JAKARTA GREEN BUILDING USER GUIDE

VOL. 1

BUILDING
ENVELOPE

The Government of the Province of

Jakarta Capital Special Territory

In cooperation with: IFC in partnership with:

CODE REQUIREMENTS

Building Envelope (BE)

BE 01 Maximum OTTV

The calculation should be done using the calculator

available on this website
[Link]

Checklist for all code requirements lists the required

documents is also available on this website
[Link]
 JAKARTA GREEN BUILDING USER GUIDE
VOL. 1
BUILDING ENVELOPE
table of contents

INTRODUCTION 2

01 S C O P E 7

02 C O D E R E Q U I R E M E N T 8

03 C O D E E X P L A N A T I O N 9

04 D E S I G N P R I N C I P L E S 15
Heat Transfer through Building Envelope 15
Building Forms and Orientations 16
Window Area 18
Glazing Materials 18
External Shading 19
Lightshelf 23
Internal Shading 25
Walls 26
Roofs 27
Infiltration 30

APPENDIX 33
 Building Envelope:
An Introduction
T H E F U N C T I O N O F
B U I L D I N G E N V E L O P E
Building envelope is comprised of opaque components (e.g. walls)
and fenestration systems (e.g. windows) that divide the interior
of a building from the exterior environment. Building envelope
provides protection from the elements of external environment
such as heat, radiation, wind, rain, noise, pollution etc.). Building
envelope has a key role in reducing cooling and lighting energy
consumption.

For a typical mid and high rise building, the walls have considerably
larger area than the roof. Therefore, care must be taken to control heat
gain through the vertical surfaces, especially the windows. For low
rise building where the roof becomes the larger part of the building
envelope, heat transmission from the roof might be the determining
factor of the overall cooling load. Additionally, windows and skylights in
the building envelope dictate the amount of light that penetrates inside.
By optimizing the window design, most buildings can significantly
reduce their electric lighting without adding too much heat gain.

E N E R G Y C O N S U M P T I O N
B R E A K D O W N
Building energy consumption in Indonesia is dominated by HVAC
system regardless of the building type. As presented in Figure 1,
HVAC accounts for about 47% to 65% of the total building energy
consumption. The combined energy consumption for lighting and
plug load contribute 15% to 25% of the total energy consumption.
Therefore, reducing energy consumption for HVAC and lighting
through passive and active design will significantly reduce the overall
BUILDING ENVELOPE

energy consumption of the building.

2
 F I G U R E . 0 1
Energy Consumption
Breakdown for Various 100
6%
Building Type1 13% 16% 14%
17%

Building Energy Use (%)

80 3% 14% 5% 4% 22%
15% 27%
22%
Air Conditioning 16%
60
25%

Lighting + outlet 40

65%
57% 57% 55%
47%
Elevator 20

0
Others Hotel Hospital Shopping Mall Office Building Government Office

The source of cooling load can be organized into external heat gain (e.g.
from walls, windows etc.) and internal heat gain (e.g. from lighting,
equipment, people etc.). In buildings with large window openings heat
gain from the windows and walls become the major part of the cooling
load. As presented in Figure 2, external heat gain from windows and
wall of a typical Jakarta office building is around 63%, while internal
heat gain from equipment, lighting and occupancy is about 37%. This
indicates large energy saving opportunities through properly designed
building envelope to reduce cooling load.

F I G U R E . 0 2
Breakdown of Cooling
Load for a Typical Occupancy
Jakarta Office Building2 8%
Equipment
23%
Windows
Lighting 60%
6%
Walls
3%
BUILDING ENVELOPE

1
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).2009. A Study of Electricity Use in
Multiple Jakarta Buildings.
2
International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2011. Jakarta Building Energy Efficiency
Baseline and Saving Potential: Sensitivity Analysis.

3
 C O N S T R U C T I O N T R E N D

In terms of thermal properties, building envelope constructions can be

organized into two major types: curtain wall and brick and windows
constructions. Curtain wall constructions, whether it is fully glass or
combinations of glass and solid panel (e.g. aluminum composite panel)
are popular for office buildings and more recently apartment buildings.
Other building types, especially low rise buildings, tend to use brick and
windows constructions.

F I G U R E . 0 3
Brick and Windows
Constructions (Left)
and Curtain Glass Wall
Constructions3

The primary reason given by architects and building owners for

designing buildings with curtain walls is their commercial appeal.
Large windows provide views that increase the value of the premises.
However, in reality many of the users partially or fully draw the curtains/
blinds close due to glare and overheating. This blocks the view as well
as daylight leading to unnecessarily high energy consumption for HVAC
and lighting.
BUILDING ENVELOPE

3
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.

4
 F I G U R E . 0 4
Curtain Glass Wall
Office with Fully Drawn
Internal Shading and
Electrical Light On4

E N E R G Y S A V I N G P O T E N T I A L

As stated above, building envelope can have a huge impact on the total
building energy consumption as it can greatly modify the cooling load,
especially by controlling radiation heat gain through the windows, and
utilizing daylighting. The combined passive design strategies have a
potential energy savings of roughly about 31% for office buildings. This
can be achieved through building envelope designs to reduce external
heat gain and utilizing daylighting.

F I G U R E . 0 5
Potential Energy Saving Typical Office Energy Consumption Breakdown
from HVAC and Lighting
in a Typical Jakarta Office
Building through Passive Others
Design Strategies5 Elevator 14%
4%
AC + Lighting
Plug Load 38%
14%

Potential Saving
31%

Potential Energy Saving

Wall Insulation 0.3%

Wall Reflectivity 0.5%
Daylighting 4.9%
Glass 7.3%
WWR 8.0%
Shading 10.1%
BUILDING ENVELOPE

4
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.
5
International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2011. Jakarta Building Energy Efficiency
Baseline and Saving Potential: Sensitivity Analysis.

