CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

In todays generation, computers and computer tablet are commonly used

for studying. Thus, this chapter shows a summary of information, statements,

and articles from published books, journals, and online search engines. These

concepts were all related to the current study of the researchers which mainly

concerns the effects of computers and computer tablets in the academic

performance of the students.

Related Literature

In general, computers and computer tablets are products of technological

innovation or advancement. Technological innovation can be defined broadly as

a technological idea which does not pre - exist and whose addition gives better

performance than the existing technology, i.e. an improvement as written by

Prof. Dr. M. Y. Saada in the book entitled Philippine Technology Journal

published last January March 1992.

In the same book, the WIPO Model Law for Developing Countries on

Invention defined it as a solution to a specific problem in the field of technology

proposed by an employee of an enterprise employing at least () persons in the

country, for use by that enterprise and which related to the activities of the

enterprise but which, on the date of the proposal has not been used or actively

considered for use by that enterprise.

 By this definition, the computers and computer tablets that every person

uses today were not created accidentally instead they were planned and

proposed by companies for technological advancement. These now helps us in

our everyday life making everything easier.

Computers and computer tablets are really of good use to each one of us.

Focusing only on the aspect of education, Rene F. Aguirre (June, 1987) pointed

out the use of computers on education in his published book. He wrote, The

promise of personal computing for teaching and learning is that instructions can

be uniquely adapted to each individual student. From simple features, such as

the ability to select a sequence of topics which makes sense from the learners

viewpoint, to more advanced capabilities, such as facilities to generate examples

of concepts and provide practice material on demand, the computer promises to

provide a tutor of unique value. The key advantage is individual control, and the

great attraction will be the opportunity to learn subjects of ones own choice in a

self paced, supportive environment. An analogy can be made to travelling. As a

student, you now tour the countries of someone elses choice, firmly handcuffed

to the tour guide/ teacher.

Having the use of computer while studying leads us to a different way of

learning. It depends on how the user of the computer wants to learn. Nowadays,

there are available online tutorials, different search engines are open to everyone

and on top of these there is an easy access to those sites that are applicable and

useful for students. A student cannot only learn facts and other information but

they can also learn life lessons from the experiences of the bloggers and other
peoples posts and blogs. Just as the saying goes, A reader lives a thousand

lives before he dies, but a man who never reads lives only once. Being a part of

this generation is a good help for us in the way that we can have easy access

through peoples life experiences. We can also learn from those and at the same

time it may seem like we are really experiencing what was in the computer just

like reading a book. It is also compared to travelling, being able to use computer

serves as a connection to the world. You can know almost everything about a

certain place which makes you feel as if you were there.

Aguirre added, In the developed countries, computers in schools are

used to in many ways. Computers are used in drill and practice lessons in many

academic areas; for educational activities with a game format; for simulations for

recreating real life situations and problem solving and for such activities as word

processing, learning computer programming, etc. School administrators are

using computers in the classroom not as a means of reducing costs but to

improve the quality of education. The use of the computer will free teachers to

give them more time to give more individual attention to students requiring it. It

will allow students to learn and study their own pace; discover their own

weaknesses and strengths to enable them to take more courses. Students using

computers in learning will develop more logical thinking, will be able to form

instructions better and will show improvement in their reasoning and math skills.

Our country is considered as a developing country, with that we tend to

follow what were implemented in the developed countries. As stated in Aguirres

book, the developed countries already uses computer in the education system. In
fact, there are particular areas / courses which involves computer. Just like here

in the Philippines, there are certain courses that are related with computers even

if you are just in secondary level. Computer class is part of the Kto12 curriculum

and thus, it is required to have it in every school. At our own institution, The Lipa

Grace Academy, students can learn about basic video editing, photo editing and

even creating ones own site or game. These lessons serve as an initial stage for

those who are really interested in computers. But this doesnt end with just that,

the logical and reasoning skills of computer maniac students are developed

and enhanced as they explore new ways of doing anything using computers only.

Related Studies

A study entitled, How he ICT Development Level and Usage

Influence Student Achievement in Reading, Mathematics, and Science, was

written by Maxim Skryabin of ITMO University and Jingjing Zhang and Danhui

Zhang of Beijing Normal University (July 2015) shows relationship with the

researchers current study focusing on the effects of computers and computer

tablets in the academic performance of the students. The study of Maxim

Skryabin, Jingjing Zhang and Danhui Zhang contributed new knowledge about

the relationship between national ICT development and individual skills. The

results of their study also indicated also indicated that ICT use showed mixed

influences on three subjects for all groups of individuals, depending on the

different types of ICT usage.

 In their study regarding ICT or Information and Communications

Technology, computer is a factor which helps the students to have improvement

in different subjects. The usage of computer together with the application of ICT,

students can learn more in the faster way that reading a book. As for today, in

the Philippines, ICT is already part of the education system so its students are

really coping with the current changes technology has brought. In the study of the

researchers, computers have been proven to affect the lives of every student. It

serves as the main tool of the students for their homework, performance task,

and research, behavior and attitude, and health condition.

Another study shows relation to the current study of the research

with the title, Using the U.S. PISA Results to Investigate the Relationship

between School Computer Use and Student Academic Performance. It is

created by Letao Sun and Kelly D. Bradley of University of Kentucky. Their study

added supplementary information to the existing body of literature on the

influence of computer use at school to students academic performance. The

study also points out that the weak correlation found in their study suggests the

frequency of computer use might not be a good indicator to predict academic

achievement however it was found that students who use computers almost

every day have significant higher achievement scores that those who use

computers in moderate or low frequencies. The results of their study suggests

that simply increasing the educational input on computers at school may not

produce the desired effect instead, the quality of integrating computer use into
effective instructional activities plays a more important role in influencing student

academic outcomes.

Comparing this study to the current study of the researchers, it can

be determined that computers really affects the academic performance of the

students. Likewise, the way the student uses computer is also a big factor that

can show how computers influence his life and academic standing.

Synthesis

The published article of Prof. Dr. M. Y. Saana (January March

1992) and the study of the group of Maxim Skrybin, Jingjing Zhang and Danhui

Zhang (July 2015) that focused about the technological innovation and the ICT

that the Philippines is adapting is the reason why computers have been mainly

used at schools. Computers have been a part of the education system and thus,

it contributes effects on the academic performance of the students. The effect of

brought about by using computer varies on the way the student uses computer.

The way they define technological innovation and ICT have help the current

study to be formulated.

The point of view of Rene F. Aguirre (June 1987) and the study of Letao

Sun and Kelly D. Bradley both have the resemblance of stating that the way on

how the students make use of the computers are the factors that truly affect their

academic performances in their [Link] only variation of the opinion and the

study is the utilization of the computers, it is one of the major contributors that
has an impact to the academic study and most importantly to the existence of

each student.

Conceptual Framework

The research paradigm demonstrates the variables set by the researchers

to guide them in this study. Specifically, the independent variable is characterized

by the effects of modern computers and computer tablets to todays generation,

while the dependent variable pertains to the academic performance of Grade 7

Students in the Lipa Grace Academy SY 2015-2016 in order to form the

respondents profile in labeling of name, age, grade and section, and including

the gender.
Research Paradigm

Effects of Modern Academic

Computers and Performance of Grade

Computer Tablets to 7 Students in The Lipa

Todays Generation Grace Academy

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Respondents Profile

Name

Grade and Section

Age

Gender

Intervening Variables