Circuits

by

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz, Cynthia M. Furse

Tables

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
Chapter 1: Circuit Terminology
Chapter 2: Resisitive Circuits
Chapter 3: Analysis Techniques
Chapter 4: Operational Amplifiers
Chapter 5: RC and RL First-Order Circuits
Chapter 6: RLC Circuits
Chapter 7: ac Analysis
Chapter 8: ac Power
Chapter 9: Frequency Response of Circuits and Filters
Chapter 10: Three-Phase Circuits
Chapter 11: Magnetically Coupled Circuits
Chapter 12: Circuit Analysis by Laplace Transform
Chapter 13: Fourier Analysis Technique

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Chapter 1
Circuit Terminology

Tables

Table 1-1: Fundamental and electrical SI units.

Table 1-2: Multiple and submultiple prefixes.

Table 1-3: Symbols for common circuit elements.

Table 1-4: Circuit terminology.

Table 1-5: Voltage and current sources.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Chapter 2
Resistive Circuits

Tables

Table 2-1: Conductivity and resistivity of some common materials at 20 C.

Table 2-2: Diameter d of wires, according to the American Wire Gauge (AWG) system.

Table 2-3: Common resistor terminology.

Table 2-4: Equally valid, multiple statements of Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoffs Voltage
Law (KVL).

Table 2-5: Equivalent circuits.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Chapter 3
Analysis Techniques

Tables

Table 3-1: Properties of Thevenin/Norton analysis techniques.

Table 3-2: Summary of circuit analysis methods.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Chapter 4
Operational Amplifiers

Tables

Table 4-1: Characteristics and typical ranges of op-amp parameters. The rightmost column represents the
values assumed by the ideal op-amp model.

Table 4-2: Characteristics of the ideal op-amp model.

Table 4-3: Summary of op-amp circuits.

Table 4-4: Correspondence between binary sequence and decimal value for a 4-bit digital signal and output
of a DAC with G = 0.5.

Table 4-5: List of Multisim components for the circuit in Fig. 4-35.

Table 4-6: Components for the circuit in Fig. 4-37.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Chapter 5
RC and RL First-Order Circuits

Tables

Table 5-1: Common nonperiodic waveforms.

Table 5-2: Relative electrical permittivity of common insulators: r = /0 and 0 = 8.854 1012 F/m.

Table 5-3: Relative magnetic permeability of materials, r = /0 and 0 = 4 107 H/m.

Table 5-4: Basic properties of R, L, and C.

Table 5-5: Response forms of basic first-order circuits.

Table 5-6: Multisim component list for the circuit in Fig. 5-52.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Chapter 6
RLC Circuits

Tables

Table 6-1: Step response of RLC circuits for t 0.

Table 6-2: General solution for second-order circuits for t 0.

Table 6-3: Component values for the circuit in Fig. 6-19.

Table 6-4: Parts for the Multisim circuit in Fig. 6-23.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Chapter 7
ac Analysis

Tables

Table 7-1: Useful trigonometric identities (additional relations are given in Appendix D).

Table 7-2: Properties of complex numbers.

Table 7-3: Time-domain sinusoidal functions x(t) and their cosine-reference phasor-domain counterparts X,
where x(t) = Re[Xe jt ].

Table 7-4: Summary of i properties for R, L, and C.

Table 7-5: Inverting amplifier gain G as a function of oscillation frequency f . Gideal = 5.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Chapter 8
ac Power

Tables

Table 8-1: Summary of power-related quantities.

Table 8-2: Power factor leading and lagging relationships for a load Z = R + jX.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Chapter 9
Frequency Response of Circuits and Filters

Tables

Table 9-1: Correspondence between power ratios in natural numbers and their dB values (left table) and
between voltage or current ratios and their dB values (right table).

Table 9-2: Bode straight-line approximations for magnitude and phase.

Table 9-3: Attributes of series and parallel RLC bandpass circuits.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Chapter 10
Three-Phase Circuits

Tables

Table 10-1: Balanced networks.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Chapter 11
Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Tables

There are no tables in this chapter.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Chapter 12
Circuit Analysis by Laplace Transform

Tables

Table 12-1: Properties of the Laplace transform ( f (t) = 0 for t < 0 ).

Table 12-2: Examples of Laplace transform pairs for T 0. Note that multiplication by u(t) guarantees that
f (t) = 0 for t < 0 .

Table 12-3: Transform pairs for four types of poles.