5
 In more detail, the energy saving potential through passive design
has also been indicated by the results of simulation study revealing
potential energy saving through reducing window area, applying
external shadings, and improving glass performance are summarized
in Table 1.

T A B L E . 0 1 Potential Energy Saving through Building Envelope for Various

Potential Energy Saving Building Types6
through Building Envelope
for Various Building Types
P ASSI VE
DE SI G N Office Retail Hotel Hospital Apartment School
ST RAT E G I E S

Shading 10.1% 4.6% 10.2% 8.8% 5.3% 1.9%

WWR 8.0% 3.9% 8.7% 7.5% 2.3% 0.0%
Glass 7.3% 3.2% 8.5% 8.0% 6.5% 4.2%
Daylight link 4.9% NA NA NA NA 3.5%
lighting system
Wall Reflectivity 0.5% 0.3% 0.6% 0.3% 2.3% 2.6%
Wall Insulation 0.3% 0.2% 1.0% 0.5% 3.2% -0.9%

TOTAL 31.1% 12.2% 29.0% 25.1% 19.6% 11.3%

As can be seen in Table 1, one of the most effective design strategies

to reduce building energy consumption is by limiting heat gain through
the windows. The combined passive design strategies that incorporate
external shadings, reducing wall area and utilizing high performance
glasses could lead to roughly 25% energy saving. Because solar
radiation intensity is different for each orientation, controlling heat
gain through fenestration system could also be achieved through
appropriate building orientation. Results from this study highlight the
important roles of architect to develop designs that are both saving
energy and attractive.
BUILDING ENVELOPE

6
International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2011. Jakarta Building Energy Efficiency
Baseline and Saving Potential: Sensitivity Analysis.

6
01
scope
The Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) criterion for evaluating
thermal performance of building envelope has been adopted.
While it is a fairly robust way of quantifying building envelopes
thermal performance, it has some limitations.

The concept of OTTV is based on the assumption that the envelope

of a building is completely enclosed. In the OTTV formulation, the
following factors are not addressed or accounted for:
Internal shading devices, such as draperies and blinds.
Solar reflection or shading from adjacent buildings.
Heat gain from Roof, which is covered separately through an RTTV
calculation and is not required by this code.

The OTTV requirement is applicable only for air-conditioned

buildings.

BUILDING ENVELOPE SCOPE

7
 02 code requirement

R E F E R R I N G T O A R T I C L E 6

The Overall Thermal Transfer Value

(OTTV) for the building should not
exceed 45 Watts/m2.

Planning pertaining to OTTV shall

[3]

refer to SNI 03-6389 concerning

Conservation of Building Envelope
Energy in Building Structures.
BUILDING ENVELOPE CODE REQUIREMENT

8
 03 code explanation
An Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) is a measure of external
heat gain transmitted through a unit area of the building envelope
(W/m2). Solar transmission through fenestration system is generally
far greater than that of through opaque envelope. Therefore, designing
windows must be carried out with caution to avoid excessive heat
gain by controlling the window area, orientation, selection of high
performance glazing materials and providing external shades.

O T T V C A L C U L A T I O N S

(1) Calculate OTTV for each orientation and building component

(e.g. window, wall), using formula and spreadsheet below.
(2) Calculate total OTTV by adding OTTV of each building
component and orientation using formula and spreadsheet
below (SNI 03-6389).

[(Uw x (1-WWR)] x TDek + (SC x WWR x SF) + (Uf x WWR x T)

(1) OTTV =
A

(OTTVu x Au) + (OTTVt x At) + (OTTVs x As) + (OTTVb x Ab)

(2) OTTVtotal =
(Au + At + As + Ab)

The formula for OTTV calculation above is elaborated in the spreadsheet

below:

S H E E T . 0 1 Heat Conduction Through Walls

Faade Solar Total Window to U-Value

BUILDING ENVELOPE CODE EXPLANATION

No. EL EVATIO N Area Absorbtion Opening Wall Ratio (1-WWR) (Uw) Tdeq OTTV A*OTTV
(A) m2 Factor () Area (m2) (WWR) w/m2k

North Wall
South Wall
West Wall
East Wall

TOTAL AREA

9
 S H E E T . 0 2 Heat Conduction Through Windows

Faade Total Window to U-Value

No. EL EVA T I O N Area Opening Wall Ratio (Uw) T OTTV A*OTTV
(A) m2 Area (m2) (WWR) w/m2k

North Wall
South Wall
West Wall
East Wall

TOTAL AREA

S H E E T . 0 3 Solar Heat Gain Through Windows

Faade Total Window to Solar Shading Shading Coef. Shading Coef

No. EL EVAT I O N Area Opening Wall Ratio Factor Coef. Effective (SC = SCk * OTTV A*OTTV
(A) m2 Area (m )
2
(WWR) (SF) (SCk) (Sceff) Sceff)

North Wall 130

South Wall 97
West Wall 243
East Wall 112

TOTAL AREA

S H E E T . 0 4 Summary

Wall Con Win Con Win Sol Total Area OTTV

No. EL EVAT I O N
(W) (W) (W) (W) (m2) (W/m2)

North Wall
South Wall
West Wall
East Wall

TOTAL AREA

Note: The values for building facades (total opening area, window to wall ratio
and U-value) are determined by actual building geometry and thermal
properties of its materials. The values for Solar Absorption Factor (),
TDek, T and Solar Factor (SF) is taken from tables in SNI 03-6389.
SHGC = SC x 0,86.

Roof Thermal Transfer Value (RTTV) calculations are not required for
code compliance, since the code currently applies mostly to high rise
BUILDING ENVELOPE CODE EXPLANATION

building with relatively small roof area.

