QUES.

WRITE SHORT NOTES ON ANY 2 :

A)LAND USE
B)FAR
C)SUB DIVISION REGULATIONS. 5marks each. 2003-2004
ANSWER:
(a)LAND USE:
ANY TOWN POSSESSES 5 DISTINCT PARTS:
THESE FIVE PARTS ARE WELL DEFINED IN CASE OF A PLANNED TOWN.
TOWN CENTRE:
IT INDICATES THE CENTRAL AREA CONTAINING COMMERCIAL AND
ADMINISTRATIVE BLOCKS, THEATRES, BIG TEMPLES, PRINCIPAL
LIBRARY, MUSEUM, ETC.
INDUSTRIAL AREA:
THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES OF DIFFERENT GOODS ARE
LOCATED.
RESIDENTIAL AREA:
MAINLY USED FOR PROVIDING RESIDENTIAL ACCOMMODATION TO THE
INHABITANTS OF THE TOWN.
ALSO CONTAINS SMALL SHOPS, PRIMARY SCHOOLS, GARDENS, SMALL
SERVICE INDUSTRIES, ETC
OPEN SPACE:
ALLOTTED TO NETWORK OF ROADS, PARKS AND PLAYGROUNDS.
IT INDICATES LAND WHICH IS SUBSTANTIALLY LEFT IN ITS NATURAL STATE
FOR THE BENEFIT OF PEOPLE.
TOWN PERIPHERY:
THE TERM TOWN PERIPHERY IS USED TO INDICATE THE LAND WHICH IS
LOCATED ON THE BOUNDARY OF TOWN AND WHICH IS DIRECTLY
INFLUENCED BY THE TOWN. IT, HOWEVER, CANNOT BE CONSIDERED AS
PART OF THE TOWN. THE TOWN PERIPHERY INCLUDES MARKET, GARDENS,
NURSERIES, GOLF COURSES, ETC.
 (b)FLOOR AREA RATIO (FAR)
IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS 'FLOOR SPACE INDEX (FSI) IT IS THE QUOTIENT
OBTAINED BY DIVIDING THE TOTAL COVERED AREA ON ALL FLOORS BY
THE AREA OF THE PLOT.
FAR (OR) FSI = TOTAL COVERED AREA OF ALL FLOORS/PLOT AREA.
FOR EXAMPLE, A FLOOR AREA RATIO OF 1: 1.5 MEANS THAT THE TOTAL
AREA OF ALL THE FLOORS IN A BUILDING CANNOT BE GREATER THAN 1.5
TIMES THE AREA OF THE PLOT.
IT IS ALSO RELATED TO BUILDING HEIGHT REGULATIONS.
THUS FAR CONTROLS THE DENSITY OF BUILT-UP AREA ON A GIVEN PLOT.
 SUB-DIVISION REGULATIONS
THE PURPOSE OF THESE REGULATIONS IS TO GUIDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF
THE NEW AREAS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LANDUSE PLAN.
THIS WILL AVOID THE NECESSITY OF COSTLY CORRECTIVE MEASURES
NEEDED IF SUBSTANDARD GROWTH IS ALLOWED TO TAKE PLACE.
THE SUB-DIVISION OF LAND REFERS TO THE DIVISION OF LAND INTO TWO
OR MORE PARCELS FOR THE PURPOSE OF SALE OR BUILDING DEVELOPMENT.
IT IS ESSENTIALLY A PROCESS OF CONVERTING RAW LAND INTO BUILDING
SITES.
THE SUB-DIVISION REGULATIONS REQUIRE A PROSPECTIVE DEVELOPER TO
SUBMIT A PLAN OF HIS PROPOSED SCHEME TO THE PLANNING AUTHORITY
BEFORE HE PROCEEDS TO MAKE IMPROVEMENTS OR TO DIVIDE AND SELL
HIS LAND.
THE APPROVAL OF THE PLANNING AUTHORITY COMPELS THE DEVELOPERS
TO COMPLY TO THE RULES.
SUB-DIVISION OR SELLING OF LOTS IN AN UNAPPROVED SCHEME RENDERS
THE DEVELOPER LIABLE TO CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PENALITIES.
SUB-DIVISION REGULATIONS ARE A USEFUL LEGAL TOOL FOR TAXATION,
REGISTRATION OF PLANS, ACCURATE LAND RECORDS ETC.
QUES. EXPLAIN ANY FOUR OF THE FOLLOWING: 10marks 2004-2005
(a)ROAD AESTHETICS
TO KEEP THE ROADS BEAUTIFUL AND PLEASING, THE FOLLOWING
GENERAL PRINCIPLES RELATING TO THE AESTHETICS OF ROAD SHOULD
BE OBSERVED:
(1)DECENT AND PLEASING VIEWS ALONG THE ROUTE FOLLOWED BY
THE ROAD.
(2) THE CURVES ALONG THE ROAD SHOULD BE SMOOTH AND EASILY
NEGOTIABLE.
(3)THE FOOTPATHS ON EITHER SIDE OF THE ROAD SHOULD BE PROVIDED
WITH CONCRETE OR NEATLY DRESSED STONE KERBS. THESE KERBS
MAY BE SUITABLY PAINTED TO PRESENT A WELLDEFINED ALIGNMENT.
(4)THE ORNAMENTAL LIGHTINGS WITH PROPER SPACING SHOULD BE
INSTALLED ALONG THE ROAD.
(5)THE ROADS SHOULD BE PROVIDED WITH SIDE DRAINS TO DISPOSE OFF
RAIN WATER, WHERE NECESSARY. THE ROAD SURFACE SHOULD NOT
REMAIN WET UNNECESSARILY FOR A LONG TIME.
(6)THE ROAD SURFACE SHOULD BE MAINTAINED ,CLEAN AND NEAT.
(7)THE TRAFFIC SIGNS AND MARKINGS SHOULD BE EXHIBITED IN THEIR
PROPER POSITIONS.
(8)THE TRAFFIC ISLANDS SITUATED ON THE ROADS SHOULD BE GIVEN SOME
ARTISTIC TOUCH BY PROVIDING STATUE, FOUNTAIN, MONUMENT, ETC.
(9)THE TREES GROWN ALONG THE ROAD SIDES SHOULD BE PROPERLY
MAINTAINED AND THE OVER-HANGING BRANCHES SHOULD BE
PERIODICALLY PRUNED.
(10)WHEREVER POSSIBLE, THE ROAD ARBORICULTURE I.E. GROWING OF THE
ROADSIDE TREES, SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED. SUCH A PRACTICE
IMPROVES THE APPEARANCE OF ROAD AND BREAKS THE MONOTONY OF
LONG ROAD.
 BUILDING BYE LAWS:
A BYE-LAW IS A LOCAL LAW FRAMED BY A SUBORDINATE AUTHORITY.
THE BUILDING CODES OR BYE-LAWS ARE DEFINED AS THE STANDARDS AND
SPECIFICATIONS DESIGNED TO GRANT MINIMUM SAFEGUARDS TO THE
WORKERS DURING CONSTRUCTION; TO THE HEALTH AND COMFORT OF
USERS; AND TO PROVIDE ENOUGH SAFETY TO THE PUBLIC IN GENERAL.
EVERY LOCALITY HAS PECULIARITIES OF ITS OWN AND WITH RESPECT TO
ITS WEATHER CONDITIONS, AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS AND LABOUR,
OTHER LOCAL FACTORS, ETC., IT BECOMES ECONOMICAL TO CONSTRUCT
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES IN A DEFINITE PLANNED
WAY.
HENCE, EVERY LOCALITY PREPARES OR FRAMES CERTAIN RULES AND
REGULATIONS CONTROLLING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AREA UNDER ITS
COMMAND.
OBJECTS OF BYE LAWS
THE BYE-LAWS ARE NECESSARY TO [Link] THE FOLLOWING THREE MAIN
PURPOSES OR OBJECTS:
(1) IT BECOMES EASIER TO PRE-PLAN THE BUILDING ACTIVITIES AND
PROVISIONS OF BYE-LAWS GIVE GUIDE LINES TO THE DESIGNING
ARCHITECT OR ENGINEER.
(2) THE BUILDING BYE-LAWS PREVENT HAPHAZARD DEVELOPMENT
WITHOUT ANY RESEMBLANCE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AREA AS A
WHOLE.
(3) THE PROVISIONS OF BUILDING BYE-LAWS USUALLY AFFORD SAFETY TO
THE HUMAN BEINGS WHO WORK AND LIVE IN THEM AGAINST FIRE, NOISE,
HEALTH HAZARD AND STRUCTURAL FAILURE.
IMPORTANCE OF BYE-LAWS:
THE IMPORTANCE OF ENFORCING BUILDING BYE-LAWS BY LAW IS QUITE
EVIDENT FROM THE FACT THAT UNLESS PREVENTED BY LAW, THE HOUSE
OWNERS, WITH PROFIT AS THE ONLY MOTIVE, WILL CONSTRUCT
RESIDENCES LACKING IN AMENITIES AND HEALTH CONDITIONS.
APPLICABILITY OF BYE-LAWS
THE BYE-LAWS ARE MADE APPLICABLE UNDER THE FOLLOWING THREE
CIRCUMSTANCES:
(1) ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS TO A BUILDING:
IF THE OWNER DESIRES TO MAKE CERTAIN ADDITIONS, ALTERATIONS,
MODIFICATIONS OR EXTENSION TO A BUILDING, THE PLANS SHOWING THE
PROPOSED WORK SHOULD BE GOT PREPARED FROM THE LICENSED PERSON
FOR SUBMISSION TO THE CONCERNED AUTHORITY.
THE OWNER CAN CARRY OUT SUCH ADDITIONS, ALTERATIONS, ETC. ONLY
AFTER GETTING HIS PLAN APPROVED BY THE CONCERNED AUTHORITY.
(2) NEW CONSTRUCTION:
THE PLAN SHOWING THE .PROJECT PROPOSED TO BE CONSTRUCTED ON A
PARTICULAR SITE HAS TO BE SUITABLY SANCTIONED BEFORE COMMENCING
THE WORK.
(3) REQUIREMENT OF OPEN SPACE:
THE OPEN SPACE SHOWN ON PLAN AND PROVIDED IN CONFIRMITY WITH
THE BYE-LAW CANNOT BE COVERED AND IT HAS TO BE KEPT PERMANENTLY
OPEN. IF THE BYE-LAW IS SUBSEQUENTLY AMENDED AND IF IT BECOMES
LEGAL TO COVER THE OPEN SPACE, THE SAME CAN BE CARRIED OUT ONLY
AFTER GETTING THE APPROVAL OF CONCERNED AUTHORITY.

