SMART PHONES

1. Chih-Hsuan Wang. (Incorporating the concept of systematic innovation into quality

function deployment for developing multi-functional smart phones May 2017)
Smartphone has been recognized as one of the most prevailing products because of its
portability, ubiquitous computing, multi-functionality, and wireless connectivity (Barkhuus &
Polichar, 2010). In particular, consumers can actively adapt and adopt different portfolios of
APPs to fit their individual needs and lifestyles. According to the IDCs statistical profile in
2015, annual market growth of smart phone is more than 20% so far. In brief, the popularity of
smart phones arises from many drivers, such as wireless internet access, geographical
positioning, electronic wallet application, social community connectivity, excellent photo quality
and video recording (Lin et al., 2008; Tan et al., 2009). In fact, smartphone has incorporated
multiple functions of the conventional devices, such as personal digital assistant (PDA), global
positioning system (GPS), music player (MP3), and etc. Two categories of mobile phones
(Wang & Wu, 2014) have been analyzed, including multi-media phone (emphasizing photo
quality) and social-media phone (emphasizing network connectivity). Obviously, the
conventional PDA, multi-media phone and social-media phone are now fused into modern smart
phones. Very interestingly, two industrial findings are observed in recent years: on the one end,
the boundary between smart phones and other consumer electronics (like digital cameras and
tablets) is becoming more and more blurred (Wang & Wu, 2014; 4 Wang, 2015a) because smart
phones have significantly replaced low-end digital cameras and small-sized tablets. On the other
hand, the market shares of smart phones among brand companies have been intensively
fluctuating, especially when the wireless technology has been shifting from the second
generation to the third and to the forth. For example, Nokia was merged by Micro-soft in 2014.
Motorola was firstly acquired by Google and now acquired under Lenovo. As shown in Fig. 1,
the top five phone vendors in 2015 (quarter 2) are sequentially ranked as: Samsung (21%), Apple
(14%), Huawei (8.7%), Xiaomi (5.6%), and Lenovo (4.7%). So far, Samsung has lost at least
10% market share and yielded its preoccupied territory to three Chinese brands, like Huawei,
Xiaomi, and Lenovo. Apparently, to survive in a dramatically booming as well as saturated
business environment, it is of importance to continually design attractive alternatives for
acquiring distinct niche segments (Fogliatto et al., 2008; Wang & Chen, 2012). A good example
is like Apples iMac, iPod, iPhone, iPad, iWatch, and Apple TV series, which have been heralded
as an aesthetic revolution in industrial design (Chen & Chuang, 2008). Similarly, a famous
slogan proposed by Nokia- Technology always originates from the humanity, also reflects that
brand companies should stand and think at the perspectives of consumers. Actually, user
preferences and user perceptions are not only critical to stimulate product sales but also
significant to 5 consolidate firms product image (Wang, 2015a; 2015b). In an effort to meet
dynamically changing customer desires, capturing user preferences and user perceptions and
incorporating them into the process of market segmentation and product development is key to
survival and prosperity of brand companies. To the best of our knowledge, numerous schemes
have been presented to elicit user preference or capture user perception, such as analytical
hierarchy process, multi-attributed utility theory, quality function deployment, conjoint analysis,
Kano model, and Kansei engineering (Sireli et al., 2007; Kwong et al., 2011a; 2011b; Luo et al.,
2012). Despite some of the above-mentioned studies have successfully incorporated user aspects
into the entire decision-making process, most of them are deficit in tackling engineering conflicts
to generate inventive design. Although the compromised design is easier to be implemented, it is
difficult to stimulate huge product sales, especially when facing a saturating market like todays
smart phones. Consequently, a novel framework combining quality function deployment (QFD)
with the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) is presented in this paper. Inspired by the
aforementioned industrial trends and the past publications, this paper attempts to provide a
systematic way to help brand companies trace the past route, review current alternatives, and
forecast future trends of smart phones. In particular, the following issues are explored and
addressed: 6 How to partition a heterogeneous market into the ad-hoc niche segments in terms
of marketing requirements? How to overcome engineering conflicts among technical attributes
to generate innovative ideas rather than focusing on the compromised alternatives? How to
identify the key features for catching up the new trends of smart phones with regard to the
previously partitioned niche segments? The remaining of this paper is organized as follows.
Section 2 introduces the concept of QFD and TRIZ. Section 3 presents the proposed framework.
A real case is demonstrated in Section 4. Concluding remarks are drawn in Section 5.