Table 12-4: Circuit models for R, L, and C in the s-domain.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Chapter 13
Fourier Analysis Technique

Tables

Table 13-1: Trigonometric integral properties for any integers m and n. The integration period T = 2/0 .

Table 13-2: Fourier series expressions for a select set of periodic waveforms.

Table 13-3: Fourier series representations for a periodic function f (t).

Table 13-4: Examples of Fourier transform pairs. Note that constant a 0.

Table 13-5: Major properties of the Fourier transform.

Table 13-6: Methods of solution.

Table 13-7: Multisim circuits of the modulator.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 1-1 Fundamental and electrical SI units.

Dimension Unit Symbol

Fundamental:
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric charge coulomb C
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd
Electrical:
Current ampere A
Voltage volt V
Resistance ohm
Capacitance farad F
Inductance henry H
Power watt W
Frequency hertz Hz

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

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 Table 1-2 Multiple and submultiple prefixes.

Prefix Symbol Magnitude

exa E 1018
peta P 1015
tera T 1012
giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
milli m 103
micro 106
nano n 109
pico p 1012
femto f 1015
atto a 1018

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 Table 1-3 Symbols for common circuit elements.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 1-4 Circuit terminology.
Node: An electrical connection between two or
more elements.
Ordinary node: An electrical connection node that
connects to only two elements.
Extraordinary node: An electrical connection node
that connects to three or more elements.
Branch: Trace between two consecutive nodes with
only one element between them.
Path: Continuous sequence of branches with no
node encountered more than once.
Extraordinary path: Path between two adjacent
extraordinary nodes.
Loop: Closed path with the same start and end node.
Independent loop: Loop containing one or more
branches not contained in any other independent
loop.
Mesh: Loop that encloses no other loops.
In series: Elements that share the same current.
They have only ordinary nodes between them.
In parallel: Elements that share the same voltage.
They share two extraordinary nodes.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

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 Table 1-5 Voltage and current sources.

Independent Sources
Ideal Voltage Source Realistic Voltage Source

Ideal Current Source Realistic Current Source

Dependent Sources
Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) Voltage-Controlled Current Source (VCCS)

Current-Controlled Voltage Source (CCVS) Current-Controlled Current Source (CCCS)

Note: , g, r, and are constants; x and ix are a specific voltage and a specific current
elsewhere in the circuit. Lowercase and i represent voltage and current sources that may
or may not be time-varying, whereas uppercase V and I denote dc sources.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 2-1 Conductivity and resistivity of some
common materials at 20 C.

Material Conductivity Resistivity

(S/m) (-m)
Conductors
Silver 6.17 107 1.62 108
Copper 5.81 107 1.72 108
Gold 4.10 107 2.44 108
Aluminum 3.82 107 2.62 108
Iron 1.03 107 9.71 108
Mercury (liquid) 1.04 106 9.58 108

Semiconductors
Carbon (graphite) 7.14 104 1.40 105
Pure germanium 2.13 0.47
Pure silicon 4.35 104 2.30 103

Insulators
Paper 1010 1010
Glass 1012 1012
Teflon 3.3 1013 3 1012
Porcelain 1014 1014
Mica 1015 1015
Polystyrene 1016 1016
Fused quartz 1017 1017
Common materials
Distilled water 5.5 106 1.8 105
Drinking water 5 103 200
Sea water 4.8 0.2
Graphite 1.4 105 71.4 103
Rubber 1 1013 1 1013
Biological tissues
Blood 1.5 0.67
Muscle 1.5 0.67
Fat 0.1 10

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

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 Table 2-2 Diameter d of wires, according to the
American Wire Gauge (AWG) system.

AWG Size Designation Diameter d (mm)

0 8.3
2 6.5
4 5.2
6 4.1
10 2.6
14 1.6
18 1.0
20 0.8

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 Table 2-3 Common resistor terminology.

Thermistor R sensitive to temperature

Piezoresistor R sensitive to pressure
Light-dependent R (LDR) R sensitive to light intensity
Rheostat 2-terminal variable resistor
Potentiometer 3-terminal variable resistor

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

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 Table 2-4 Equally valid, multiple statements of
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoffs
Voltage Law (KVL).

Sum of all currents entering a node = 0
[i = + if entering; i = if leaving]





Sum of all currents leaving a node = 0
KCL

[i = + if leaving; i = if entering]

Total of currents entering = Total of currents





leaving


Sum of voltages around closed loop = 0

[ = + if + side encountered first
KVL

in clockwise direction]

Total voltage rise = Total voltage drop

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 Table 2-5 Equivalent circuits.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

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 Table 3-1 Properties of Thevenin/Norton analysis techniques.