(d)ZONING:
THE TERM ZONING, AS UNDERSTOOD IN TOWN PLANNING SENSE IS USED TO
INCLUDE TWO ASPECTS OF PLANNING, NAMELY,
(I) ALLOCATION OF LAND FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES AND
(II) CONTROL OF THE USE, HEIGHT AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE BUILDINGS.
THUS, THE ZONING IS DEFINED AS THE REGULATION BY LAW OF THE USE OF
LAND AND (OR) BUILDINGS AND OF THE HEIGHT AND DENSITY OF
BUILDINGS IN SPECIFIC AREAS FOR THE PURPOSE OF SECURING
CONVENIENCE, HEALTH, SAFETY AND GENERAL WELFARE OF THE
COMMUNITY.
OBJECTS OF ZONING
THE OBJECTS OR PURPOSES OF ZONING ARE AS FOLLOWS:
(1) THE TOWN PLANNER GETS AMPLE OPPORTUNITIES FOR DESIGNING THE
FUTURE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOWN.
(2)THE ZONING AFFORDS PROPER CO-ORDINATION OF VARIOUS PUBLIC
AMENITIES SUCH AS TRANSPORT FACILITIES, WATER SUPPLY, DRAINAGE,
ELECTRIC POWER, ETC.
(3) THE ZONING PROVES TO BE AN EFFECTIVE INSTRUMENT IN THE HANDS
OF THE TOWN PLANNER FOR MAKING ANY TOWN PLANNING SCHEME
EFFECTIVE AND SUCCESSFUL
IMPORTANCE OF ZONING
ZONING IS A MAJOR MEASURE TO CONTROL AND TO REGULATE USES OF
LAND.
THE ZONING PROVES TO BE ESSENTIAL AND FUNDAMENTAL TO EVOLVE
COMPREHENSIVE TOWN PLANNING.
IF PROVISIONS MADE IN ZONING ARE SINCERELY IMPLEMENTED, IT CAN
ARREST THE FUTURE DECAY OF THE AREA AND CAN AVOID FURTHER
FUTURE COMPLICATIONS IN RESPECT OF TOWN LIFE.