MOBILE APPLICATION
1. Asta Tarute, Shahrokh Nikou, Rimantas Gatautis (Mobile Application Driven Consumer
Engagement July 2017)

The extensive use of smart mobile devices and mob ile applications provides new opportunities
for companies. The modern consumer is often referred as to be social, local, and mobile
(Marsden and Chaney, 2013). The convergence of users locality, mobility, and sociability
aspects require a deeper understanding of consumer behavior. These changes of consumer
behavior impose new challenges to companies seeking to influence consumer behavior by
making use of mobile technologies. Therefore, in response to these changes, companies 1
Corresponding author: Shahrokh Nikou, Faculty of Social Sciences, Business and Economics
bo Akademi University. Email: snikou@[Link]. Tel: + 358 41 455 3191 are met with questions,
as for how to make better use of mobile devices to engage consumers. The phenomenon of
consumer engagement has raised significant interest both in academia (Avnet and Higgins, 2006;
Higgins and Scholer, 2009; Brodie et al., 2011; Hollebeek, 2011a, b; Vivek, Beatty, Morgan,
2012; Zakir, 2013; Dessart, Veloutsou and Morgan-Thomas, 2015) and also in business sectors.
Renowned research and advertisement agencies such as Nielsen Media Research, Gallup Group,
American Association of Advertising Agencies expressed their interest in consumer engagement
for the last twenty years. Moreover, consumer engagement is considered to be one of the primary
marketing research areas according to Marketing Science Institute (2014). However, there is little
consensus in scientific literature regarding antecedents and consequences of consumer
engagement in a traditional physical context (Vivek et al., 2012; Gummerus et al., 2012;
Hollebeek and Chen, 2014), let alone in a context that is virtual and, or mobile (Wirtz et al.,
2013; Kim, Kim and Wachter, 2013). Literature informs us that consumer engagement is
dynamic and complex multidimensional concept. For instance, Bowden (2009) defines it as
psychological process that leads to the formation of loyalty and Patterson et al. (2006) define it
as psychological state that is characterized by a degree of vigor, dedication, absorption and
interaction. van Doorn et al. (2010) postulate the consumer engagement as the behavioral
manifestation from a consumer toward a brand or a firm which goes beyond purchase behavior
(p.254). In this research, we borrow the definition provided by Vivek et al. (2012) and state that
consumer engagement is the intensity of an individual's participation in and connection with an
organization's offerings and activities, which either of the parties initiate. We further argue that
consumer engagement is composed of cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and social elements. The
ability to engage consumers is necessary to capture and retain market share in a highly
competitive market, specifically in the mobile applications market. The number of mobile
applications is rapidly increasing, but the margins per sales are very low (Lim et al., 2015;
Dovaliene, Masiulyte, and Piligrimiene, 2015). A plausible explanation for this observed
phenomenon is that consumers are overwhelmed with increasing numbers of mobile applications
every day. Deciding which application to adopt and to use is a challenging task. According to
Gartner (2014; 2016), mobile devices continue to proliferate, and companies need to develop
applications complying with the needs of mobile consumer in their ever changing contexts and
environments. Considering this, companies, their marketers, designers and business developers,
are obliged to carefully rethink opportunities for application development and strategies. The
literature (c.f. Hoehle & Venkatesh, 2015; Deloitte, 2012) shows the research results of number
of mobile applications and the actual scale of use. Interestingly, in 2010-2011, only 1% of all
available mobile applications is downloaded for over a million times, and every fourth of the
downloaded applications are not used more than once. A total of 80% of all mobile applications
are downloaded for less than 1000 times (Deloitte 2012; Dredge 2011). Moreover, recent
statistical data shows similar tendencies, 25% of installed mobile applications are never used and
26% of installed mobile applications are abandoned after the first use (Google/Ipsos, May 2015).
These numbers suggest a lack of familiarity and a weak consumer engagement with applications.
From an academic research perspective, there is a lack of research focusing on the relations and
causality between mobile applications, consumer engagement and their potential consequences
for continuous usage of the applications. Even though several studies related to mobile
technologies and consumer engagement exist (Bellman et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2013), prior
research results are fragmented and inconclusive. For example, Bellman et al. (2011) only
determine whether using mobile applications affects brand attitude and brand purchase intention
and do not explicitly investigate the relationship between mobile applications and consumer
engagement. Moreover, there is a significant knowledge gap discussing the relation between
specific features and usage of mobile applications in understanding the specific role of consumer
engagement. Despite growing interest from academic research, consumer engagement in a
mobile environment specifically with regard to mobile applications is, to the best of our
knowledge, not explored. This paper addresses this limitation and fills this gap in part by
theoretically conceptualizing and empirically validating the model to measure consumer
engagement in relation to specific features and continuous usage of mobile applications. We aim
to identify features of mobile application that are significant for consumer engagement and may
lead to repetitive usage of mobile applications. This paper is organized as follows. Section two
provides an overview of existing consumer engagement literature, followed by discussions on
consumers motivation to engage with and via mobile applications and the features of such
applications that potentially impact mobile consumer engagement. Next, the importance and
nature of features of mobile applications to consumer engagement are discussed. Section three
provides the research methodology, followed by the section in which results are presented.
Section five provides the discussion of the findings and section six concludes the paper with the
theoretical and practical contributions, limitations, and suggestions for future research.