To Determine Method Can Circuit Contain Dependent Sources? Relationship

Th Open-circuit Yes Th = oc
Th Short-circuit i (if RTh is known) Yes Th = RTh isc
RTh Open/short Yes RTh = oc /isc
RTh Equivalent R No RTh = Req
RTh External source Yes RTh = ex /iex
iN = Th /RTh ; RN = RTh

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 Table 3-2 Summary of circuit analysis methods.

Method Common Use

Ohms law Relates V , I, R. Used with all other methods to convert V I.

R, G in series Combine to simplify circuits. R in series adds, and is most often used. G in k adds, so
and k may be used when much of the circuit is in parallel.

Y- or -T Convert resistive networks that are not in series or in k into forms that can often be
combined in series or in k. Also simplifies analysis of bridge circuits.

Voltage/current Common circuit configurations used for many applications, as well as handy analysis
dividers tools. Dividers can also be used as combiners when used backwards.

Kirchhoffs laws Solve for branch currents. Often used to derive other methods.
(KVL/KCL)

Node-voltage Solves for node voltages. Probably the most commonly used method because (1) node
method voltages are easy to measure, and (2) there are usually fewer nodes than branches and
therefore fewer unknowns (smaller matrix) than KVL/KCL.

Mesh-current Solves for mesh currents. Fewer unknowns than KVL/KCL, approximately the same
method number of unknowns as node voltage method. Less commonly used, because mesh
currents seem less intuitive, but useful when combining additional blocks in cascade.

Node-voltage Quick, simplified way of analyzing circuits. Very commonly used for quick analysis in
by-inspection practice. Limited to circuits containing only independent current sources.
method

Mesh-current Quick, simplified way of analyzing circuits. Very commonly used for quick analysis in
by-inspection practice. Limited to circuits containing only independent voltage sources.
method

Superposition Simplifies circuits with multiple sources. Commonly used for both calculation and
measurement.

Source transfor- Simplifies circuits with multiple sources. Commonly used for both calculation/design
mation and measurement/test applications.

Thevenin Very often used to simplify circuits in both calculation and measurement applications.
and Norton Also used to analyze cascaded systems. Thevenin is the more commonly used form, but
equivalents Norton is often handy for analyzing parallel circuits. Source transformation allows easy
conversion between Thevenin and Norton.

Input/output Commonly used to evaluate when cascaded circuits can be analyzed individually or
resistance when full circuit analysis or a buffer is needed.
(Rin /Rout )

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c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 4-1 Characteristics and typical ranges of op-amp parameters. The rightmost column represents the values
assumed by the ideal op-amp model.

Op-Amp Characteristics Parameter Typical Range Ideal Op Amp

Linear input-output response Open-loop gain A 104to 108 (V/V)
High input resistance Input resistance Ri 106 to 1013
Low output resistance Output resistance Ro 1 to 100 0
Very high gain Supply voltage Vcc 5 to 24 V As specified by manufacturer

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 Table 4-2 Characteristics of the ideal op-amp model.

Ideal Op Amp
Current constraint ip = in = 0
Voltage constraint p = n
A = Ri = Ro = 0

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 Table 4-3 Summary of op-amp circuits.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

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 Table 4-4 Correspondence between binary sequence
and decimal value for a 4-bit digital signal and output
of a DAC with G = 0.5.

V1 V2 V3 V4 Decimal Value DAC Output (V)

0000 0 0
0001 1 0.5
0010 2 1
0011 3 1.5
0100 4 2
0101 5 2.5
0110 6 3
0111 7 3.5
1000 8 4
1001 9 4.5
1010 10 5
1011 11 5.5
1100 12 6
1101 13 6.5
1110 14 7
1111 15 7.5

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 Table 4-5 List of Multisim components for the circuit in Fig. 4-35.

Component Group Family Quantity Description

1.5 k Basic Resistor 7 1.5 k resistor
15 k Basic Resistor 2 15 k resistor
3k Basic Variable resistor 1 3 k resistor
OP AMP 5T VIRTUAL Analog Analog Virtual 3 Ideal op amp with 5 terminals
AC POWER Sources Power Sources 1 1 V ac source, 60 Hz
VDD Sources Power Sources 1 15 V supply
VSS Sources Power Sources 1 15 V supply

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 Table 4-6 Components for the circuit in Fig. 4-37.