10
 GRAPHICAL OTTV can be calculated using the formula describe in detail in SNI
CALCULATION 03-6389. However, OTTV calculation using the formula could be
OF OTTV troublesome and difficult to review.

A simpler methods of calculating OTTV is using spreadsheet based

OTTV calculation tool available on DPPBs website needs to be filled
out and submitted for code compliance.

If reputable building energy simulation is used for the building, OTTV

calculations from the program can also be used.

While designing OTTV can be calculated using a graphical design tool

presented in Figure 6, which shows combination values of SHGC,
OTTV and WWR for a specific orientation of the [Link] this
design tool, the value of the WWR of a window with certain SHGC can
be easily determined to meet the OTTV Code 45 W/m2. The graph
is valid for a typical brick wall construction with U-value of 1,039 W/
m2-K and 8 mm single pane windows without external shades. As heat
transmission through the opaque envelope are not critical, this design
tool can also be applied for other wall constructions of similar U-value.

BUILDING ENVELOPE CODE EXPLANATION

7
Ibnu Saud, 2012. Unpublished thesis. Department of Architecture and Planning,
Gadjah Mada University.

11
 F I G U R E . 0 6
OTTV Values for Various WWR North Wall (0o) WWR North East Wall (45o)
WWR and SHGC for Eight 160 160
Major Orientations 150 150
140 140 WWR
130 130
70%
120 WWR 120 65%
110 70% 110 60%

OTTV (W/m2)

OTTV (W/m2)
65% 55%
100 100
60% 50%
90 55% 90 45%
80 50% 80 40%
45%
70 40% 70 35%
60 35% 60 30%
30% 25%
50 50
25% 20%
40 20% 40
15%
30 15% 30
10%
20 10% 20
5%
5%
10 10
0% 0%
0 0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
SHGC SHGC

WWR East Wall (90o) WWR South East Wall (135o)

160 160
150 WWR 150
140 70% 140
130 65% 130
60%
120
55%
120 WWR
110 110
OTTV (W/m2)

OTTV (W/m2)
50% 70%
100 100 65%
45% 60%
90 90
40% 55%
80 80 50%
35%
70 70 45%
30% 40%
60 25% 60 35%
50 50 30%
20%
25%
40 15% 40 20%
30 10% 30 15%
20 20 10%
5%
10 10 5%
0% 0%
0 0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
SHGC SHGC

WWR South Wall (180o) WWR South West Wall (225o)

160 160
150 150
140 140
130 130 WWR
120 120
70%
110 110 65%
OTTV (W/m2)

OTTV (W/m2)

100 100 60%

90 WWR 90
55%
50%
80 70% 80 45%
65%
70 60% 70 40%
55% 35%
60 50% 60
45% 30%
50 40% 50 25%
35%
40 30% 40 20%
30 25% 30 15%
20%
20 15% 20 10%
10%
10 10 5%
5%
0 0% 0 0%
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
SHGC SHGC

WWR West Wall (270o) WWR North West Wall (315o)

160 WWR 160
150
70%
150 WWR
65%
140 140 70%
60%
130 130 65%
55% 60%
BUILDING ENVELOPE CODE EXPLANATION

120 120
50% 55%
110 110
OTTV (W/m2)

OTTV (W/m2)

45% 50%
100 100
40% 45%
90 90
35% 40%
80 80
30% 35%
70 70
25% 30%
60 60
25%
50 20% 50
20%
40 15% 40
These tables are also 30 30
15%
10%
available in appendix. 20 20
10%
5% 5%
10 10
0 0% 0 0%
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
SHGC SHGC

12
 To illustrate the application of the graphs for determining WWR for each
wall orientation to meet the building code, an example of simple 20 m x
40 m rectangular building is outlined below.

North WWR?

Window = 8mm single

pane glass

20 m
West East SHGC = 0.7
WWR 0% WWR 10% U-value = 5.2
Opaque = brick wall
U-value = 1,039 W/m2-K
South WWR? Floor to floor height 4m

40 m

What is the maximum WWR for North and South windows to meet
the maximum OTTV of 45 W/m2?

ST E P . 1 Using the east wall graph above, determine the OTTV for east
and west wall. Results: OTTV for East and West wall are 24 W/m2
and 3 W/m2 respectively.

WWR East Wall (90o)

160
150 WWR
140 70%
130 65%
120 60%
55%
110
OTTV (W/m2)

50%
100
45%
90
40%
80
35%
70 30%
60 25%
50 20%
40 15%
30 10% (1) SHGC 0.7
20
10
5% (2) OTTV 24 W/m2
0
0% (3) WWR 10%
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
SHGC

ST E P . 2 Calculate the OTTV for North and South Wall.

SU RF ACE O T T V Surface Area Total External Heat Gain

O RI EN T AT IO N (w/m2) (m2) (W)

( OT T V ) (A ) ( OT T Vx A )

East (e) 24 80 1920

West (w) 3 80 240
North (n) ? 160 ?
South (s) ? 160 ?
BUILDING ENVELOPE CODE EXPLANATION

TOTAL 45 480 21600

To calculate the OTTV for North and South walls, the following formula
can be utilized:

(OTTV1 x A1) + (OTTV2 x A2) + ... + (OTTVi x Ai)

OTTV Total =
A1 + A2 + ... + Ai

13
 SU RF ACE O T T V Surface Area Total External Heat Gain
O RI EN T AT ION (w/m2) (m2) (W)

(OT T V ) (A ) ( OT T VxA )

East (e) 24 80 1920

West (w) 3 80 240
North (n) 60.75 160 9720
South (s) 60.75 160 9720

TOTAL 45 480 21600

ST E P . 3 Determine the WWR of North and South wall using the graphs
in Figure 6. It is shown in the figure below that to meet the 45 W/m2
requirements, the WWR for North and South wall must be smaller than
43% and 62%.