APPLICATION SECURITY

1. Pan Ping, Zhu Xuan, Mao Xinyue (Research on security test for application software
based on SPN 2017)
The generation, development and extensive application of giant complex intelligent systems such
as cloud computing, big data, the Internet of things and the physical information fusion system,
shows the great changes in human lifestyle, represents the modern human life desire for the
science and technology, especially the reliance on information technology as the core of life. At
the same time, hardware products such as the microelectronics integration technology, required
to meet the reliability requirement of scientific research and human activity, meanwhile, the
security requirements of the software have been improved. Software security testing is a process
to verify whether the software meets the expected functional requirements and security
requirements, and discovery potential security flaws in the software. It mainly includes User
Authentication, System Network and Database * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-187-9801-
0052. E-mail address: zhuxuan0429@[Link] 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ([Link]
nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the 13th Global
Congress on Manufacturing and Management Pan Ping et al. / Procedia Engineering 174 ( 2017 )
1140 1147 1141 security testing. Due to the different security requirements test strategy is also
different. Currently, the software security testing methods mainly include the static analysis
testing, the mode-based testing, the fuzzy testing, and the fault injection-based testing, the fault
tree-based testing, penetration testing and so on. Chen et al[1] believe that the software testing by
the fault injection may cause extra burden to the software, affect its performance, and produce
intermittent error or uncertain error; Xu et al[2] use the formal fault tree technology to explore
software security requirement, and propose using the minimum cut set of security incidents to
generate test cases; Yang et al[3] derive threat behavior trajectory from known security threat
model, and propose generating test cases according to certain test strategy, which is used to test
whether program behavior is contained within the model library of security threats. Although
these thinking methods provide some theoretical basis and method, however, it is not hard to find
that these methods are based on some known parameters, and dont take the random of actual
application of software into account. Because of the software safety evaluation is subject to
many factors, and the factor is random. Zhao et al [4] has been proved that using Petri net (PN)
not only can well describe the software architecture, but also present the software working
process and the relationship between software modules at the same time. Wei et al [5] further
proves that using PN method for software security analysis can quickly generate minimum cut
set and test cases set. Therefore, this paper introduced SPN theory as the foundation to analyze
the security testing of application software in terms of the failure of software security. Simulation
results show that this method can maintain its consistency in various environments, with high
precision and low-cost evaluation of the characteristics, and meanwhile provides a reliable and
effective theory and method for the security software evaluation.