QUES. WRITE DETAILED NOTES ON ANY TWO:

(a)ZONING REGULATIONS:
ZONING REGULATIONS:
THE ZONING REGULATIONS AND THEIR ADMINISTRATION IS A MAJOR TOOL
IN CARRYING OUT THE LANDUSE PART OF THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN.
TO PROMOTE PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY AND GENERAL MORAL AND SOCIAL
WELFARE OF THE COMMUNITY, IT IS ESSENTIAL TO REGULATE THE USE OF
LAND AND BUILDINGS.
THIS IS TO ENSURE THAT THE MOST APPROPRIATE, ECONOMICAL AND
HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY TAKES PLACE AS PER THE LANDUSE
PLAN.
FOR THIS PURPOSE, THE CITY IS DIVIDED INTO A NUMBER OF 'USE ZONES'
SUCH AS
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
RECREATIONAL ETC.
EACH USE-ZONE HAS ITS SPECIAL REGULATIONS BECAUSE A SINGLE SET OF
REGULATIONS CANNOT BE APPLIED TO THE ENTIRE CITY BECAUSE
EACH ZONE VARIES IN CHARACTER AND FUNCTIONS.
ZONING PROTECTS RESIDENTIAL AREAS FROM THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL USES WHILE PROMOTING BUSINESS AND
INDUSTRY BY ENSURING PLANNED AND ORDERLY DEVELOPMENT.
THE OPEN SPACES AROUND THE BUILDING PROVIDE ADEQUATE LIGHT, AIR,
FIRE PROTECTION ETC.
IT PREVENTS OVER-CROWDING IN BUILDINGS AND CONTINUED ADEQUACY
OF WATER, SEWERAGE, TRANSPORTATION, SCHOOLS, PARKS AND OTHER
FACILITIES.
IT DOES NOT PROHIBIT USES OF LANDS AND BUILDINGS WHICH WERE
LEGALLY ESTABLISHED BEFORE THE ZONING REGULATIONS ARE ENFORCED.
IF THESE USES ARE CONTRARY TO THE REGULATIONS IN A PARTICULAR USE
ZONE AND WOULD NOT BE ALLOWED AS NEW USES, THEY ARE TERMED AS
'NON-CONFORMING' USES.
NON-CONFORMING USES:
THE PROVISION REGARDING NON-CONFORMING USES COMES INTO EFFECT
WITH RESPECT TO INDUSTRIAL AND OTHER LANDUSES MENTIONED.
FOR THE REST OF THE NON-CONFORMING USES THE PROVISIONS WILL COME
INTO EFFECT ONLY AFTER THE PREPARATION OF THE ZONAL
DEVELOPMENT PLANS BECAUSE THEY DETERMINE THE SITING OF
LOCAL FACILITIES LIKE SHOPS ETC.
ALL EXISTING PLACES OF WORSHIP AND BURIAL GROUNDS SHALL NOT BE
CONSIDERED AS NON-CONFORMING USES.
(B)DISCONTINUANCE OF NON-CONFORMING USES:
INDUSTRIAL NONCONFORMING USES ARE THOSE THAT DO NOT CONFORM
TO THE LANDUSE SHOWN IN THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN. THEY WILL
HAVE TO BE SHIFTED IN GRADUAL STAGES IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS
EARMARKED IN THE PLAN.
A TIME SCHEDULE SHOULD BE WORKED OUT FOR THEIR SHIFTING.
(C) CONTENTS OF THE ZONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN:
THE ZONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANS SHALL SHOW THE BROAD OUTLINES
OF THE FOLLOWING:
[Link] BOUNDARIES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOODS WITH GROSS
RESIDENTIAL DENSITY.
2. MAJOR INTERNAL ROADS AND SERVICES.
3. COMMUNITY CENTRES.
4. APPROPRIATE LOCATION OF HIGH SCHOOLS AND PRIMARY SCHOOLS.
5. NEIGHBOURHOOD PARKS.
(b)TRAFFIC SIGNALS:
TO CONTROL TRAFFIC AT IMPORTANT ROAD JUNCTIONS, AUTOMATIC
TRAFFIC SIGNALS ARE INSTALLED IN BIG TOWNS.
THERE ARE USUALLY THREE COLOURS NAMELY, RED, YELLOW AND GREEN
INCLUDED IN THE TRAFFIC SIGNALS.
THE RED AND GREEN COLOURS INDICATE STOPPAGE AND MOVEMENT
RESPECTIVELY.
THE YELLOW COLOUR SIGNIFIES IMPENDING CHANGE OR CLEARANCE TIME.
SOMETIMES, THE ARROWS INDICATING THE DIRECTIONS ARE INCLUDED IN
THE LIGHT SIGNALS AT COMPLICATED ROAD JUNCTIONS.