WWR North Wall (0o) WWR South Wall (180o)

160 160
150 150
140 140
130 130
120 WWR 120
110 70% 110

OTTV (W/m2)
OTTV (W/m2)

65% 100
100
60%
90 55% 90 WWR
80 50% 80 70%
45% 65%
70 40% 70 60%
55%
60 35% 60 50%
30% 45%
50 50 40%
25% 35%
40 20% 40 30%
30 15% 30 25%
20%
20 10% 20 15%
10%
5% 10
10 5%
0% 0%
0 0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
SHGC SHGC
(1) SHGC 0.7 (1) SHGC 0.7
(2) OTTV 60.75 W/m2 (2) OTTV 60.75 W/m2
(3) WWR 43% (3) WWR 62%

Having external shadings may improve significantly the performance of

the windows by blocking solar radiation leading to lower SHGC values.
The SHGC or SC values of the fenestration system combining the effect
of glazing materials and external shading devices can be calculated
using the following formula (SNI 03-6389):

SC = SCk x SCeff

The values of SCeff for SC = Shading coefficient of the fenestration system

various external shading SCk = shading coefficient of the glazing materials
BUILDING ENVELOPE CODE EXPLANATION

configurations and SCeff = shading coefficient of the shading devices

orientations are provided SHGC = 0.86 SC
in SNI 03-6389

14
04 design principles
H E A T T R A N S F E R T H R O U G H
B U I L D I N G E N V E L O P E
In externally dominated cooling load buildings, energy consumption for
HVAC system is mainly determined by heat transfer through its building
envelope components including:
Heat transfer through windows,
Heat transfer through walls,
Heat transfer through roofs,
Infiltration and exfiltration rates through cracks, windows and doors
openings.

There are a number of design principles that could be applied to reduce

heat gain through the building envelope:
Designing building form and orientation to minimize building
envelope exposure to east and west solar radiation.
Reducing heat transmissions through windows by reducing the
window area, providing properly designed external shades and
selecting high performance glazing materials.
Reducing heat transmissions through walls by having sufficient
insulation.
Reducing heat transmissions through roofs by having higher
reflectivity, emissivity and insulation values.
Reducing infiltration and exfiltration by properly sealed the building
and controlling the door and window openings.

F I G U R E . 0 7
Heat Transfer
Components through
Building Envelopes
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Long Wave Radiation

Direct Solar
Radiation Convection
Heat Transmission
through windows
40x - 130x
Short Wave Radiation

Conduction Heat Transmission

through brick walls
1x

15
 Thermal transfer through the building envelopes can be categorized as
radiation, conduction and convection through walls and windows. Out of
these, direct radiation through windows is the most critical in Jakarta.
Results from simulation studies indicates that for a typical building
envelope constructions and materials, thermal transfer through windows
is roughly 40 to 130 times greater than that of walls. Even for the best
high performance glazing available, heat transfer through windows
is significantly higher compared to brick wall. Therefore, controlling
thermal transfer through the windows is essential to the successfulness
of the overall passive design strategies to reduce cooling load.

Another form of heat transfer that may increase cooling load

considerably is infiltration and exfiltration through building
envelope cracks, openings of windows and doors.

B U I L D I N G F O R M S A N D
O R I E N T A T I O N S
Due to daily and annual movement of the sun, solar radiation received
by building envelope varies for each orientation. For Jakarta and other
location of similar latitude, west facing vertical surfaces receive a daily
average of 303 W/m2 solar radiation, while that of east, north and south
receive a daily average of 268 W/m2, 207 W/m2, and 165 W/m2 solar
radiation respectively. Horizontal surfaces (roof) receive a daily average
of 527 W/m2, which is significantly higher than any vertical surface (wal).

F I G U R E . 0 8
Average Daily Solar Yearly Average of Surface Exterior Solar Incident
Radiation on Horizontal on West, South, East, North, and Horizontal Surfaces (W/m2)
Roof and Vertical Surfaces
of Major Orientations 1000
Surface Exterior Solar

800
West
Incident (W/m2)

South
600
East
North 400

Horizontal
200

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Hourly Data

16
 F I G U R E . 0 9 To avoid excessive solar radiation heat gain, major building envelope
Building form elongated surfaces with windows should be oriented north and south whenever
east west to minimize solar
possible. This allows the window to receive diffuse daylight from the
heat gain and maximize
daylighting. sky while minimizing direct solar heat gain. Furthermore, services areas
Left: Faculty of Social and
with predominantly opaque walls could be located at east and west
Political Science, UIN,
Jakarta. Right: Ministry of ends of the building to function as thermal buffer spaces.
Marine Affairs and Fisheries
Head Office, Jakarta8

Opaque walls with

high thermal mass

Circulation

N
Stairs
Services

The comparative solar heat gain represented by OTTV values for various
building forms and orientations is presented in Figure 10. The OTTV
values are for simple rectangular building with window strips (SHGC 0.4)
and the same floor area.

F I G U R E . 1 0
The Impact of Building
90o
Forms and Orientations N
on OTTV (W/m2)
45o 135o
1:1 1:2 1:3
0 W
o
E

1 : 1 1 :2 1 :3
WWR
0o
45 o
0
o
45 o
90 o
135o
0o
45 o
90o 135o

70% 66.79 67.56 62.75 67.68 71.25 67.86 59.75 66.72 72.46 66.99
50% 49.99 50.57 47.02 50.74 53.41 50.84 44.82 50.09 54.37 50.24
30% 32.44 32.81 30.58 33 34.73 33.03 29.19 32.64 35.4 32.68
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Source: Ibnu Saud, 2012. Unpublished thesis. Department of Architecture and

Planning, Gadjah Mada University.