ONLINE PAYMENT
1. Jing-Jang Hwanga,*, Tzu-Chang Yehb,c, Jung-Bin Lib (Securing on-line credit card
payments without disclosing privacy information 2003)

Information privacy is defined as an individuals claim to control the terms under which
personal informationinformation identifiable to the individualis acquired, disclosed, and
used [1]. It has been a critical concern long there before the advent of computers. As computer
technologies advance and the popularity of Internet grows, personal information could be
recorded, gathered, analyzed, and misused easier than ever. Privacy protection is therefore
becoming an important issue in the cyber era. Especially when it comes to on-line credit card
payments. Not just only because this payment method has been becoming the trend of modern
consuming practice, but also it involves the sensitivity of personal information. One of
GartnerG2s reports [2] shows that 0920-5489/02/$ - see front matter D 2002 Elsevier Science
B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0920-5489(02)00102-2 * Corresponding author. Tel.:
+886-3-3283016x5815; fax: +886-3-3271304. E-mail address: jjhwang@[Link] (J.-J.
Hwang). [Link]/locate/csi Computer Standards & Interfaces 25 (2003) 119 129
approximately 60% of on-line adults in the US do not do business on the web due to security and
privacy concerns. Another Gartners report [3] indicates that credit cards are used for 93% of all
transactions in the on-line world. The Information Technology Association of America found that
74% of Americans are worried that their personal information on the Internet could be stolen or
used for malicious purpose [4]. Therefore, the issue of privacy protection for on-line credit card
payments is in great need to be addressed for the development of electronic commerce. With a
growing scale of wide acceptance and a mature business operation infrastructure, payment by
credit card has been a common payment method in the physical world. This method has also
been commonly applied on-line, but cardholders confidence needs to be improved. Taking
advantage of its convenience, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) has become the most widely used
protocol for on-line credit card payments nowadays. However, it is designed only to provide a
private and reliable channel between two communicating entities. Unscrupulous merchants can
steal cardholders credit card information that contains the key elements needed to counterfeit
credit cards and/or to initiate fraudulent transactions. Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) [5 8],
the secure electronic transaction protocol proposed by VISA International and MasterCard
International, is deemed to be a de facto standard. But, there is agreement in the market that SET
has not taken off. The complexity and cost of implementing SET have been obstructing barriers.
Moreover, some researchers [8] pointed out that SET does not address the concern of data
aggregation. Constrained by being an extension of the existing card payment networks to the
Internet, the acquirer can obtain the cardholders card number and the issuer has a complete
record of the cardholders credit card transactions which could be aggregated for further analysis.
Recently the successor of SET, 3D SET (3 Dimension SET) [9], is proposed to improve the
portability and the flexibility for cardholders to pay on-line. The core protocol of 3D SET is the
same as that of SET. Based on the inherent assumption that banks are trustworthy, all the
transaction details and history of the cardholder are stored at the bank. Having long been trusted
by cardholders, banks can always access to sensitive data over their cardholders, which they
should not know. However, negative impacts such as banking scandals, closure programs due to
poor management, and security problems with Internet banking are all undermining cardholders
trust in banks. The Behrenss report from GartnerG2 [2] shows that 86% of on-line American
adults are very concerned about the security of bank and brokerage account numbers when doing
on-line transactions. According to Riems survey [10], a serious case happened in December
2000 draws much attention. Halifax, a British bank, was forced to shut down one of its credit
card sites after leaving cardholder details exposed. Three of the largest British banks have also
been identified as having security holes in their systems. Academically, some protocols are also
proposed in recent papers to improve the privacy protection for cardholders [8,11,12]. In this
paper, we first examine the necessary privacy protection for on-line credit card payments, and
then analyze the protection on the major protocols that are either in use or proposed in recent
papers. Based on the need-to-know principle proposed in Refs. [8,13,14], transaction information
should be available only to parties that need it to avoid data aggregation and misuse. Two
revisions of the original SET protocol are proposed to conceal cardholders identities in the
electronic marketplace. Cardholders trust for banks can thus be reduced to a minimum. A
cardholder needs only to select a trustworthy issuer, instead of worrying about the possible
breakdowns of every involved acquirer.

