017
 Q7. Find out the composition for the given system at temperature 270 F and 10 atm
pressure with the use of flash calculation theory. take the suitable basis. The feed
composition is given as follows

Sr. No. Component Zi Ki

1 n-butanol 0.25 2.13
2 n-pentane 0.45 1.1
3 n-hexane 0.3 0.59

T = 270 F Vapour
P = 10 atm V, yi

Feed Flash
Column
F, Zi

Liquid
Note : Take V/F = v and it is 0 V/F 1 L, xi

V n
Z ( K 1)
f ( ) f (v ) i i 0
F i 1 ( K i 1) v 1
n n n
n n
Zi Ki Zi

i 1
xi
i 1 ( K i 1) v 1
1 yi xi K i
i 1 i 1 i 1 ( K i 1)v 1
1

F = 100 lbmol/hr
V/F = v = 0.834292

Component Zi Ki f(V/F) xi yi
n-butanol 0.25 2.13 0.145412 0.128684 0.274096
n-pentane 0.45 1.1 0.041535 0.415348 0.456883
n-hexane 0.3 0.59 -0.186947 0.455969 0.269021
0.000000 1 1
Q8. Methanol is formed by reacting carbom monoxide with hydrogen with the
reaction.

CO 2 H 2 CH 3 OH

The condition of equillibrium is

PCH 3OH y CH 3OH 1

Kp
PCO PH 2 y CO y H2 2 P2
When the CO and hydrogen enter the reactor in a 1 : 2 ratio, find the equillibrium
conversion when the pressure is 50 atm and Kp = 0.0016 using MS Excel.

Species Initial Final yi

CO 1 0.500046 0.250012 P = 50 atm
H2 2 1.000092 0.500023 Kp = 0.0016
CH3OH 0 0.499954 0.249965
Total 3 2.000092 1

x = 0.499954

PCH 3OH y CH 3OH 1

Kp 2
PCO PH 2 y CO y H2 P2
x
3 2x 1
Kp f ( x) 2 2
1 x 2 2x P

3 2x 3 2x

20 x 3 60 x 2 57 x 16 0 f ( x )

f(x) = -0.00055
 Q9. Simulate the absorber model for following conditions:
(a) 6 plates; G = 66.7, y = 0.2, x0 = 0, L/G = 0.1 to 1.0 (take 5 different values); y =
0.72x
(b) 10 plates; G = 66.7, y = 0.3, x0 = 0, L/G = 0.1 to 1.0 (take 5 different values); y =
0.72x
Solute gas from stream is absorbed by liquid solvent in a counter current absorption
tower. Process is steady state for known (Specified) flow rate and inlet composition
on each plate.

Gy1 Lx0 where

1 L = molar flow rate of inerts (solvent) in liquid going
2 down
3 G = moar flow rate of inerts (diluent) in gas going up
x = mole ratio of solvent to inert (solvent) in liquid
4
y = mole ratio of solute to inert (diluent) in gas
5 x, y changes from plate to plate
6 x increases from x0 to x6 as liquid moves down
y decreases from y7 to y1 as liquid moves down
Gy7 Lx6

from figure by taking material balance

Gy1 + Lxn-1 = Lxn + Gyn Gyn Lxn-1

Similarly by taking MB for nth plate Gyn+1 Lxn

So from figure of nth plate

Gyn+1 + Lxn-1 = Lxn + Gyn y7 = 0.2

yn = axn + b x0 = 0
a = 0.72 b = 0
(a) where n =1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
G = 66.7 L/G = 1
L = 66.7

1 (Ga+L)x1 - (G*a)x2 + 0x3 + 0x4 + 0x5 + 0x6 = 0

2 (-L)x1 + (Ga+L)x2 + (-G*a)x3 +0x4 + 0x5 + 0x6 = 0
3 0x1 + (-L)x2 + (Ga+L)x3 + (-G*a)x4 + 0x5 + 0x6 = 0
4 0x1 + 0x2 + (-L)x3 + (Ga+L)x4 + (-G*a)x5 + 0x6 = 0
5 0x1 + 0x2 + 0x3 + (-L)x4 + (Ga+L)x5 + (-G*a)x6 = 0
6 0x1 + 0x2 + 0x3 + 0x4 + (-L)x5 + (Ga+L)x6 = 0