THE MOST COMMONLY ADOPTED TRAFFIC SIGNAL IS THE AUTOMATIC FIXED

TIME SIGNAL.
AT COMPLICATED JUNCTIONS, NUMBERS OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS ARE
INSTALLED TO LINK UP THE JUNCTIONING STREETS AND CORRECT
SYNCHRONIZATION IS TO BE ENSURED FOR MAINTAINING A PROPER
SEQUENCE OF MOVEMENT OF TRAFFIC AS WELL AS PEDESTRIANS THROUGH
VARIOUS STREETS.
THE INTERVALS AT WHICH THE CHANGES OCCUR IN SIGNALS ARE
PREDETERMINED FROM THE STUDY OF VOLUME OF TRAFFIC OF THE
JUNCTIONING STREETS AND SUCH CHANGES IN LIGHTS ARE MADE
AUTOMATIC.
FOLLOWING ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF THE TRAFFIC SIGNALS:
(1) THERE IS INCREASE IN THE TRAFFIC HANDLING CAPACITY AT THE
ROAD JUNCTION.
(2) THERE IS OVERALL IMPROVEMENT IN THE QUALITY OF TRAFFIC
FLOW AT THE ROAD JUNCTION.
(3) THEY ALLOW SAFE CROSSING OF THE HEAVY TRAFFIC.
(4) THEY HELP IN REDUCING CERTAIN TYPES OF ACCIDENTS ESPECIALLY
THOSE AT RIGHT ANGLED COLLISIONS.
(5) THEY PERMIT THE PEDESTRIANS TO CROSS THE ROADS SAFELY.
(6) THEY PROVE TO BE ECONOMICAL AS COMPARED TO THE
MANUAL CONTROL.
(7)THEY PROVIDE FOR THE ORDERLY MOVEMENT OF TRAFFIC.

THE MAJOR DRAWBACK OF AN AUTOMATIC FIXED TIME TRAFFIC SIGNAL IS

THAT IT DOES NOT ADJUST ITSELF TO UNUSUAL CIRCUMSTANCES SUCH AS
LONG PROCESSIONS, BIG CROWDS, ETC. HENCE, THE PRESENCE OF TRAFFIC
POLICE NEAR SUCH SIGNALS BECOMES ESSENTIAL AND NECESSARY.
THE OTHER DISADVANTAGES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
(1) IF THE DESIGN AND LOCATION OF SIGNALS ARE IMPROPER, IT MAY LEAD
TO THE VIOLATIONS OF THE CONTROL SYSTEM.
(2) IF THE SIGNALS STOP WORKING DUE TO ELECTRIC POWER FAILURE OR
ANY OTHER REASON, THERE IS CONFUSION AMONG THE ROAD USERS.
(3) THERE ARE CHANCES OF REAR-END COLLISIONS
GRADE SEPARATIONS:
A GRADE SEPARATION IS THE ARRANGEMENT OF TAKING ONE ROAD OVER
OR UNDER ANOTHER BY MEANS OF A BRIDGE. IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS A
FLY-OVER JUNCTION.

THERE IS NO PHYSICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN THE SEPARATED ROADWAYS

IN A GRADE SEPARATION.

THE TERM INTERCHANGE IS USED TO INDICATE A GRADE SEPARATION

HAVING FACILITY FOR TRAFFIC TO PASS FROM ONE INTERSECTING ROAD
TO THE OTHER.

THUS, THE CONNECTING ROADS KNOWN AS RAMPS OR TURNING ROADWAYS

ARE PROVIDED TO ENABLE LIMITED OR FULL MOVEMENTS BETWEEN
THE SEPARATE ROADS AT AN INTERCHANGE.
FOLLOWING ARE THE FOUR COMMON TYPES OF INTERCHANGE:

(1)CLOVER-LEAF CROSSING:
(2) DIAMOND CROSSING:
(3) ROTARY INTERCHANGE :
(4) THREE-WAY INTERCHANGE:
A GRADE SEPARATION SERVES THE FOLLOWING PURPOSES:

(1) IT AFFORDS THE GREATEST ROAD SAFETY TO VEHICLES AT JUNCTION.

(2) IT CAN BE ADOPTED FOR ALL LIKELY ANGLES AND LAYOUTS OF

THE INTERSECTING ROADS.

(3) THE CAPACITY OF GRADE SEPARATION IS PRACTICALLY THE SAME

AS THAT OF TWO CROSS ROADS.

(4) IT GRANTS MAXIMUM FACILITY TO THE CROSSING TRAFFIC. THE

ACCIDENTS WHILE CROSSING ARE AVOIDED BECAUSE THE ROADS
ARE SEPARATE AND THERE IS NO NECESSITY OF STOPPING.

(5) IT HELPS A LARGE VOLUME OF TRAFFIC TO MOVE EASILY AND

SMOOTHLY WITHOUT REDUCING SPEEDS.