8
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.

17
 W I N D O W A R E A

The proportion of window area has a considerable influence on cooling

load since it determines the total amount of solar radiation through
window area. This is because window glazing allows more heat gain to
the interior space than opaque envelope, and therefore a larger window
to wall ratio (WWR) usually lead to higher cooling load. Reducing
window area is one the most effective solutions to reduce cooling load
and overall building energy consumption. Since window construction
is typically costlier than wall construction, reducing WWR may reduce
construction cost as well. Results from a simulation study of typical
Jakarta buildings shows that reducing window area by half can reduce
energy consumption up to 10%.

T A B L E . 0 2 The impact of WWR on energy saving (%) for various building type.
The Impact of WWR on (0.0% saving is the base case)9
Energy Saving (%) for
Various Building Type.
(0.0% Saving is the W W R Office Retail Hotel Hospital Apartment School
Base Case)
69% (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%) (0.0%)
53% 3.7% 2.0% 4.6% 3.9%
40% 8.0% 3.9% 8.7% 7.5% (0.0%) -1.8%
34% 9.5% 4.9% 10.6% 9.1% 2.3% (0.0%)
20% 13.2% 7.1% 14.5% 12.6% 6.8% 5.4%

G L A Z I N G M A T E R I A L S

Window glazing can have a wide range of different properties with

respect to light, radiation and heat. The principal fundamental properties
for glazing are solar transmittance, solar absorptance, solar reflectance,
and light transmittance. Thermal transmission for glazing material
is measured in terms of U-value for conduction and Solar Heat Gain
Coefficient (SHGC) or Shading Coefficient (SC) for solar radiation. Note
that SHGC = 0.86 SC.

Typical U-values, light (visible) transmittance and SHGC of currently

available glass in Jakarta is presented in Table 3. Custom offline tinted
glasses with various SHGC and light transmittance values and colors are
also available locally, Better performance glasses with SHGC as low as
0.2 are globally available. However, such application is currently limited
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

due to high cost. Alternatively, additional coating that can be applied by

local industries is also available. The relatively low cost offline coating
can improve SHGC to as low as 0.2.

9
International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2011. Jakarta Building Energy Efficiency
Baseline and Saving Potential: Sensitivity Analysis.

18
 T A B L E . 0 3 U values, light transmittance and SHGC values of typical glass
U Values, Light
Transmittance and SHGC SI N G L E G L A S S Visual Transmission
Values of Typical Glass U-Value SC SHGC
8mm (%)
Locally Available in
Indonesia Clear 4.94 89 0.95 0.82
Tinted 5.18 55 0.51 0.57 0.44 0.49
Reflective 5.18 42 48 0.42 0.53 0.36 0.46
Low-e 4.54 35 67 0.40 0.69 0.34 0.59

For Indonesian climate where temperature differences between indoor

and outdoor are relatively small, improving the SHGC is more effective
than that of U-value. In other words, having double glazing to reduce
conduction heat gain through windows usually is not cost effective.
For example, reducing SHGC from 0.67 to 0.38 will reduce total energy
consumption by 8%. While adding clear glass to form double glazing
with the same SHGC to improve U-value from 5.8 to 3.4 will only reduce
total energy consumption by about 1%.

To highlight the significant impact of SHGC on total energy

consumption, results from a simulation studies for various building
types are summarized in Table 4. For all cases the U-value and visible
transmittance is kept constant at 5.8 W/m2 and 0.7% respectively.
SHGC of 0.6 is the base case.

T A B L E . 0 4 The impact of SHGC on energy saving (%) for typical buildings in Jakarta
The Impact of SHGC on
Energy Saving (%) for W W R Office Retail Hotel Hospital Apartment School
Typical Buildings in Jakarta
(U-Value 5.8 W/m2/K; Visible 0.6 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Transmittance 0.57).10
0.5 5.7% 2.4% 5.1% 5.7% 3.7% 3.2%
0.4 8.4% 3.7% 8.5% 8.2% 6.1% 5.1%
0.3 11.0% 5.1% 11.9% 10.8% 8.4% 6.7%
0.2 14.4% 6.6% 15.4% 13.3% 10.6% 7.5%

E X T E R N A L S H A D I N G

External shadings are more effective in reducing solar heat gain than
internal shading devices because it blocks the solar radiation before it
reaches the building envelope. External shadings should be carefully
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

design not only to reduce cooling load but also to create aesthetically
appealing architecture, while allowing sufficient daylight for the
interior spaces.

10
International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2011. Jakarta Building Energy Efficiency
Baseline and Saving Potential: Sensitivity Analysis.

19
 The geometry of the shading devices must be designed in response
to the sun path, which leads to different shapes and sizes for different
orientations. In general, horizontal shading devices are more appropriate
for south and north oriented windows where direct sunrays come from
high altitude angles. Slated vertical fins can effectively block solar
radiation from low altitude angles of east and west oriented windows.
For more accurate results, sun path diagrams, either manual or
computer generated should be utilized for developing shading designs.

F I G U R E . 1 1
Vertical Fins Blocking
Solar Radiation from Low
Altitude Angles (Top Left)11
and Horizontal Shading
(Top Right)12, and Egg
Crate as Double Faade
(Bottom).13

The impact of generic external shading devices on expected energy

saving for various building types has been studied using hourly computer
simulations. For all simulations, the base case is no horizontal shading
(over hang) for office, retail, hotel, and hospital; and 300 mm horizontal
shading for apartment and school. In addition, base case WWR for
apartment and school are 40% and 35% respectively, while for that of
others is 69%. These base case differences represent typical existing
conditions in Jakarta. The smaller window area for apartment and school
has led to lesser energy saving from external shading devices.