Ga+L 0-Ga 0 0 0 0 x1 = Lx0

0-L Ga+L 0-Ga 0 0 0 x2 = 0
0 0-L Ga+L 0-Ga 0 0 x3 = 0
0 0 0-L Ga+L 0-Ga 0 x4 = 0
0 0 0 0-L Ga+L 0-Ga x5 = 0
0 0 0 0 0-L Ga+L x6 = Gy7
114.724 -48.024 0 0 0 0 x1 = 0
-66.7 114.724 -48.024 0 0 0 x2 = 0
0 -66.7 114.724 -48.024 0 0 x3 = 0
0 0 -66.7 114.724 -48.024 0 x4 = 0
0 0 0 -66.7 114.724 -48.024 x5 = 0
0 0 0 0 -66.7 114.724 x6 = 13.34
A X B

AX = B
X = A-1.B

0.014342 0.009677 0.006317 0.003898 0.002157 0.000903 x1 = 0

0.01344 0.023116 0.015091 0.009313 0.005152 0.002157 x2 = 0
0.012186 0.020959 0.027277 0.016832 0.009313 0.003898 x3 = 0
0.010444 0.017964 0.023378 0.027277 0.015091 0.006317 x4 = 0
0.008025 0.013804 0.017964 0.020959 0.023116 0.009677 x5 = 0
0.004666 0.008025 0.010444 0.012186 0.01344 0.014342 x6 = 13.34
A -1
X B

yn = axn + b

x1 0.012044 0.008671
x2 0.028771 0.020715
x3 = 0.052003 y = 0.037442
X = A-1.B
x4 0.08427 0.060674
x5 0.129085 0.092941
x6 0.191329 0.137757

RESULT TABLE :

L/G = 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1

L= 6.67 20.01 33.35 46.69 66.7
x1 0.239198 0.162391 0.092046 0.043114 0.012044
x2 0.27242 0.230054 0.155966 0.085029 0.028771
x3 0.277034 0.258247 0.200356 0.125781 0.052003
x4 0.277675 0.269994 0.231181 0.165401 0.08427
x5 0.277764 0.274889 0.252588 0.20392 0.129085
x6 0.277776 0.276928 0.267454 0.241369 0.191329
Percentage Recovery
13.8888 41.5392 66.86356 84.47912 95.66431
 Gy1 Lx0 where
1 L = molar flow rate of inerts (solvent) in liquid going
2 down
G = moar flow rate of inerts (diluent) in gas going up
3 x = mole ratio of solvent to inert (solvent) in liquid
4 y = mole ratio of solute to inert (diluent) in gas
5 x, y changes from plate to plate
6 x increases from x0 to x6 as liquid moves down
y decreases from y7 to y1 as liquid moves down