Component Group Family Quantity Description

MOS N Transistors Transistors VIRTUAL 1 3-terminal N-MOSFET
MOS P Transistors Transistors VIRTUAL 1 3-terminal P-MOSFET
VDD Sources Power Sources 1 2.5 V supply
GND Sources Power Sources 2 Ground node

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 Table 5-1 Common nonperiodic waveforms.

waveform Expression General Shape

(
0 for t < T
Step u(t T ) =
1 for t > T

Ramp r(t T ) = (t T ) u(t T )

 
t T
Rectangle rect = u(t T1 ) u(t T2 )


T1 = T ; T2 = T +
2 2

Exponential exp[(t T )/] u(t T )

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 Table 5-2 Relative electrical permittivity of common
insulators: r = /0 and 0 = 8.854 1012 F/m.

Material Relative Permittivity r

Air (at sea level) 1.0006
Teflon 2.1
Polystyrene 2.6
Paper 24
Glass 4.510
Quartz 3.85
Bakelite 5
Mica 5.46
Porcelain 5.7

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

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 Table 5-3 Relative magnetic permeability of
materials, r = /0 and 0 = 4 107 H/m.

Material Relative Permeability r

All Dielectrics and
Non-Ferromagnetic
Metals 1.0
Ferromagnetic Metals
Cobalt 250
Nickel 600
Mild steel 2,000
Iron (pure) 4,0005,000
Silicon iron 7,000
Mumetal 100, 000
Purified iron 200, 000

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 Table 5-4 Basic properties of R, L, and C.

Property R L C
1 t d
Z

i relation i= i= dt 0 + i(t0 ) i=C
R L t0 Z t dt
di 1
-i relation = iR =L = i dt 0 + (t0 )
dt C t0
di d
p (power transfer in) p = i2 R p = Li p = C
dt dt
1 2 1
w (stored energy) 0 w = Li w = C 2
2 2
1 1 1
Series combination Req = R1 + R2 Leq = L1 + L2 = +
Ceq C1 C2
1 1 1 1 1 1
Parallel combination = + = + Ceq = C1 +C2
Req R1 R2 Leq R1 R2
dc behavior no change short circuit open circuit
Can change instantaneously? yes yes no
Can i change instantaneously? yes no yes

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 Table 5-5 Response forms of basic first-order circuits.

Circuit Diagram Response

n o
C (t) = C () + [C (T0 ) C ()]e(tT0 )/ u(t T0 )
RC
( = RC)

n o
iL (t) = iL () + [iL (T0 ) iL ()]e(tT0 )/ u(t T0 )
RL
( = L/R)

Z t
1
Ideal integrator out (t) = i dt 0 + out (t0 )
RC t0

di
Ideal differentiator out (t) = RC
dt

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 Table 5-6 Multisim component list for the circuit in Fig. 5-52.

Component Group Family Quantity Description

1k Basic Resistor 1 1 k resistor
10 k Basic Resistor 1 10 k resistor
5f Basic Capacitor 1 5 fF capacitor
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED SPST Basic Switch 1 Switch
DC POWER Sources Power Sources 1 2.5 V dc source
PULSE VOLTAGE Sources Signal Voltage Source 1 Pulse-generating
voltage source

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 Table 6-1 Step response of RLC circuits for t 0.

Series RLC Parallel RLC

Total Response Total Response

Overdamped ( > 0 ) Overdamped ( > 0 )
s1 t s2 t
C (t) = A1 e + A2 e + C () iL (t) = A1 es1 t + A2 es2 t + iL ()
1 1
C iC (0) s2 [C (0) C ()] L L (0) s2 [iL (0) iL ()]
A1 = A1 =
s1 s2 s1 s2
" # " #
1 1
C iC (0) s1 [C (0) C ()] L L (0) s1 [iL (0) iL ()]
A2 = A2 =
s2 s1 s2 s1

Critically Damped ( = 0 ) Critically Damped ( = 0 )

C (t) = (B1 + B2 t)et + C () iL (t) = (B1 + B2t)et + iL ()
B1 = C (0) C () B1 = iL (0) iL ()
1 1
B2 = C iC (0) + [C (0) C ()] B2 = L L (0) + [iL (0) iL ()]
Underdamped ( < 0 ) Underdamped ( < 0 )
C (t) = et (D 1 cos d t + D2 sin d t) + C () iL (t) = et (D1 cos dt + D2 sin dt) + iL ()
D1 = C (0) C () D1 = iL (0) iL ()
1 1
C iC (0) + [C (0) C ()] L L (0) + [iL (0) iL ()]
D2 = D2 =
d d
Auxiliary Relations