There are many ways of achieving vertical shadow angle (VSA) using a
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

single horizontal overhang, pergola, multiple horizontal overhang with

smaller depth as shown in Figure 12.

11
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.
12
Wiratman Architecture.
13
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.

20
 F I G U R E . 1 2
Generic Types of External
Shadings: Overhang and Its
Energy Saving Potential14

VSAo

Office

Retail

Hotel

Hospital

Apartment

School

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Energy Saving (%)

70o VSA 50o VSA

As depicted in the simulation results above, external shading devices

are very effective for reducing cooling load from the windows, where
as much as around 14% of energy saving can be obtained through
the installation of egg crate. The effectiveness of the shading varies
depending on the WWR, orientations and selection of glazing materials.
In general, higher energy saving through shading can be achieved where
the building has high WWR and SHGC. Therefore, designing fenestration
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

system (windows) should be carried out comprehensively to include all

possible strategies to obtain best results.

14
International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2011. Jakarta Building Energy Efficiency
Baseline and Saving Potential: Sensitivity Analysis.

21
 F I G U R E . 1 3
Generic Types of External
Shadings: Vertical Fins
(Top) and Egg Crate
(Bottom) with Energy
Saving Potential15

HSAo HSAo

Office

Retail

Hotel

Hospital

Apartment

School

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Energy Saving (%)

70o HSA 50o HSA

Office

Retail

Hotel

Hospital

Apartment

School
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Energy Saving (%)

70o HSA & VSA 50o HSA & VSA

15
International Finance Corporation (IFC). 2011. Jakarta Building Energy Efficiency
Baseline and Saving Potential: Sensitivity Analysis.

22
 F I G U R E . 1 4
Reducing Heat
Transmission with 38.07 25.34 21.24
Shading16
N N N

51.53

48.22

38.58

36.51

33.78

32.14
W E W E W E

S S S

27.51 20.07 18.81

No Shading 60 cm Shading 90 cm Shading

Total Heat Total Heat Total Heat
Transmission= Transmission= Transmission=
41.33 W/m2 30.13 W/m2 26.50 W/m2

L I G H T S H E L F

Light shelf is a horizontal element that divides windows into upper

part for daylighting and lower part for vision and reflects daylight
coming from the upper part of the windows to provide better daylight
distribution into the deeper part of the interior. At the same time, it
can also work as a horizontal shade for the lower part of the window
to reduce heat gain and glare. The glass above lightshelves should
have higher VT, whereas the one below lightshelves could have lower
Further discussion on SGHC and VT. This would optimize light penetration without letting in
lightshelves is presented too much heat. For better daylight distribution the upper surface of the
in the Lighting Section. lightshelf as well as the ceiling must have a high reflectance. BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

16
Rachmat Syahrullah, 2012. Unpublished thesis. Department of Architecture and
Planning, Gadjah Mada university.

23
 F I G U R E . 1 5
Example of
6.00 m 6.00 m 6.00 m
Typical Lightshelf
Performance17

350 lux 350 lux 350 lux

No Shading Overhang Lightshelf

Average Heat Average Heat Average Heat
Transmission= Transmission= Transmission=
47.44 W/m2 31.93 W/m2 33.01 W/m2

As Figure 16 shows, lightshelves can create more uniform daylight

distribution and deeper penetration by bouncing the daylight off the
ceiling. Brighter ceiling near the windows may also reduce the sensation
of glare because of reduced contrast between interior surfaces (ceiling)
and the outdoor environment.

F I G U R E . 1 6
Application of
Lightshelves18
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

17
Rachmat Syahrullah, 2012. Unpublished thesis. Department of Architecture and
Planning, Gadjah Mada university.
18
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.

24
 I N T E R N A L S H A D I N G

Internal shadings block solar radiation after passing window glazing

and preventing direct solar radiation on the occupant and deeper
parts of the interior. However, Internal shadings are not as effective
as external shading in reducing cooling load because the radiant heat
is already enter the interior through the window glass and is radiated
and convected inside the interior space, which eventually become a
cooling load for the HVAC system. Light colors internal shadings with
reflective linings are more effective than dark color as more radiant heat
is reflected back outside through the window glazing.

F I G U R E . 1 7
Thermal Performance
of Fenestration System

No Shading Internal Shading External Shading

Heat absorbed Reradiated heat is Reradiated heat is
reradiated and trapped and eventually convected away;
convected in the interior convected in the interior; improve thermal
and become major may improve thermal comfort and reduce
source of cooling load comfort cooling load
and thermal discomfort
Average Heat Average Heat
Average Heat Transmission= Transmission=
Transmission= 24.14 W/m2 20.08 W/m2
47.44 W/m2

Internal shadings are generally fully adjustable to cater the individual

needs of the occupants and come with various design and colors
to match the interiors. In terms of design, internal shading can be
distinguished into roller shades, horizontal blinds, vertical blinds and
drapes. Among those, horizontal blinds have better performance by
reflecting daylight to the ceiling to improve daylight performance into
the deep part of the interiors.

The main problem with manually operated internal shades is that the
users rarely adjust the shades in accord with the sun movement (e.g.
reopen the shades whenever there is no glare or excessive heat gain).
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Because internal shades also reduce daylight performance, this may

lead to much higher energy consumption for lighting.

To avoid the problem, either the occupants can be trained in the proper
use of blinds and shades or motorized internal shades can be utilized
to respond to the different activities requirements or intensity of the
sunlight. The operation can be controlled remotely and automatically
via sensors.