Gy11 Lx10

from figure by taking material balance

Gy1 + Lxn-1 = Lxn + Gyn Gyn Lxn-1

Similarly by taking MB for nth plate Gyn+1 Lxn

So from figure of nth plate

Gyn+1 + Lxn-1 = Lxn + Gyn y11 = 0.3

yn = axn + b x0 = 0
a = 0.72 b = 0

(b) where n =1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

G = 66.7 L/G = 1
L = 66.7

1 (Ga+L)x1 - (G*a)x2 + 0x3 + 0x4 + 0x5 + 0x6 + 0x7 + 0x8 + 0x9 + 0x10= 0
2 (-L)x1 + (Ga+L)x2 + (-G*a)x3 + 0x4 + 0x5 + 0x6 + 0x7 + 0x8 + 0x9 + 0x10= 0
3 0x1 + (-L)x2 + (Ga+L)x3 + (-G*a)x4 + 0x5 + 0x6 + 0x7 + 0x8 + 0x9 + 0x10= 0
4 0x1 + 0x2 + (-L)x3 + (Ga+L)x4 + (-G*a)x5 + 0x6 + 0x7 + 0x8 + 0x9 + 0x10= 0
5 0x1 + 0x2 + 0x3 + (-L)x4 + (Ga+L)x5 + (-G*a)x6 + 0x7 + 0x8 + 0x9 + 0x10= 0
6 0x1 + 0x2 + 0x3 + 0x4 + (-L)x5 + (Ga+L)x6 + (-G*a)x7 + 0x8 + 0x9 + 0x10= 0
7 0x1 + 0x2 + 0x3 + 0x4 + 0x5 + (-L)x6 + (Ga+L)x7 + (-G*a)x8 + 0x9 + 0x10= 0
8 0x1 + 0x2 + 0x3 + 0x4 + 0x5 + 0x6 + (-L)x7 + (Ga+L)x8 + (-G*a)x9 + 0x10= 0
9 0x1 + 0x2 + 0x3 + 0x4 + 0x5 + 0x6 + 0x7 + (-L)x8 + (Ga+L)x9 + 0x10= 0
10 0x1 + 0x2 + 0x3 + 0x4 + 0x5 + 0x6 + 0x7 + 0x8 + (-L)x9 + (Ga+L)x10= 0
Ga+L 0-Ga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0-L Ga+L 0-Ga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0-L Ga+L 0-Ga 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0-L Ga+L 0-Ga 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0-L Ga+L 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0-L Ga+L 0-Ga 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0-L Ga+L 0-Ga 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0-L Ga+L 0-Ga 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-L Ga+L 0-Ga
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-L Ga+L
A
x1 Lx0
x2 0
x3 0
x4 0
X x5 B 0
x6 0
x7 0
x8 0
x9 0
x10 Gy11

114.724 -48.024 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-66.7 114.724 -48.024 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 -66.7 114.724 -48.024 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 -66.7 114.724 -48.024 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 -66.7 114.724 -48.024 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 -66.7 114.724 -48.024 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 -66.7 114.724 -48.024 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 -66.7 114.724 -48.024 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -66.7 114.724 -48.024
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -66.7 114.724
A

x1 0
x2 0
x3 0
x4 0
X x5 B 0
x6 0
x7 0
x8 0
x9 0
x10 20.01
 AX = B
X = A-1.B

0.014831 0.010517 0.007411 0.005174 0.003564 0.002404 0.00157 0.000969 0.000536 0.000224
0.014607 0.025123 0.017703 0.01236 0.008514 0.005744 0.00375 0.002314 0.00128 0.000536
0.014295 0.024588 0.031998 0.022341 0.015388 0.010382 0.006778 0.004183 0.002314 0.000969
0.013862 0.023843 0.031029 0.036204 0.024936 0.016824 0.010983 0.006778 0.00375 0.00157
0.013261 0.022809 0.029684 0.034634 0.038198 0.025771 0.016824 0.010382 0.005744 0.002404
0.012427 0.021374 0.027816 0.032454 0.035793 0.038198 0.024936 0.015388 0.008514 0.003564
0.011267 0.01938 0.02522 0.029426 0.032454 0.034634 0.036204 0.022341 0.01236 0.005174
0.009657 0.01661 0.021616 0.02522 0.027816 0.029684 0.031029 0.031998 0.017703 0.007411
0.00742 0.012763 0.01661 0.01938 0.021374 0.022809 0.023843 0.024588 0.025123 0.010517
0.004314 0.00742 0.009657 0.011267 0.012427 0.013261 0.013862 0.014295 0.014607 0.014831
A-1

x1 0
x2 0
x3 0
x4 0
X x5 B 0
x6 0
x7 0
x8 0
x9 0
x10 20.01

yn = axn + b

x1 0.004489 0.003232
x2 0.010723 0.007721
x3 0.019383 0.013955
x4 0.031409 0.022615
x5 0.048113 0.034641
X = A-1.B x6 = 0.071312 Y = 0.051345
x7 0.103534 0.074544
x8 0.148285 0.106766
x9 0.210441 0.151517
x10 0.296768 0.213673
RESULT TABLE :