WEBSITE
1. Li Lia, Maojuan Penga, Nan Jiangb,, Rob Law (An empirical study on the influence of
economy hotel website quality on online booking intentions 2017)

The reservation behavior of hotel consumers in China is gradually changing along with the
increasing popularity of the Internet and the low threshold and ease of use of network
technologies. An increasing number of Chinese consumers are more inclined to book their rooms
online than on-site or over the phone. According to Chinas Online Travel Market Trend
Prediction, 20142017 published by EnfoDesk in 2015, the online travel market deals in China
will steadily grow and reach 352.4 billion by 2015; this figure is 25.9% larger than that in 2014.
By 2017, the market size is estimated to reach 498.3 billion. These figures indicate the bright
future of the online travel market in China.
Economy hotels are a new sector of the hotel industry in China that has developed rapidly since
2000 (Shen et al., 2014). However, the economy hotel industry in China currently faces several

Li Li and Maojuan Peng are affiliated with the

School of Tourism and Hospitality Management
of South China University of Technology,
Guangzhou, China, where Li Li is a Professor,
and Maojuan Peng is a postgraduate. Nan Jiang
and Rob Law are affiliated with the School of
Hotel and Tourism Management of the Hong
Kong Polytechnic University, where Nan Jiang is
a doctoral student and Rob Law is a Professor.
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: lligd@[Link] (L. Li),
pengmaojuan@[Link] (M. Peng),
51146059@[Link] (N. Jiang),
[Link]@[Link] (R. Law).

[Link]
17.01.001 0278-4319/ 2017
Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
challenges. Given the delays in the construction of hotel websites, the economy hotel industry
heavily relies on online travel agencies (OTAs), such as Ctrip and Elong. The hotel during the
preliminary stage requires network intermediaries for advertising and sales to compensate their
inadequate distribution power. However, the rise of network intermediaries has inevitably led to
high commissions and a channel monopoly, thereby threatening the hotel industry. Therefore,
online direct selling has become a common trend in the development of the Chinese economy
hotel industry. Given great efforts to develop direct-selling channels and the constantly
increasing investments in economy hotel websites, the hotel industry is concerned with whether
hotel websites can offer users a positive experience and encourage online direct sales.
The hotel online booking platform and its related issues have been investigated in literature
because of their significance to online travel. Most scholars have evaluated the hotel website
from various perspectives, including website design, functions, and characteristics; however,
only a few researchers have explored the influence of hotel website quality, specifically economy
hotel website quality, on consumer psychology and behavior. Previous studies suggest that hotel
website quality profoundly and positively influence the willingness of consumers to book rooms
online (Bai et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2015). However, most of these studies have focused on
high-end international brands and ignore economy hotels, which also comprise a large market in
the industry.
Economy hotels are also referred to as budget hotels or limited service hotels and are
different from hotels that provide full service; this type of hotels originated in the United States
after the Second World War when the US economy recovered with the development of its
highway system (Senior and Morphew, 1990). Zou (2003) defined economy hotels as hotels that
provide professional services and affordable price to public consumers. Given that different types
of hotels target various classes of customers, their hotel website requirements also differ. Trust
plays an important role in online reservations because of the inherent risks in availing online
services (Wang and Emurian, 2005). Therefore, hotels must establish trust relationships with
their online consumers, thereby affecting the willingness of consumers to book rooms online
(Wang et al., 2015).
This study attempts to explore the influence of economy hotel website quality on the online
booking intention of consumers. Three economy hotels (7 days, Home Inns, and Hanting Hotel)
in Guangzhou, China were selected as research objects. The theoretical relationships among the
quality of these hotel websites (usability, ease of use, entertainment, and complementarity),
eTrust, and online booking intentions were thoroughly examined. The influence of the four
aforementioned independent variables of hotel website quality on eTrust and online booking
intentions was tested using the WebQualTM model (Loiacono et al., 2002). The rest

of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the theoretical model and discusses the
main research hypotheses to be tested empirically. Section 3 introduces the methodology. Section
4 analyzes the results. Section 5 discusses and provides the implications. Section 6 presents the
limitations and future research directions.