R 1

Series RLC 0 =
2L

= LC
1 q

Parallel RLC d = 02 2
2RC
q q
s1 = + 2 02 s2 = 2 02

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 Table 6-2 General solution for second-order circuits for t 0.

x(t) = unknown variable (voltage or current)

Differential equation: x00 + ax0 + bx = c
Initial conditions: x(0) and x0 (0)
c
Final condition: x() =
a b
= 0 = b
2
Overdamped Response > 0
x(t) = [A1 es1 t + A2 es2 t + x()] u(t)
q q
s1 = + 2 02 s2 = 2 02
x0 (0) s2 [x(0) x()]
 0 
x (0) s1 [x(0) x()]
A1 = A2 =
s1 s2 s1 s2

Critically Damped = 0
x(t) = [(B1 + B2t)et + x()] u(t)
B1 = x(0) x() B2 = x0 (0) + [x(0) x()]
Underdamped < 0
x(t) = [D1 cos dt + D2 sin dt + x()]et u(t)
x0 (0) + [x(0) x()]
D1 = x(0) x() D2 =
q d
2
d = 0 2

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 Table 6-3 Component values for the circuit in Fig. 6-19.

Component Group Family Quantity Description

1 Basic Resistor 1 1 resistor
300 m Basic Inductor 1 300 mH inductor
5.33 m Basic Capacitor 1 5.33 mF capacitor
SPDT Basic Switch 1 Single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch
DC POWER Sources Power Sources 1 1 V dc source

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 Table 6-4 Parts for the Multisim circuit in Fig. 6-23.

Component Group Family Quantity Description

TS IDEAL Basic Transformer 1 1 mH:1 mH ideal transformer
1k Basic Resistor 1 1 k resistor
1 Basic Capacitor 1 1 F capacitor
SPDT Basic Switch 1 SPDT switch
AC CURRENT Sources Signal Current Source 1 1 mA, 5.033 kHz

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 Table 7-1 Useful trigonometric identities (additional
relations are given in Appendix D).

sin x = cos(x 90 ) (7.7a)

cos x = sin(x 90 ) (7.7b)
sin x = sin(x 180 ) (7.7c)
cos x = cos(x 180 ) (7.7d)
sin(x) = sin x (7.7e)
cos(x) = cos x (7.7f)
sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y (7.7g)
cos(x y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y (7.7h)
2 sin x sin y = cos(x y) cos(x + y) (7.7i)
2 sin x cos y = sin(x + y) + sin(x y) (7.7j)
2 cos x cos y = cos(x + y) + cos(x y) (7.7k)

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 Table 7-2 Properties of complex numbers.

Eulers Identity: e j = cos + j sin

e j e j e j + e j
sin = cos =
2j 2
z = x + jy = |z|e j z = x jy = |z|e j
p
x = Re(z) = |z| cos |z| = zz = x2 + y2
1
tan (y/x)
if x > 0,
tan1 (y/x)

if x < 0,
y = Im(z) = |z| sin =

/2 if x = 0 and y > 0,

/2 if x = 0 and y < 0.

zn = |z|n e jn z = |z|1/2 e j /2
1/2

z1 = x1 + jy1 z2 = x2 + jy2
z1 = z2 iff x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2 ) + j(y1 + y2 )
z1 |z1 | j(1 2 )
z1 z2 = |z1 ||z2 |e j(1 +2 ) = e
z2 |z2 |
1 = e j = e j = 1 180
j = e j/2 = 1 90 j = e j/2 = 1 90
(1 + j) (1 j)
j = e j/4 =
p p
j = e j/4 =
2 2

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 Table 7-3 Time-domain sinusoidal functions x(t) and
their cosine-reference phasor-domain counterparts X,
where x(t) = Re[Xe jt ].

x(t) X
A cos t A
A cos(t + ) Ae j
A cos(t + ) Ae j( )
A sin t Ae j/2 = jA
A sin(t + ) Ae j( /2)
A sin(t + ) Ae j( +/2)
d
(x(t)) jX
dt
d
[A cos(t + )] jAe j
dt
1
Z
x(t) dt X
j
1
Z
A cos(t + ) dt Ae j
j

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 Table 7-4 Summary of i properties for R, L, and C.