L/G = 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1

L 6.67 20.01 33.35 46.69 66.7
x1 0.358796 0.243072 0.129664 0.043436 0.004489
x2 0.408629 0.344351 0.219708 0.085665 0.010723
x3 0.41555 0.386551 0.282238 0.126721 0.019383
x4 0.416512 0.404135 0.325662 0.166637 0.031409
x5 0.416645 0.411461 0.355818 0.205443 0.048113
x6 0.416664 0.414514 0.376759 0.243172 0.071312
x7 0.416666 0.415786 0.391302 0.279853 0.103534
x8 0.416667 0.416315 0.401401 0.315515 0.148285
x9 0.416667 0.416536 0.408414 0.350186 0.210441
x10 0.416667 0.416628 0.413285 0.383895 0.296768
Percentage Recovery
13.88889 41.66283 68.88075 89.57544 98.92267
Q11. Flash vaporization calculation.
Calculate the vapour fraction of the given flash vaporization system using Newton Raphson
method. Also evaluatle liquid and vapour composition.
Data: Temperature 270 F and 10 atm pressure.

Sr. No. Component Zi Ki

1 n-butanol 0.25 2.13
2 n-pentane 0.45 1.1
3 n-hexane 0.3 0.59

F 100 lbmole/hr
Vapour
V, yi

Feed Flash Column

F, Zi

Liquid
L, xi

n n n
Ki Zi
Zi
y x K (K
n n
1

i 1
xi
i 1 ( K i 1)v 1
1
i 1
i
i 1
i i
i 1 i 1) v 1

V V f (V / F ) f (V / F)
vi1 vi
F i 1 F i f ' (V / F ) f '(V / F)

V n
Z ( K 1)
f ( ) f (v ) i i 0
F i 1 ( K i 1)v 1

V n
Z i ( K i 1) 2
f ' ( ) f ' (v ) 0
i 1 (( K i 1) v 1)
2
F

i (V/F)i f(V/F) f'(V/F) (V/F)i+1 condition

0 0.5 0.0686513438 -0.2142099276 0.8204862846 Next
1 0.8204862846 0.002824893 -0.204315861 0.8343123921 Next
2 0.8343123921 -4.017173524E-06 -0.2049110269 0.8342927876 Next
3 0.8342927876 -8.858913603E-12 -0.2049101232 0.8342927876 Next
4 0.8342927876 0 -0.2049101232 0.8342927876 Terminate
i
1
v 1
Q12. Calculate volume occupied by one mole of oxygen at 300 K and 100 bar pressure
using successive substitution method.
Data:-
RT a
P 2 0 f (v )
vb v
n= 1 mol
P= 100 bar
a= 0.1379 Nm4/mol2
b= 0.0000318 m3/mol

RT
P= 10000000 Pa
v
(a) Ideal gas law P
v= 0.00024942 R= 8.314 KJ/KmolK
T= 300 K
(b)
RT a ( v i b )
v i 1 b
p pv i2
i vi vi+1 condition
0 0.00024942 0.0002329808 Next
1 0.0002329808 0.0002301094 Next
2 0.0002301094 0.0002295738 Next
3 0.0002295738 0.0002294726 Next
4 0.0002294726 0.0002294535 Next
5 0.0002294535 0.0002294498 Next
6 0.0002294498 0.0002294492 Next
7 0.0002294492 0.000229449 Next
8 0.000229449 0.000229449 Next
9 0.000229449 0.000229449 Next
10 0.000229449 0.000229449 Next
11 0.000229449 0.000229449 Next
12 0.000229449 0.000229449 Next
13 0.000229449 0.000229449 Next
14 0.000229449 0.000229449 Next
15 0.000229449 0.000229449 Next
16 0.000229449 0.000229449 Next
17 0.000229449 0.000229449 Next
18 0.000229449 0.000229449 Next
19 0.000229449 0.000229449 Terminate
20 0.000229449 0.000229449 Terminate
21 0.000229449 0.000229449 Terminate
 volume of v by ideal gas law = 0.00024942 m3/mol
volume of v by successive substitution method = 0.000229449 m3/mol
 Q. For the given dy/dx=xy with y(1) = 5. Find the solution correct to the 3 decimal position
in the interval of (1,1.5) using the step size h = 0.1
Solve the above equation with
(1) Euler's method
(2)Runge Kutta 2nd order method
(3) Runge Kutta 4th order method

dy
xy
dx
y (1) 5
At x = 1 y = 5
h = 0.1
xf = 1.5
xi = 1
Number of iterations = 5
h = 0.1