25
 W A L L S

Opaque envelopes (walls) generally comprise of several layers of

materials of different thickness and thermal properties. The combine
conductance (k) values and resistance (R) values of each material
layers defines the overall thermal properties of the opaque envelope
(U-values). The lower the U values the better since the lower the
thermal transfer.
The correlation
between conductance
(k), resistance (R) and t 1
R= ; Uvalue=
U-values can be seen in k R1 + R2 +... Rn
the following equations:

Masonry construction of clay brick or aerated concrete block with

plaster finish in both sides is common application for wall construction
in Indonesia. It is widely used, especially for low rise building, due
to economic reasons. More recently, concrete panel is being used
to replace masonry construction, especially for high rise building. In
terms of heat transfer, the application of masonry or concrete panel
generally is sufficient as the outdoor-indoor temperature differentials
are relatively small. Consequently, applying insulation layer on masonry
wall may not be cost effective.

Another common envelope construction is curtain wall employing

glass and opaque panels (e.g. aluminum composite). In terms of
thermal properties, curtail walls are very susceptible to heat transfer
and therefore insulation layer is essential to improve the thermal
performance of building envelope and to reduce cooling load.

The application of opaque envelope with lower U-value is preferable

compared to curtain glass wall. Opaque envelopes are not only
significantly reduce the heat transmission and cooling load, but also
reduce Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) in the interior spaces. MRT
is the average of interior surface temperature, the lower the better.
Together with air temperature, MRT affects thermal comfort level in
the form of operative temperature, which is the average value of air
temperature and MRT.

As presented in Figure 18, inside surface temperature of glazing

materials can be significantly higher than that of masonry walls.
Therefore, although the air temperature is within the comfort zone
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

(e.g. 25oC), the operative temperature can be higher (e.g. 28oC) if the
building envelope is dominated by window glazing. In other words,
although the air temperature measure at 25oC, it feels like 28oC. In this
case, air temperature must be set lower (e.g. 22-23oC) to reach the
comfort level, leading to higher energy consumption.

26
 F I G U R E . 1 8
Surface Temperature
Decrement on Inside Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor Outdoor Indoor
Surface Wall
33oC 25oC 33oC 25oC 33oC 25oC

Orientation : West Wall 46.1oC 42.2oC 36.6oC

3
Date : 09/23 16:00:00 Inside Inside Inside
Surface Surface Surface
1 SHGC 0.4 Glass 1 1
2 Plaster + Brick +
Plaster 2 2 2
3 90 cm Shading

West 46.1oC 42.2oC 36.6oC

North 35.6oC 33.9oC 32.1oC
East 47.4oC 40.8oC 35.8oC
South 34.1oC 34.1oC 32.2oC

R O O F S

In single story or low rise building with large roof area, roof may become
the major source of heat gain. To minimize heat gain through the roof,
materials with high reflectivity and emissivity shall be selected. Because
roof materials usually has high U-value (high heat transmission), adding
an insulation layer may reduce cooling load significantly. Having roof
with high reflectivity and emissivity will also reduce the urban heat
island phenomenon.

Alternatively, a green roof could be applied to reduce heat transmission

through the roof. Although U-value of green roof is difficult to
determine, naturally green roof has an excellent thermal properties
because of its thick construction layers. The U values of green roof vary
greatly depending on the construction layers, moisture content and type
of the plants. Green roof also reduce urban heat island phenomenon
because much of the solar radiation is absorbed by the plants for
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

evaporation and transpiration.

Heat transfer through the roof, which may significantly affect the
cooling load, can be calculated using Roof Thermal Transfer Value
(RTTV) equations, as described in SNI 03-6389 concerning Conservation
of Building Envelope Energy in Building Structures.

27
 F I G U R E . 1 9
Green Roof (Left)
and Metal Roof With
Insulation Layer (Right)
Plants

Growing medium

Filter Fleece

Drainage layer

Suitable waterpooling
membrane
Concrete slab

Profiled metal cuter

sheet
Earthwool factory
clad roll

Vapour control layer

Profiled metal cuter

sheet
Rail and bracket

Generally, thermal performance of building materials is expressed

in U-value. The U-value (or U-factor) is the overall heat transfer
coefficient that describes how well a material can conduct heat. It
measures the rate of heat transfer through a building element over a
given area, under standardized conditions. A smaller U-value is better
at reducing heat transfer.

Figure 20 shows the results from a simulation study revealing

the significant impact of adding insulation layer on reducing heat
transfer of common building envelope constructions. Note that roofs
(horizontal surfaces) receive much higher solar radiation than walls
(vertical surfaces), therefore better thermal performance (lower
U-value) of roof constructions should be applied than that of walls.
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

As depicted in Figure 20, adding 40 mm insulation layer under the

concrete roof has significantly reduced the heat transmissions from
23.58 W/m2 to only 4.10 W/m2. Insulation layer has far greater effect
for metal roof sheet, where the heat transmissions is reduced from
88.75 W/m2 to 13.94 W/m2. Similarly, adding insulation layer on
common curtain wall construction of Aluminum composite panel with
gypsum board, will reduce the heat transmission by more than 50%.

28
F I G U R E . 2 0
Examples of Typical
Building Envelope
120 mm Concrete Roof
Materials and Its Heat
Transmission (W/m2)

No insulation 40 mm insulation
U-value 2.410 0.557
Average heat
transmission 23.58 W/m2 4.10 W/m2

Metal Roof

No insulation 40 mm insulation 100 mm insulation

U-value 5.306 0.638 0.275
Average heat
transmission 88.75 W/m2 13.94 W/m2 5.72 W/m2

Aluminium ACP + ACP + plaster +

Composite air gap + air gap + aerated
Panel (ACP) gypsumboard gypsumboard concrete
+ insulation + brick +
gypsumboard plaster

U-value 6.674 2.779 0.529 1.039

Average heat
transmission 43.70 W/m2 24.74 W/m2 11.70 W/m2 11.83 W/m2
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

29
 I N F I L T R A T I O N

Infiltration is the unintentional introduction of external air into a building.