(6) IT PERMITS STAGE CONSTRUCTION IN THE SENSE THAT ADDITIONAL

RAMPS MAY BE PROVIDED AFTER THE GRADE SEPARATION
STRUCTURE BETWEEN THE MAIN ROADS IS CONSTRUCTED.
(7) IT PROVES TO BE AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF THE CONTROLLED
ACCESS HIGHWAYS LIKE EXPRESSWAYS AND FREEWAYS.

(8) THE PROBLEM OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION DURING THE PEAK

HOURS DOES NOT ARISE.

(9) THERE IS OVERALL INCREASE IN COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE TO

THE ROAD USERS. IT RESULTS IN CONSIDERABLE SAVING OF
TRAVEL TIME AND ALSO REDUCES THE VEHICLE OPERATION COST.

A GRADE SEPARATION, HOWEVER, IS VERY COSTLY TO CONSTRUCT AND IT

REQUIRES CONSIDERABLE AREA OF LAND, SAY ABOUT 6 TO 8 HECTARES,
FOR EFFICIENTLY SERVING HIGH SPEED TRAFFIC.
QUES. WRITE SHORT NOTES ON: 5marks each 2004-2005
(a) ROAD SIGNS:

THE ROAD SIGN OR TRAFFIC SIGN IS THE MOST USED AND LEAST COSTLY
OF THE TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES. ALONG THE ROADS, IT BECOMES
NECESSARY TO INSTALL SUITABLE ROAD SIGNS FOR THE FOLLOWING
PURPOSES:

(1) TO ACHIEVE ORDERLY MOVEMENT OF THE TRAFFIC;

(2) TO CONTROL SPEEDS OF THE VEHICLES;
(3) TO CONTROL THE TRAFFIC BEHAVIOUR SUCH AS PARKING,
OVER-TAKING, ETC.;
(4) TO DIRECT THE TRAFFIC ON DIFFERENT ROUTES;
TO GUIDE THE ROAD USERS OF HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS AHEAD
(6) TO INTERCEPT HEAVY TRAFFIC IN ORDER TO ALLOW OTHER
VEHICLES AND PEDESTRIANS;
(7) TO REDUCE THE CHANCES OF ACCIDENTS ETC.
THE ROAD SIGNS ARE, HOWEVER, CAPABLE OF NEGATIVE FUNCTIONS
SUCH AS:
(1) THEY CONFUSE THE SEMI-INFORMED PUBLIC BY PROVIDING
CONFLICTING OR COMPLICATED INFORMATION.
(2) THEY CREATE DISTRUST AND CAUSE ACDDENTS WHEN THEY ARE
IMPROPERLY USED.
(3) THEY GENERATE TENSION IN THE MIND OF DRIVER WHEN THE
REQUIRED OR SOUGHT INFORMATION IS NOT OBTAINED.
(4) THEY MISINFORM THE PUBLIC WHEN THE MESSAGE IS INCORRECT
OR MISUNDERSTOOD.

THE ROAD SIGNS SHOULD BE PROPERLY DESIGNED WITH RESPECT TO

SIZE, SHAPE, COLOUR AND DIMENSIONS.
THEY SHOULD BE LOCATED IN SUCH A WAY THAT THEY ARE CLEARLY
VISIBLE BY DRIVERS OF THE APPROACHING VEHICLES.
THE IMPORTANT ROAD SIGNS SHOULD BE ILLUMINATED BY NIGHT.

AS PER THE PROVISIONS OF THE INDIAN MOTOR VEHICLES ACT AND I.R.C.
CODE, THE ROAD SIGNS CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN THE FOLLOWING
THREE CATEGORIES:
GUIDE OR INFORMATORY SIGNS
REGULATORY OR MANDATORY SIGNS
WARNING OR CAUTIONARY SIGNS.
GUIDE OR INFORMATORY SIGNS:
THE GUIDE SIGNS SHOW ROUTE DESIGNATIONS, DESTINATIONS,
DIRECTIONS, DISTANCES, SERVICES, POINTS OF INTEREST AND OTHER
GEOGRAPHICAL OR CULTURAL INFORMATION.

THE COMMON GUIDE SIGNS ARE:

(I) END OF SPEED LIMIT;
(II) FLOOD MARKS;
(III) LOCATIONS OF PETROL PUMP, HOSPITALS ETC.
(IV) NAMES OF STREETS AND HIGHWAYS;
(V) PARKING PLACES;
(VI) PUBLIC TELEPHONE; ETC
.
REGULATORY OR MANDATORY SIGNS:
THE REGULATORY SIGNS PROVIDE NOTICE OF STATUTORY TRAFFIC
LAWS AND REGULATIONS.
THEY ARE THUS MEANT TO INFORM THE PUBLIC ABOUT THE TRAFFIC
LAWS, REGULATIONS AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS THAT WOULD NOT
OTHERWISE BE APPARENT.
SOME OF THE COMMON REGULATORY SIGNS ARE:
(I) BULLOCK CART OR CYCLE OR TRUCK PROHIBITED
(IJ) CERTAIN SPEED LIMIT
(III) LOAD, LENGTH, HEIGHT AND WIDTH LIMITS OF VEHICLE
(IV) NO ENTRY
(V) NO PARKING
(VI) PROHIBITION OF USE OF HORNS
(VII) RIGHT TURN OR LEFT TURN PROHIBITED
(VIII) 'U' TURN PROHIBITED; ETC.