(1) Euler's Method

y i 1 y i hf ( xi , y i )
xi 1 xi h
i xi yi f(xi,yi)
0 1 5 5
1 1.1 5.5 6.05
2 1.2 6.105 7.326
3 1.3 6.8376 8.88888
4 1.4 7.726488 10.81708
5 1.5 8.808196 13.21229
6 1.6 10.12943 16.20708
7 1.7 11.75013 19.97523
8 1.8 13.74766 24.74578
9 1.9 16.22223 30.82225
10 2 19.30446 38.60892

(2) Runge Kutta 2nd order method

y i 1 y i hs s1 f ( xi , yi )
xi 1 xi h s2 f ( xi h, yi hs1 )
s1 s 2
s
2
 i xi yi s1 s2 s
0 1 5 5 6.05 5.525
1 1.1 5.5525 6.10775 7.39593 6.75184
2 1.2 6.227684 7.473221 9.067508 8.270364
3 1.3 7.05472 9.171137 11.16057 10.16585
4 1.4 8.071306 11.29983 13.80193 12.55088
5 1.5 9.326394 13.98959 17.16056 15.57508
6 1.6 10.8839 17.41424 21.46305 19.43865
7 1.7 12.82777 21.8072 27.01528 24.41124
8 1.8 15.26889 27.484 34.23285 30.85843
9 1.9 18.35473 34.87399 43.68426 39.27913
10 2 22.28265 44.56529 56.15227 50.35878

(3) Runge Kutta 4th order method

1
y i 1 y i hs s ( s1 2 s2 2 s3 s4 )
6
xi 1 xi h
s1 f ( xi , yi )
h hs
s2 f ( xi , yi 1 )
2 2
h hs
s3 f ( xi , yi 2 )
2 2
s4 f ( xi h, yi hs3 )

i xi yi s1 s2 s3 s4 s
0 1 5 5 5.5125 5.539406 6.109335 5.535525
1 1.1 5.553552 6.108908 6.737848 6.774012 7.477144 6.768295
2 1.2 6.230382 7.476458 8.255256 8.303931 9.179008 8.29564
3 1.3 7.059946 9.17793 10.15044 10.21608 11.31418 10.20419
4 1.4 8.080365 11.31251 12.53669 12.62544 14.01436 12.60852
5 1.5 9.341217 14.01183 15.5648 15.68516 17.45557 15.66122
6 1.6 10.90734 17.45174 19.43688 19.60065 21.87459 19.5669
7 1.7 12.86403 21.86885 24.42558 24.64929 27.59212 24.60178
8 1.8 15.32421 27.58357 30.90126 31.20815 35.04554 31.14132
9 1.9 18.43834 35.03285 39.37046 39.79338 44.83536 39.69932
10 2 22.40827 44.81654 50.53065 51.11635 57.7918 50.98372
 Q. Find how height of the liquid in tank changes with the time when liquid flows out under
gravity if the fluctuation made in the inlet flow rate using. Also write a comment on your
result. (a) Euler's method (b) Runge Kutta 2 nd order method and (c) Runge Kutta 4th order
method. Also compare your result and make necessary comments. Also evaluate the chart
of height vs. time.
Data: h(0)=7, A=7 m2, F0= 100 kmol/lit, kf=37.8,
Changes to be made:
F0 changes from (1) 100 to 75 and 2) 100 to 125 dh F0 K f h
0.5
Report to be generated. (Additional)
Overall tablesof all methods dt A A
Height of liquid in tank at t=5 min, t= 10 min

(1) Euler's Method

h i 1 h i Sf (t , yi )
xi 1 xi h
 Q. How to prepare 1000 kg of 90% H2SO4 solution form 98% H2SO4 solution. Use
matrix based method

Basis: 1000 kg of 90% H2SO4.