This could occur through cracks in walls, roofs, or the door and window
openings. It could also happen through exterior doors and windows that
are left open. This air leakage could be exacerbated by wind, negative
pressurization of the building etc. Infiltration can increase the cooling
energy consumption in Jakarta, because the incoming air has to be
cooled and dehumidified.

If the building interiors are positively pressurized, the interior air

could start leaking outside. This is known as exfiltration.

Infiltration and exfiltration occur not only through building envelope

separating indoor and outdoor, but also between conditioned and
unconditioned spaces (e.g. staircase) within the building. In Indonesia,
air tightness is not properly addressed in construction practices. Besides
making sure all significant cracks in the building are closed, occupants
should be trained to close all exterior windows and doors when not in use.

F I G U R E . 2 1
Infiltration and Exfiltration
Through Windows Opening
and Cracks19
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

19
Jatmika Adi Suryabrata.

30
 C A S E S T U D Y

The building envelope of the Ministry of Public Works building in

Jakarta is designed to reduce solar radiation and optimize natural
lighting. Significant energy saving is achieved through configuring
building form and orientation, and envelope design (50% Window-
Wall ratio, reflective glass, exterior shading) to avoid exessive solar
heat gain from east and west, yet allowing diffuse daylight to enter
the interior spaces from north and south oriented windows with
lightshelves. Daylight and electric lighting integration with photo
sensors, water cooled chiller with VSD and VAV are employed to
further reduce energy consumption. With an average of 140 kWh/
m2/year, the building enjoys over 40% energy saving compared to
normal office building in Jakarta.

The building has received Platinum certification from Green

Building Council Indonesia.

F I G U R E . 2 2
Average Daily Solar
Radiation on Horizontal
Roof and Vertical Surfaces
of Major Orientations

BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

31
 F I G U R E . 2 2
(continued)
Building Form and Direction
Average Daily Solar Original block plan: Larger area of the building is
Radiation on Horizontal oreinted to east and west
Roof and Vertical Surfaces
of Major Orientations

Modified building form:

1. Narrow building form
2. Reduce surface ecposure of
the working space to east
and west sun
3. Orienting windows to north
and south

Building Envelope, Shading, and Daylight

1. Stopsol darkblue + insulation

2. Lightshelves for better
daylight distribution
3. Narrow building span
4. Translucent interior partition

OTTV = 28,1 W/m2

Return air

Lightshelves

Thermal isulation
BUILDING ENVELOPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

32
 appendix
A P P E N D I X A . OTTV Values for WWR North Wall (0o)

OTTV
(W/m2) WWR
160

150

140

130

120

110 70%
65%
100
60%
90 55%
50%
80
45%
70 40%

60 35%

30%
50
25%
40
20%

30 15%

20 10%

5%
10
0%
0
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

SHGC
DP
BUILDING ENVELOPE A SE
EP NN
IG D IPXR I N C I P L E S

33
 A P P E N D I X B . OTTV Values for WWR North East Wall (45o)

OTTV
(W/m2) WWR
160

150

140

130
70%

120 65%

60%
110
55%
100
50%
90
45%

80 40%

35%
70

30%
60
25%
50
20%
40
15%
30
10%
20
5%
10
0%
0
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

SHGC
BUILDING ENVELOPE APPENDIX

34
A P P E N D I X C . OTTV Values for WWR East Wall (90o)

OTTV
(W/m2) WWR
160

150

140 70%

130 65%

120 60%

55%
110
50%
100
45%
90
40%
80
35%

70
30%

60
25%

50
20%

40
15%

30
10%

20
5%
10
0%
0
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

SHGC
BUILDING ENVELOPE APPENDIX

35
 A P P E N D I X D . OTTV Values for WWR South East Wall (135o)

OTTV
(W/m2) WWR
160

150

140

130

120

110
70%
100 65%
60%
90
55%
80 50%
45%
70
40%
60 35%

50 30%

25%
40
20%
30 15%

20 10%

5%
10
0%
0
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

SHGC
BUILDING ENVELOPE APPENDIX

36
A P P E N D I X E . OTTV Values for WWR South Wall (180o)

OTTV
(W/m2) WWR
160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80
70%
65%
70 60%
55%
60 50%
45%
50 40%
35%
40 30%
25%
30
20%

20 15%
10%
10 5%
0%
0
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

SHGC
BUILDING ENVELOPE APPENDIX

37
 A P P E N D I X F . OTTV Values for WWR South West Wall (225o)

OTTV
(W/m2) WWR
160

150

140

130

120
70%
110
65%

100 60%
55%
90
50%
80
45%

70 40%

35%
60
30%
50
25%
40 20%

30 15%

20 10%

10 5%

0%
0
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

SHGC
BUILDING ENVELOPE APPENDIX

38
A P P E N D I X G . OTTV Values for WWR West Wall (270o)

OTTV
(W/m2) WWR
160
70%
150
65%
140
60%
130
55%
120
50%
110
45%
100
40%
90
35%
80
30%
70

25%
60

50 20%

40 15%

30
10%

20
5%
10

0%
0
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

SHGC
BUILDING ENVELOPE APPENDIX

39
 A P P E N D I X H . OTTV Values for WWR North West Wall (315o)

OTTV
(W/m2) WWR
160

150

140 70%

130 65%

60%
120
55%
110
50%
100
45%
90
40%
80
35%
70
30%
60
25%
50
20%
40
15%
30
10%
20
5%
10

0%
0
0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9

SHGC
BUILDING ENVELOPE APPENDIX

40
DINAS PENGAWASAN
DAN PENERTIBAN BANGUNAN
PEMERINTAH PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA

Jalan Taman Jati Baru No. 1

Jakarta Barat
t. (62-21) 856 342
f. (62-21) 856 732

[Link]