Property R L C
di d
i = Ri =L i=C
dt dt
I
VI V = RI V = jLI V=
jC
1
Z R jL
jC
dc equivalent R

High-frequency equivalent R

Frequency response

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 7-5 Inverting amplifier gain G as a function of
oscillation frequency f . Gideal = 5.

f (Hz) A G Error
0 (dc) 105 4.997 0.06%
100 104 4.970 0.6%
1k 103 4.714 5.7%
10 k 102 3.111 37.8%
100 k 10 0.707 85.9%
1M 1 0.081 98.4%

The error is defined as

 
Gideal G
% error = 100.
Gideal

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 8-1 Summary of power-related quantities.

Time Domain Phasor Domain

(t) = Vm cos(t + ) V = Vm e j
i(t) = Im cos(t + i ) I = Im e ji
Vrms = Vm /2 Vrms = Vrms e j
Irms = Im / 2 Irms = Irms e ji

Complex Power
S= 1
2 VI = Vrms Irms = Pav + jQ
Real Average Power Reactive Power
Pav = Re[S] Q = Im[S]
= Vrms Irms cos( i ) = Vrms Irms sin( i )
2 R = V 2 R/|Z|2
= Irms 2 X = V 2 X/|Z|2
= Irms
rms rms

Apparent Power Power Factor

p Pav
S = |S| = Pav 2 + Q2 pf =
S = Se j( i ) = Se jz S
= Vrms Irms = cos( i )
2 |Z| = V 2 /|Z| z = i
= Irms rms = cos z

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 8-2 Power factor leading and lagging relationships for a load Z = R + jX.

Load Type z = i I-V Relationship pf

Purely Resistive (X = 0) z = 0 I in phase with V 1
Inductive (X > 0) 0 < z 90 I lags V lagging
Purely Inductive z = 90 I lags V by 90 lagging
(X > 0 and R = 0)
Capacitive (X < 0) 90 z < 0 I leads V leading
Purely Capacitive z = 90 I leads V by 90 leading
(X < 0 and R = 0)

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 9-1 Correspondence between power ratios in
natural numbers and their dB values (left table) and
between voltage or current ratios and their dB values
(right table).

P
dB
P0
10N 10N dB
103 30 dB
100 20 dB
10 10 dB
4 6 dB
2 3 dB
1 0 dB
0.5 3 dB
0.25 6 dB
0.1 10 dB
10N 10N dB
   
V
  or  I 
 
 V0   I0  dB

10N 20N dB
103 60 dB
100 40 dB
10 20 dB
4 12 dB
2 6 dB
1 0 dB
0.5 6 dB
0.25 12 dB
0.1 20 dB
10N 20N dB

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 9-2 Bode straight-line approximations for magnitude and phase.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 9-3 Attributes of series and parallel RLC bandpass circuits.

RLC Circuit

VR VR
Transfer Function H= H=
Vs Is
1 1
Resonant Frequency, 0
LC LC
R 1
Bandwidth, B
L RC
0 0 L 0 R
Quality Factor, Q = =
B R B 0 L
" s # " s #
1 1 1 1
Lower Half-Power Frequency, c1 + 1 + 2 0 + 1 + 2 0
2Q 4Q 2Q 4Q
" s # " s #
1 1 1 1
Upper Half-Power Frequency, c2 + 1 + 2 0 + 1 + 2 0
2Q 4Q 2Q 4Q

Notes: (1) The expression for Q of the series RLC circuit is the inverse of that for Q of the parallel
circuit.
(2) For Q 10, c1 0 B2 , and c2 0 + B2 .

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 10-1 Balanced networks.

V1 = VYs 1 V12 = V1 3 30
V2 = VYs 1 120 V23 = V2 3 30
V3 = VYs 1 + 120 V31 = V3 3 30

Z = 3ZY

VaN = (VL / 3) 0 Vab = VL 30

VbN = (VL / 3) 120 Vbc = VL 90

VcN = (VL / 3) 240 Vca = VL 150
VL = rms magnitude of line-to-line voltage

IL = 3 VL /|ZY | IL =3 VL /|Z |

ST = 3 VL IL Y ST = 3 VL IL

Phase relative to VaN of Y-load

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 12-1 Properties of the Laplace transform ( f (t) = 0 for t < 0 ).

