1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of Study

Language is the most important thing in all parts of the world in having

interactions with others people. People can communicate with the others include

spoken or written language by making statements, explaining report, and

expressing ideas. Without the existence of the language, people will have never

been able to have a relation with others.

Allsopp and Hunt (1967:174) say that language has been defined as the

expression and communication of ideas and emotions by a set of sounds made by

the speech organs and arranged in meaningful patterns. It is easily mans most

effective means of communicating with others. The sounds are combined to form

words, which can be arranged as phrases, clauses and sentences.

Winston and Rinehart (1993:21) say that language is the same no matter

what system of writing may be used to record it, just as a person is the same no

matter how you take his picture; the most of the languages that are spoken today

has been applied either in relatively recent times or not to all.

A little different to Winston and Rinehart, Siswanto (2008:19) says

bahasa yang digunakan didalam karya sastra adalah bahasa dikenal oleh

masyarakat pemakai bahasa itu, (bahasa natural). (Siswanto says that language

that is used in literature is the language known by the public users of the language

, it is natural language). However, all ideas which have been described by all

authors and linguists about definition of language have a relation with the other

opinions that language is spoken and used by people in many contexts of their

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daily life to communicate each other. Language, itself, will always guide all

people who speak that language in order to make statements, expressions, and

even when describing something that they would like to know by making

sentences to build the information.

The writer of this paper has chosen Kenneth Grahames novel the wind in

the willows as the subject of this paper. The writer is interested in describing the

sentences that are used by the author to compose the novel because the novel

contains so many kinds of sentences according its classifications. What kinds of

sentences are used by Kenneth in his novel will be the topic that writer is going to

explain in this paper.

Generally, a sentence is a group of words, phrases, clauses that has a

meaning. It has a subject and predicate. It means that a sentence is built up by

those elements which are going to be the most important part of a sentence. Hans

(1967:8) says that the basic model of the English sentence consists of only two

major elements. A complete sentence normally has at least a subject and a

predicate.

Purba (2010:6) says that a sentence is a group of words that contains a

subject and a predicate and that is not introduced by a connecting word such as

although, because, when or where that makes it dependent upon another group or

words to complete its meaning.

Lauren and Duncan (1984:33-34)say that a sentence is a self-contained

grammatical unit that ends with a full-stop punctuation mark (period, question

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mark or exclamation point). It must contain a verb and a subject (stated or

implied), and it must state a complete thought.

Sentence is a part of grammar because it contains a subject and predicate.

As Purba (2010:6) says, all complete sentences have two main parts, a subject

and predicate. The subjects name the person, thing or concept that the sentence is

about. The predicate makes a statement or asks question about the subject.

The subject of a sentence is usually a noun or pronoun. Nouns name or

classify things, places, activities, and concepts: studio, committee, Gary, Medan,

athletics, courage, wealth. The predicate of a sentence always contains a verb, a

word that makes some sort of assertion. And pronouns are words that can

substitute for nouns. Thus, pronouns can be subjects or objects or verbs or

prepositions.

A sentence cannot exist without a verb. Verbs indicate some kind of

action, the occurrence of something, or the presence of some condition. Verb,

noun, pronoun, predicate and subject can be learnt through learning grammar.

We can learn them in eight parts of speech, they are: noun, adjective, pronoun,

verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

Woods (2010:9-10) says, Grammar means a set of standard that you have

to follow in order to speak and write better. Functional grammar guides you to

the right expression the one that fits what you are trying to say by ensuring that

the sentence is correct. However, the writer is not going to talk further about the

elements, structures or even the parts of a sentence, but the writer would like to

talk about the kinds of sentence.

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 When we speak to somebody, it means that we have made a sentence.

Without realizing of what weve talked to make sentences in daily conversation,

we have already made some example that we dont realize what kind of sentence

of that. For instance, when somebody says to his friend go out, it means that he

has made a sentence that is simple sentence. The subject of that sentence is you,

he whom somebody talks to. And the verb is Go out. The simple sentence is

sentence which contains only one subject and one predicate.

We are born knowing how to make sentences. Linguist Noam Chomsky

and biologist Lewis Thomas tell us human are genetically programmed to

identify the grammatical patterns. Thomas says,The capacity to organize and

deploy words into intelligible sentences is innate in the human mind.