WARNING OR CAUTIONARY SIGNS:

THE WARNING SIGNS ARE PROVIDED TO CALL ATTENTION TO
CONDITIONS WHICH ARE POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS TO TRAFFIC
OPERATIONS AND WHICH OTHERWISE MAY NOT BE IMMEDIATELY
APPARENT.
THESE SIGNS REQUIRE CAUTION AND MAY WARRANT A REDUCTION IN
SPEED OR SOME SUCH ACTION IN THE INTEREST OF SAFETY.
SOME OF THE TYPICAL WARNING SIGNS ARE:
(I) CROSS ROADS; ,
(II) DEAD END OR SIDE ROAD;
(III) FERRY;
(IV) HAIR PIN BEND;
(V) NARROW BRIDGE;
(VI) SCHOOL;
(VII) STEEP HILL;
(VIII) ZIG ZAG TURN; ETC.
(b)TYPES OF STREET SYSTEMS

STREET SYSTEMS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO VARIOUS CATEGORIES OR

PATTERNS AS FOLLOWS:
(1)RECTANGULAR STREET SYSTEM:
THE STREETS ARE USUALLY OF EQUAL WIDTH AND THEY CROSS AT
RIGHT ANGLES.
IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS GRID-IRON OR CHEQUER-BOARD PATTERN.
THIS PATTERN IS SUITABLE FOR FLAT OR LEVEL COUNTRY WITHOUT ANY
PREDOMINANT NATURAL FEATURES.

ADVANTAGES:
(I) IF A SERIES OF CONTINUOUS PARALLEL STREETS IS PROVIDED, IT
RESULTS INTO CONSIDERABLE INCREASE IN THE TRAFFIC CAPACITY.
(II) IT GRANTS COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE DUE TO ITS REGULARITY.
(III) THE INTERSECTIONS ARE SIMPLE IN NATURE.
(IV) IT RESULTS INTO ECONOMIC CONSTRUCTION AS THE AREA BETWEEN
THE STREETS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO SUITABLE RECTANGULAR PLOTS.
(V) THE WASTAGE OF LAND IS MINIMIZED AS THERE ARE NO
IRREGULAR PORTIONS TO BE LEFT OUT.
DISADVANTAGES:

(I) AS THERE ARE MANY INTERSECTIONS, THERE ARE MORE CHANCES

OF ROAD ACCIDENTS.
(II) IF THIS PATTERN IS APPLIED ON UNEVEN TOPOGRAPHY, IT LEADS
TO GREAT INCONVENIENCE AND DISCOMFORT.
(III) IT IS TOO MATHEMATICAL AND MONOTONOUS IN NATURE BECAUSE
THE ROADS ARE STRAIGHT AND HENCE, THE VISTAS ARE OPEN AND THERE
IS NO VARIETY.
(IV) THERE ARE NO SHORT-CUTS TO REACH TO THE CENTRAL SHOPPING
OR OTHER BUSINESS CENTRES.

(2) RECTANGULAR WITH SUPERIMPOSED DIAGONALS STREET SYSTEM:

THIS ARRANGEMENT IS AN IMPROVEMENT ON GRID-IRON PATTERN.

THE DIAGONAL STREETS PROVIDE DIRECT COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
DISTANT PARTS OF THE TOWN.
THE POINTS WHERE DIAGONALS MEET ARE UTILIZED FOR PARK,
GARDEN, MEMORIAL, ETC.
HOWEVER, A DANGEROUS INTERSECTION IS FORMED AT THE CROSSING
POINT OF DIAGONAL STREET AND RECTANGULAR STREET.
RECTANGULAR WITH SUPERIMPOSED DIAGONALS STREET SYSTEM
(3)CONCENTRIC STREET SYSTEM:
IN THIS PATTERN, THE RING ROADS OR CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROADS ARE
CONNECTED BY RADIAL ROADS. IT RESULTS INTO CONCENTRIC
DEVELOPMENT.
THIS PATTERN IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE SPIDER'S WEB SYSTEM.

CONCENTRIC STREET SYSTEM

(4)RADIAL STREET SYSTEM:
IN THIS PATTERN, THE RING ROADS ISPRING FROM A CENTRAL CIVIC
CENTRE LIKE THE SPOKES OF A WHEEL.
SUCH AN ARRANGEMENT INCREASES THE SIGNIFICANCE AND
IMPORTANCE OF CIVIC CENTRE WHICH MAY BE IN THE FORM OF
PALACE, MARKET, PUBLIC OFFICE BUILDING, HISTORICAL MONUMENT,
BEAUTY SPOTS, ETC.

RADIAL STREET SYSTEM

THE RADIAL PATTERN FORMS LARGE BLOCKS OF TRAPEZOIDAL SHAPE
AND AS THERE ARE CHANCES OF MORE WASTAGE OF LAND IN THE
DESIGN OF BUILDINGS, THIS PATTERN MAY PROVE TO BE UNECONOMICAL
FROM THE CONSTRUCTION POINT OF VIEW.
(5)COMBINATION OF RADIAL AND RECTANGULAR STREET SYSTEMS:
THE RADIAL STREETS ARE BLENDED OR MIXED WITH RECTANGULAR
STREETS .
SUCH A COMBINATION CAN BE USED WITH GREAT SUCCESS ESPECIALLY
WHERE TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES ARE FAVOURABLE AND IT IS
POSSIBLE TO DERIVE ADVANTAGES OF BOTH THE STREET SYSTEMS.
E.G. NEW DELHI

COMBINATION OF RADIAL AND RECTANGULAR STREET SYSTEMS

(6)IRREGULAR MEDIEVAL STREET SYSTEM:
SOME OF THE OLD CITIES OF MIDDLE AGES, DEVELOPED IN AN
IRREGULAR WAY WITHOUT ANY DEFINITE PLAN OF THE STREET
SYSTEM, POSSESS THIS TYPE OF PATTERN.
THE GROWTH OF TOWN OR CITY IS UNMETHODICAL AND ILLOGICAL.