Property f (t) F(s) = L [ f (t)]

1. Multiplication by constant K f (t) K F(s)

2. Linearity K1 f1 (t) + K2 f2 (t) K1 F1 (s) + K2 F2 (s)

1 s
3. Time scaling f (at), a>0 F
a a
4. Time shift f (t T ) u(t T ) eT s F(s), T 0

5. Frequency shift eat f (t) F(s + a)

df
6. Time 1st derivative f0 = s F(s) f (0 )
dt
d2 f
7. Time 2nd derivative f 00 = s2 F(s) s f (0 )
dt 2
Z t
f 0 (0 )
1
8. Time integral f () d F(s)
0 s
d
9. Frequency derivative t f (t) F(s)
Z ds
f (t)
10. Frequency integral F(s0 ) ds0
t s

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 12-2 Examples of Laplace transform pairs for T 0. Note that multiplication by u(t) guarantees that f (t) = 0
for t < 0 .

Laplace Transform Pairs

f (t) F(s) = L [ f (t)]
1 (t) 1
1a (t T ) eT s
1
2 1 or u(t)
s
eT s
2a u(t T )
s
1
3 eat u(t)
s+a
eT s
3a ea(tT ) u(t T )
s+a
1
4 t u(t)
s2
eT s
4a (t T ) u(t T )
s2
2
5 t 2 u(t)
s3
1
6 teat u(t)
(s + a)2
2
7 t 2 eat u(t)
(s + a)3
(n 1)!
8 t n1 eat u(t)
(s + a)n

9 sin t u(t)
s2 + 2
s sin + cos
10 sin(t + ) u(t)
s2 + 2
s
11 cos t u(t)
s2 + 2
s cos sin
12 cos(t + ) u(t)
s2 + 2

13 eat sin t u(t)
(s + a)2 + 2
s+a
14 eat cos t u(t)
(s + a)2 + 2
e j e j
15 2eat cos(bt ) u(t) +
s + a + jb s + a jb
2t n1 at e j e j
16 e cos(bt ) u(t) n
+
(n 1)! (s + a + jb) (s + a jb)n
Note: (n 1)! = (n 1)(n 2) . . . 1.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 12-3 Transform pairs for four types of poles.

Pole F(s) f (t)

A
1. Distinct real Aeat u(t)
s+a
A t n1
2. Repeated real A eat u(t)
(s + a)n (n 1)!
Ae j Ae j
 
3. Distinct complex + 2Aeat cos(bt ) u(t)
s + a + jb s + a jb
Ae j Ae j 2At n1 at
 
4. Repeated complex + e cos(bt ) u(t)
(s + a + jb)n (s + a jb)n (n 1)!

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 12-4 Circuit models for R, L, and C in the s-domain.

Time-Domain s-Domain
Resistor

= Ri V = RI
Inductor

OR

diL
L = L
dt VL iL (0 )
VL = sLIL L iL (0 ) IL = +
1 t sL s
Z
iL = L dt + iL (0 )
L 0

Capacitor

OR

dC
iC = C
dt IC C (0 )
VC = + IC = sCVC C C (0 )
1 t sC s
Z

C = iC dt + C (0 )
C 0

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 13-1 Trigonometric integral properties for any
integers m and n. The integration period T = 2/0 .

Property Integral

Z T
1 sin n0t dt = 0
0

Z T
2 cos n0t dt = 0
0
Z T
3 sin n0t sin m0t dt = 0, n 6= m
0
Z T
4 cos n0t cos m0t dt = 0, n 6= m
0
Z T
5 sin n0t cos m0t dt = 0
0
Z T
6 sin2 n0t dt = T /2
0
Z T
7 cos2 n0t dt = T /2
0

Note: All integral properties remain valid when the

arguments n0t and m0t are phase shifted by a
constant angle 0 . Thus, Property 1, for example,
becomes 0T sin(n0t + 0 ) dt = 0, and Property 5
R
RT
becomes 0 sin(n0t + 0 ) cos(m0t + 0 ) dt = 0.

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 13-2 Fourier series expressions for a select set of periodic waveforms.
Waveform Fourier Series

 
4A  n  2nt
1. Square Wave f (t) = sin cos
n=1 n 2 T

 
2. Time-Shifted Square 4A 2nt
f (t) = sin
Wave n=1 n T
n=odd

 
A 2A  n  2nt
3. Pulse Train f (t) = + sin cos
T n=1 n T T

 
8A 2nt
4. Triangular Wave f (t) = cos
n=1 n2 2 T
n=odd

8A  n   2nt 
5. Shifted Triangular
f (t) = sin sin
Wave n=1 n2 2 2 T
n=odd

 
2A 2nt
6. Sawtooth f (t) = (1)n+1 n
sin
T
n=1

 
A A 2nt
7. Backward Sawtooth f (t) = + sin
2 n=1 n T

 
8. Full-Wave Rectified 2A 4A 2nt
f (t) = + cos
Sinusoid n=1 (1 4n2 ) T

   
9. Half-Wave Rectified A A 2t 2A 2nt
f (t) = + sin + cos
Sinusoid 2 T n=2 (1 n2 ) T
n=even

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 13-3 Fourier series representations for a periodic function f (t).