Allsop and Hunt (1967:15) say that sentence may be classified according

to their grammatical structure, their function, and their rhetorical form. The

classification according to grammatical may be divided into four kinds of

sentences, they are: the simple sentence, which contains only one subject and one

predicate, the compound sentence, which contains two or more principal clauses,

the complex sentence, which consists of a principal clause and one or more

subordinate clause, and the last one is the compound complex-sentence, which

consists of two or more principal clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.

So, based on the above explanations, the writer has already decided to

describe the sentences are used by Kenneth through his Novel the wind in the

willows. The writer has found so many sentences in that novel which are going to

be described. For instance,

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1) The Mole had been working very hard all the morning, spring cleaning

home.

2) The Rat sculled smartly across and made fast.

3) The afternoon sunwas getting low as the rat sculled gently homewards in a

dreamy mood.

4) The Rat hummed a tune and the Mole recollected that animal which

etiquette forbade any sort of comment on the sudden disappearance of ones

friends at any moment, for any reason or no reason whatever.

The above sentences are some of the Kenneths novel sentence which

representative the sentences according to grammatical structure. The bold words

are the principal clauses that sign the sentences whether they are the simple

sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence and compound complex

sentence. The above sentences have one or more clause. The first example is the

simple sentence, for it only has one clause that is the Mole had been working.

The second example is the compound sentence, for it contains two

principal clause, they are: The Ratsculled smartly across and the Rat made

fast. The both principal clause (independent clause) are joined by a coordinator

and.

The third example is the complex sentence, for it contains a principal

clause and one subordinate clause, they are: the afternoon sunwas getting low

(independent clause/principal clause), as rat sculled gently homewards in a

dreamy mood (subordinate clause/dependent clause).

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 Finally the last example is compound complex sentence, for it contains

two principal clauses and one subordinate clause. The Rat hummed a tune, the

Mole recollected that animal are the independent clauses which joined by a

coordinator and. The dependent clause of the sentence (4) is which etiquette

forbade any sort of comment on the sudden disappearance of ones friends at any

moment, for any reason or no reason whatever.

However, to describe a sentence by using that way, we get to understand

more in clause. Clause which meant here is independent clause and dependent

clause. We must be able to separate which one is the independent and which is not

independent clause. Conjunction understanding is also needed, for conjunction

usually is used to join independent clause and dependent clause. It can be seen in

all sentences which have more than a clause.

1.2 Problem of Study

Based on the background, the problem of this study can be defined as

below:

1) What kinds of sentences are used by Kenneth Grahame in the novel the wind

in the willows?

2) What kinds of sentences are dominantly used by Kenneth Grahame in the

novel the wind in the willows?

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1.3 Scope of Study

This study is focused on sentence description, especially kinds of sentence

according to grammatical structure that is used by Kenneth Grahame in the novel the

wind in the willows and also the percentage of kinds or forms of sentences that the

writer has used in the novel.

1.4 Purpose of Study

There are two mainly purposes of the study, and they are:

1) To describe the kinds of sentences used by Kenneth Grahame through the novel

the wind in the willows.

2) To find out the dominant sentences are used by Kenneth Grahame in the novel the

wind in the willows.

1.5 Method of the study

The writer used descriptive qualitative method. The first step that the writer

did was searching some information about the novel and the author of the novel. The

writer read the novel to get a point of understanding the sentences are used by the

author in the novel the wind in the willows. Next step is the writer spent much time in

library to find some wonderful books to be read that the books are relevant to the

topic that can support the description of sentences are used, in order to finish out this

paper. The writer also spent a little time in internet to search data from internet to

enrich accurate data. Finally, the writer described the data and make conclusion. To

ease the reader understanding in the method, the writer describes a chart as below

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.

The sources of data

1. the wind in the

willows novel
Writer 2. literary books
3. internet

Reading and find out the

sentences in the novel

Conclusion Interpreting and describing

In order to find out the dominant type of sentence used in the novel the writer

uses Bungins formula (2005:172):

N= FX /N x 100 %

Where: N = Percentage of type sentence

FX = Total number of the type of sentence

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