(7)TOPOGRAPHICAL STREET SYSTEM:

IN THIS ARRANGEMENT, THE ADVANTAGE IS TAKEN OF THE NATURAL
TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE TOWN SUCH AS RIVER, LAKE, SEA
VIEW, HILLOCK, ETC.

THIS SYSTEM IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE ORGANIC STREET PATTERN AS IT

RESEMBLES THE PLAN OF A MICROSCOPE SLIDE SHOWING THE CELL
STRUCTURE OF VEGETABLE OR ANIMAL TISSUES.

IT IS ALSO SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS THE STUDIED IRREGULARITIES.

THE STREET SYSTEM IS ABSOLUTELY UNPLANNED AND ALL SORTS OF

IRREGULARITIES ARE SEEN IN THIS TYPE OF STREET PATTERN.

THE STREETS MAY NOT BE CONTINUOUS AND THEY MAY BE OF

VARIABLE WIDTHS.
 THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF OPEN SPACES ARE IRREGULAR AND THERE ARE
NUMBER OF CURVATURES.
AS A RULE, THIS SYSTEM CAN ONLY BE APPLIED IN SMALL TOWNS,
SATELLITE TOWNS AND IN SOME DISTRICTS OF LARGE CITIES.

(8)COMBINATION OF RECTANGULAR AND IRREGULAR STREET SYSTEMS:

IN THIS ARRANGEMENT, A COMBINATION OF RECTANGULAR PATTERN
AND IRREGULAR STREETS IS MADE. THE RECTANGULAR LAYOUT
INDICATES THE RECENT DEVELOPMENT AND THE IRREGULAR PATTERN
INDICATES EARLIER GROWTH OF TOWN.
PLANNING STANDARDS:
THE TERM PLANNING STANDARD IS USED TO FIX THE MINIMUM AREA FOR
EACH USE FOR A CERTAIN POPULATION OR FOR A CERTAIN LAND AREA.

THESE MINIMUM STANDARDS ARE FIXED FOR A PARTICULAR LOCALITY BY

STUDYING THE FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS, NUMBER OF USERS, OPEN
SPACES REQUIRED AROUND THE BUILDINGS, SOCIAL AND CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE LOCALITY, ETC.

THE PLANNING STANDARDS ARE FIXED FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF USES

SUCH AS:
(1) EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES SUCH AS PRIMARY SCHOOL, HIGH
SCHOOL AND COLLEGE;

(2) MEDICAL FACILITIES SUCH AS A DISPENSARY, HEALTH CENTRE

AND HOSPITAL;

(3) SHOPPING FACILITIES SUCH AS DEPARTMENTAL STORES, SHOPS, ETC.;

(4) MISCELLANEOUS AMENITIES SUCH AS BURIAL GROUND,

CREMATORIUM, CINEMA, AUDITORIUM, STADIUM, PETROL FILLING CUM
SERVICE STATION, POLICE STATION, POST OFFICE, FIRE STATION, LIBRARY,
COMMUNITY HALL, TELEPHONE EXCHANGE, ETC.;
(5) WIDTH OF ROADS SUCH AS' VILLAGE ROADS, STATE ROADS, NATIONAL
HIGHWAYS, ETC.;

(6) DEVELOPMENT OF LAND FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS IN

THE FORM OF VARIOUS BUILDING BYE-LAWS; ETC.

THE PLANNING STANDARDS SHOULD BE CAREFULLY WATCHED BY THE

PLANNING OR ENFORCING AUTHORITY AND THEY MAY BE REVIEWED AND
REVISED TO MEET WITH THE CHANGING CONDITIONS.
THUS, THE ENFORCING AUTHORITIES OF THE PLANNING STANDARDS AND
REGULATIONS PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN ACHIEVING THE DESIRED GOAL
OF TOWN PLANNING.
[Link] the salient features of a Town built during Egyptian
civilization? (5marks)-2003-04

ANSWER
THE MAIN CONSIDERATION WHERE TO BUILD WAS GENERALLY PROXIMITY
TO A WATERWAY HEIGHT ABOVE THE FLOOD PLAINS.
The towns Egyptians built in the 3rd millenium B.C , erected upon the reigning Pharoahs
order , housed the slaves and artisans engaged in building the great pyramids-the tombs of
royalty and nobility.
The cells of sun-dried brick were crowded about common courtyards.
Narrow lanes served as open drainage sewers as well as common passageways.
Walls surrounded the towns
Walls were more for the reason of protection from floods than because of security reasons.
 CITY WAS RECTANGULAR
DIFFERENT SOCIAL CLASSES DID NOT LIVE IN SEPARATE CITY
QUARTERS.
THE STREETS ALL OVER THE CITY WERE STRAIGHT LINES.
THE MAIN STREET WAS NINE METRES .
STREETS IN RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS AS NARROW AS 1 METRES.
STREETS HAD SHALLOW STONE CHANNELS RUNNING DOWN THE MIDDLE
FOR DRAINAGE .
THERE WAS NO SPACE LEFT FOR FOR GARDENS.
THE WHOLE AREA WAS COVERED WITH STREETS AND ONE-STOREYED MUD-
BRICK BUILDINGS.
EXAMPLE : HOTEPSENUSRET
 [Link] do you understand by Garden City?Explain how
Ebenezer Howard conceived it.
ANSWER