Notifications

1. Liam D. Turner , Stuart M. Allen, Roger M. Whitaker (Reachable but not receptive:
Enhancing smartphone interruptibility prediction by modelling the extent of user engagement
with notifications . Accepted 31 January 2017)

The relationship between a human and their smartphone has reached the point where it forms a
cognitive extension [1] and offers deep insight into human behaviour (e.g., [2]). Smartphone
notifications interrupt us through audio and visual cues for a wide variety of reasons; to inform,
persuade, or prompt for a reaction. As more and more applications compete for our attention, the
cognitive burden on the user to manage their interruptibility for different notifications clearly
increases. While mechanisms exist for controlling notifications (e.g. silent mode), managing
these can be complex to set up and maintain, as the user needs to consciously reflect on their
own behaviour and preferences. Consequently, intelligent systems to proactively assess the
nature and extent of our interruptibility are therefore highly desirable for both the user and
interrupting applications [3]. Diverse approaches have been proposed to facilitate intelligent
interruption for the smartphone [4], across phone calls [5, 6] and notifications [7]. This has
included determining the influence of contextual factors [8,9], exploring methods of labelling
interruptibility [1012] and training predictive models [13,7]. However, interruption is
challenging to observe in isolation because interrupting the user to ask how interruptible they are
is itself an interruption. In doing so, this simplification does not consider the per-application
variability in: notification content and purpose [9]; the extent a response can be made (no
response, partial, or complete) [12]; or the subjectiveness in what response behaviour signifies a
successful interruption [4]. This motivates modelling interruptibility with enhanced granularity.
To achieve this we explore prediction based on the human decision making process that occurs in
response to a notification, specifically modelling the extent to which they respond after they are
initially interrupted and then provided with more information. Referred to as the decision-on-
information-gain (DOIG) model, this approach extends the existing Corresponding author. E-
mail addresses: TurnerL9@[Link] (L.D. Turner), AllenSM@[Link] (S.M. Allen),
WhitakerRM@[Link] (R.M. Whitaker). [Link]
1574-1192/ 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 2 L.D. Turner et al. / Pervasive and Mobile
Computing ( ) convention to label response behaviour from how a response is made (as well as
if) and without the reliance on surveys (e.g., [14,7,9]). As noted in previous work [12], this
approach synthesises multiple definitions of interruptibility to enable flexibility in how a users
interruptibility is defined, removing the rigidity of the single definitions used in previous studies
(e.g., [15,16,14]). W

Android
1. Wenhao Fan*, Yaohui Sang, Daishuai Zhang, Ran Sun, Yuanan Liu (DroidInjector: A
Process Injection-based Dynamic Tracking System for Runtime Behaviors of Android
Applications. Accepted date: 2-6-2017)

Todays smartphone is developing into users communication center, message center, multi-
media center and network access center. Different with traditional computer devices, applications
(apps) running in a smartphone can obtain privileges to operate users sensitive information,
which is related to activities of mobile communication and networking, usages of the
smartphones peripherals, access of the users private data, etc. The sensitive information could
be leveraged by malware intentionally, or by benign apps unintentionally, to damage the users
information security. A malicious app usually disguises as a benign app to pass systems
permission checks. For a carefully programmed self-concealment malicious app, in order to
prevent being detected, the malicious operations are hidden in the normal control flows of the
app, and can be triggered conditionally based on the context of current system platform.
Malicious codes could be into multiple parts of the app in various forms. Malicious behaviors are
becoming more and more inconspicuous, which bring current security detection techniques a
very difficult task to identify malicious behaviors from a certain app accurately and efficiently.
Android is now the most widely applied mobile operating system (OS) for smartphones.
Different with iOS of Apple cooperation, Android is open source [1], which enables
manufacturers to develop their customized versions of Android, and install them to their
smartphone products. The market share of Android in smartphone market has reached at 82.8%
(2015Q2), and is still growing currently [2]. Meanwhile, the number of Android malware in
terms of virus, worm, trojan, spyware, backdoor, rootkit, botnet, etc. grows at a fast pace in the
background of Android prosperity.