Let x, y and z be the kg of 98% Water
added

Conc. acid Dilution 1000 kg dilute acid

98% H2SO4 90% H2SO4 and 10%
2% H2O H2O

Overall Material Balance

x+y=z
x + y = 1000

Material Balance of H2SO4

0.98x = 0.90z
0.98x = 0.90*1000

x y B C
x1 y1 x = C1
x2 y2 y C2

1 1 x = 1000
0.98 0 y 900
A B C

A-1 0 1.020408
1 -1.02041

B = A-1C

B 918.3673
81.63265

To prepare 1000 kg of 90% H2SO4, add 918.3673 kg of concentrated H2SO4 acid and
81.63265 kg of water
 Q. The waste acid from a nitrating process containing 20% HNO3, 55% H2SO4 and
25% H2O by weight is to be concentrated by addition of conc. Sulphuric acid
containing 95% H2SO4 and conc. Nitric acid containing 90% HNO3 to get desired
mixed acid containing 26% HNO3 and 60% H2SO4. Calc the quantities of waste and
conc. acids required to produce 1000 kg of desired acid.
Consider 1000 kg of mixed acid.
Waste acid 20% HNO3, 55%
H2SO4

Conc. HNO3 Blending Desired mixed acid 1000 kg

90% HNO3 26% HNO3 & 60% H2SO4

Conc. H2SO4
95% H2SO4
1000 kg of mixed acid

It contain 26% HNO3 260 kg HNO3

60% H2SO4 600 kg H2SO4
14% H2 O 140 kg H2 O

Let us consider x, y, z amount of waste acid, conc. Nitric acid, and conc. Sulphuric acid in kg

DOF analysis
No. of variables 3 say x, y, z
No. of equation 3

1 x + y + z =1000
2 0.20x + 0.90y + 0z = 260
3 0.55x + 0y + 0.95z = 600
4 0.25x + 0.10y + 0.05z = 140

A B C
1 1 1 x 1000
0.2 0.9 0 y = 260
0.55 0 0.95 z 600

A-1 5.029412 -5.58824 -5.29412

-1.11765 2.352941 1.176471
-2.91176 3.235294 4.117647

C 400
200
400
To prepare 1000 kg mixed acid, add 400 kg waste acid, 200 kg conc. HNO 3, 400 kg conc.
H2SO4
To prepare 1000 kg mixed acid, add 400 kg waste acid, 200 kg conc. HNO 3, 400 kg conc.
H2SO4
 Q. Steady state material balances on a seperation train. Material balances on a steady
state process with no recycle recycle. Paraxylene, stryene, toluene and benzene are
to be seperated with the array of distillation columns. FT = 70 kmol/min

7% Xylene
D1 4% Styrene
54% Toluene
35% Benzene

18% Xylene
D2 24% Styrene
15% Xylene 42% Toluene
25% Styrene 16% Benzene
40% Toloune
20% Benzene 15% Xylene
FT = 70 kmol/min B1 10% Styrene
Let us consider x, y, z amount of waste acid, conc. Nitric acid, a 54% Toluene
21% Benzene

24% Xylene
B2 65% Styrene
10% Toluene
1% Benzene

Xylene: 0.07D1 + 0.18D2 + 0.15B1 + 0.24B2 = 0.15*70

Styrene: 0.04D1 + 0.24D2 + 0.1B1 + 0.65B2 = 0.25*70
Toluene: 0.54D1 + 0.42D2 + 0.54B1 + 0.1B2 = 0.40*70
Benzene: 0.35D1+ 0.16D2 + 0.21B1 + 0.01B2 = 0.20*70

0.07 0.18 0.15 0.24 D1 10.5

0.04 0.24 0.1 0.65 D2 = 17.5
0.54 0.42 0.54 0.1 B1 28
0.35 0.16 0.21 0.01 B2 14

A X B
 X = A-1B

A-1 -2.81048 1.221774 -1.80242 6.060484 B 10.5

94.3629 -29.8306 -36.6855 41.1371 17.5
-66.0444 20.24597 30.52823 -36.2056 28
-24.5081 9.362903 8.959677 -9.99194 14

X 26.25
17.5
8.75
17.5

Flow Rates of Xylene: 10.5

Styrene: 17.5
Toluene: 28
Benzene: 14