Agricultural lands on the periphery

Industries

Agricultural lands
Agricultural lands

One portion of garden city

Why it came up?
As a long time measure for reducing load on existing towns or city , Garden City concept was
introduced by Ebenezer Howard in 1898.
It was meant to be a solution to evils of unplanned city life and was meant to reconcile
country life with city life and to grant various advantages of the same to the population.
A city in a Garden
The features:
It contains gardens and open spaces all around the dwelling houses and factory buildings.
Has a population that is neither too small nor too large.30000-40000 people.
It is a city owned by citizens on a co-operative [Link] ownership extends upto the green-
belt or the agricultural zone.
It is an independent entity having own civic life and affording all daily needs with adequate
space for schools and other functions.
It is a self-sufficient unit having its own industries.
It is surrounded on its periphery by a green [Link] town area is defined and space around
it is reserved for [Link] people get benefits of both a city and a country life.
No alterations in land use area allowed.
Surplus fund utilised for community
Example
Garden City, which is to be built near the centre of the 6,000 acres, covers an area of 1,000
acres, or a sixth part of the 6,000 acres, and might be of circular form, 1,240 yards (or nearly
three-quarters of a mile) from centre to circumference
Six magnificent boulevards--each 120 feet wide--traverse the city from centre to
circumference, dividing it into six equal parts or wards.
In the centre is a circular space containing about five and a half acres, laid out as a
beautiful and well- watered garden;
Surrounding this garden, each standing in its own ample grounds, are the larger public
buildings--town hall, principal concert and lecture hall, theatre, library, museum,
picture-gallery, and hospital.
The rest of the large space encircled by the 'Crystal Palace' is a public park, containing 145
acres, which includes ample recreation grounds within very easy access of all the people.
Toward the outskirts of the town, we come
upon 'Grand Avenue'. This avenue is fully
entitled to the name it bears, for it is 420 feet
wide, and, forming a belt of green upwards of
three miles long, divides that part of the town
which lies outside Central Park into two belts.
In this splendid avenue six sites, each of four
acres, are occupied by public schools and their
surrounding playgrounds and gardens, while
other sites are reserved for churches, of such Letchworth: Straight curbed roads with
denominations as the religious beliefs of the uniform planting
people may determine, to be erected and
maintained out of the funds of the worshippers
and their friends.
On the outer ring of the town are factories,
warehouses, dairies, markets, coal yards, timber
yards, etc., all fronting on the circle railway,
which encompasses the whole town, and which
has sidings connecting it with a main line of
railway which passes through the estate
Hamstead : curved roads and [Link] of
site
How he conceived it?
Ebenezer Howard wanted to solve the increasing problems of towns and hence he proposed
a solution in the form of the garden city. He attempted to explain his idea through the
diagram of The Three Magnets.
THE THREE MAGNETS::
He mentioned the advantages and the disadvantages of both town life and country life on
the respective two magnets- namely town magnet and country magnet.
Advantages of town magnet being:;
opportunities of work, high wages , social opportunities and amusements , proper
streets and sanitation.
Disadvantages of town are
distance from work, isolation of crowds , dirty air and the slums.
Whereas advantages of country are natural beauty, fresh air.
On the third magnet he listed down attractive features of both town and country life and
posed the problem of where would people go?
Hence the conception of Garden City which aimed to combine the advantages of both
country and town life.
Examples Letchworth
The three magnets
[Link] Le Corbusiers plan for [Link] in detail
its salient features.
ANSWER
Le Corbusier liked to compare the city he planned to a biological entity: the head was the
Capitol, the City Centre was the heart and work areas of the institutional area and the university
were limbs. The leisure valley and parks are the lungs and the roads are the arteries.
. Le Corbusier identified four basic functions of a city: living, working, circulation and care of
the body and spirit.
"Circulation" was of great importance to Le Corbusier and determined the other three basic
functions. Hence he created a hierarchical system of roads.
Parks extended lengthwise through each sector to enable every resident to lift their eyes to the
changing panorama of hills and sky.
Capitol-the head

Sec-17 -heart
Salient Features of Plan:
Le Corbusier's plan was based on the gridiron defined by a system of seven types of roads,
which Le Corbusier called the 7 Vs (from the French word 'voie') and their expected functions
around and within the neighbourhood.
It is so designed that none of the properties in the township have direct frontal access to the
main road.
The neighbourhood itself is surrounded by the fast-traffic road called V3 intersecting at the
junctions of the neighbourhood unit called sector with a dimension of 800 meters by 1200 meters
The dimensions of the sectors were based on 'Cuadra' of 100 to 110 meters . : seven to eight
'cuadras' on one side, ten to twelve 'cuadras' on the other, that is to say 800 meters by 1200
meters
The entrance of cars into the sectors of 800 meters by 1200m, which are exclusively reserved to
family life, can take place on four points only; in the middle of the 1200 m. in the middle of the
800 meters.
All stoppage of circulation shall be prohibited at the four circuses, at the angles of the Sectors
The bus stops are provided each time at 200 meters from the circus so as to serve the four
pedestrian entrances into a sector.
The residential zone has been segregated from the industrial zone by a wide green belt.
THE SYSTEM OF ROADS
The V-1 is the road which is going through the continents, traversing rural areas and cities.
The V-2 take immediately the succession of V-1 at the beginning of the city. Other V-2s can be
the tracings of intentional municipal will of greatness and usefulness together.
The V-3s are a new kind of roads devoted exclusively to vehicular traffic (especially fast
traffic). These ways must be interrupted the least. They are surrounding the sectors as explained
above.
The V-4 is the right place of the 24 hours life of a sector. It is a linear event and particularly in
Chandigarh. It should be situated on the shadow side (which is the SW side)
The V-5s are roads which assure the internal distribution of traffic inside a sector.
The V-6s have to give access to the doors of the dwellings.
V-5 and V-6 must never receive a transit traffic (bicycle, cars and buses).The V-7 is situated in
the green ribbon going SW to NE in the direction of the hills.
The V-7 gives the vertical contact between the sectors and crosses the V-2 South and two other
horizontal V-2s