Hotel Reservation
1. Yi-Shun Wang a , Hsien-Ta Li a, * , Ci-Rong Li b , Ding-Zhong Zhang a (Factors
affecting hotels' adoption of mobile reservation systems: A technology-organization-
environment framework 2016)

Mobile commerce has emerged as a vital tool for many firms as smart phones continue to evolve
and gain in popularity. It offers customers accessibility, enabling them to purchase products or
services at anytime, from anywhere. The emergence of mobile commerce has attracted the
attention of researchers interested in gaining a better understanding of the basis for its adoption.
Previous research has investigated mobile commerce adoption pertaining to specific technologies
or industries, such as the insurance industry (Lee, Cheng, & Cheng, 2007), banking (Zhou, Lu, &
Wang, 2010), payment services (Yang, Lu, Gupta, Cao, & Zhang, 2012), healthcare (Wu, Li, &
Fu, 2011), multimedia messaging services (Chang & Pan, 2011), shopping for fashion products
(Ko, Kim, & Lee, 2009), broadband wireless access technology-based games (Ha, Yoon, & Choi,
2007), public transportation ticketing services (Mallat, Rossi, Tuunainen, & Oorni, 2008 ),
and the usage of electronic procurement systems (Gebauer & Shaw, 2004). As suggested in
previous studies (e.g., Ho, 2012; Khalifa, Cheng, & Shen, 2012; Slade, Williams, & Dwivedi,
2014; Zhou & Lu, 2011), theoretical perspectives underpinning mobile commerce adoption
research include motivational theories (see Ryan & Deci, 2000), the technology acceptance
model (Davis, 1989), the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991), the task-technology fit
(Goodhue & Thompson, 1995), the innovation diffusion theory (Rogers, 2003), the unified
theory of acceptance and use of technology (i.e., UTAUT; see Venkatesh, Morris, Davis, &
Davis, 2003), UTAUT2 (Venkatesh, Thong, & Xu, 2012), the information systems success model
(DeLone & McLean, 2003), the valence framework (see Peter & Tarpey, 1975), and the flow
experience (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975). * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses:
yswang@[Link] (Y.-S. Wang), [Link]@[Link]. net (H.-T. Li). Contents lists
available at ScienceDirect Tourism Management journal homepage:
[Link]/locate/tourman [Link] 0261-5177/
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Tourism Management 53 (2016) 163e172
 One important mobile application associated with the hotel industry is mobile hotel
reservation systems (MHRS). Wang and Wang (2010) define MHRS as location-based online
distribution information systems that enable customers to reserve hotel rooms at anytime, from
anywhere, through the use of portable devices. However, their study focuses on the adoption of
MHRS from a customer standpoint. While a considerable body of research has investigated
customers' or individuals' adoption of mobile commerce (e.g., Chang & Pan, 2011; Ha et al.,
2007; Ko et al., 2009; Lee & Mills, 2010; Mallat et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2012; Zhou et al.,
2010), relatively little research has examined mobile commerce adoption from an organizational
standpoint (e.g., Liang, Huang, Yeh, & Lin, 2007; Mallat & Tuunainen, 2008; Pagani, 2006;
Stoica, Miller, & Stotlar, 2005; Wang & Cheung, 2004). Prior researchers have called for
additional studies that investigate organizational mobile commerce adoption (e.g., Slade,
Williams, & Dwivedi, 2013). However, investigating MHRS adoption from the standpoint of
hotels has not been addressed as of yet, representing a knowledge gap.
The purpose of this study is to investigate factors affecting hotel adoption of MHRS, and
thereby contribute to the organizational mobile commerce adoption literature. In this study,
MHRS refer to hotel booking mobile apps. These apps tend to fall into one of two categories: the
first is apps offered by a hotel for its customers to check hotel locations, room rates, promotions,
or membership information (e.g., membership points); the second is apps offered by a third-party
organization that provides information on different hotels for the convenience of travelers. The
factors that drive a hotel's adoption of these two types of mobile apps may differ; as such, this
study focuses on hotel development and implementation of hotel booking mobile apps to ensure
a better understanding of this category. Further, the current study utilizes a
technologyorganization-environment (TOE) framework (see Tornatzky & Fleischer, 1990) to
integrate various perspectives into this investigation.
The remainder of this article sequentially discusses the theoretical foundation
underpinning the study, the research model, the quantitative research method utilized to test this
model, results of hypothesis-testing, and contributions, implications, and limitations associated
with this study.