Cosine/Sine Amplitude/Phase Complex Exponential

f (t) = a0 + (an cos n0t + bn sin n0t) f (t) = a0 + An cos(n0t + n ) f (t) = cn e jn0 t
n=1 n=1 n=
Z T
1
a0 = f (t) dt An e jn = an jbn cn = |cn |e jn ; cn = cn
T 0
Z T
2
q
an = f (t) cos n0t dt An = a2n + b2n |cn | = An /2; c0 = a0
T 0
 
1 bn
tan , an > 0


2 T
Z T
1
Z
an 
bn = f (t) sin n0t dt n =  cn = f (t) e jn0 t dt
T bn T
0
tan1 , an < 0 0


an
a0 = c0 ; an = An cos n ; bn = An sin n ; cn = 21 (an jbn )

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 13-4 Examples of Fourier transform pairs. Note that constant a 0.
f (t) F() = F [ f (t)] |F()|
BASIC FUNCTIONS

1. (t) 1

1a. (t t0 ) e jt0

2. 1 2 ()

3. u(t) () + 1/ j

4. sgn(t) 2/ j

5. rect(t/) sinc(/2)

6. |t| 2/ 2

7. eat u(t) 1/(a + j)

8. cos 0t [ ( 0 ) + ( + 0 )]

9. sin 0t j[ ( + 0 ) ( 0 )]

ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS
10. e j0 t 2 ( 0 )
11. teat u(t) 1/(a + j)2
12. [eat sin 0t] u(t) 0 /[(a + j)2 + 02 ]
13. [eat cos 0t] u(t) (a + j)/[(a + j)2 + 02 ]

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 13-5 Major properties of the Fourier transform.

Property f (t) F() = F [ f (t)]

1. Multiplication by a constant K f (t) K F()

2. Linearity K1 f1 (t) + K2 f2 (t) K1 F1 () + K2 F2 ()

1  
3. Time scaling f (at) F
|a| a
4. Time shift f (t t0 ) e jt0 F()

5. Frequency shift e j0 t f (t) F( 0 )

df
6. Time 1st derivative f0 = j F()
dt
dn f
7. Time nth derivative ( j)n F()
dt n
Z t
F()
8. Time integral f (t) dt + F(0) ()
j
d n F()
9. Frequency derivative t n f (t) ( j)n
d n
1
10. Modulation cos 0t f (t) 2 [F( 0 ) + F( + 0 )]

11. Convolution in t f1 (t) f2 (t) F1 () F2 ()

1
12. Convolution in f1 (t) f2 (t) F1 () F2 ()
2

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 13-6 Methods of solution.

Input x(t)
Duration Waveform Solution Method Output y(t)
Everlasting Sinusoid Phasor Domain Steady-State Component
(no transient exists)
Everlasting Periodic Phasor Domain and Fourier Series Steady-State Component
(no transient exists)
One-sided, Any Laplace Transform (unilateral) Complete Solution
x(t) = 0, for t < 0 (can accommodate nonzero initial conditions) (transient + steady-state)
Everlasting Any Bilateral Laplace Transform Complete Solution
or Fourier Transform (transient + steady-state)

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press
 Table 13-7 Multisim circuits of the modulator.

Multisim Circuit Description and Notes

Subtractor: This is a difference amplifier

(following Table 4-3) with a voltage gain
of 1. VPLUS and VMINUS are the
extremes of the analog input (in the
complete circuit, they are set to 12 V).

Integrator: This circuit consists of an in-

verting integrator amplifier (Section 5-6.1)
and an inverting amplifier (following
Table 4-3) with a voltage gain of 1 (to
remove the integrators negative sign).

Comparator: The comparator is a simple op amp with no

feedback (open loop). Since the internal voltage gain A of the op
amp is so high (Section 4-1.2), any positive difference between
the noninverting and the inverting inputs immediately drives the
amplifier output to VDD ; a negative difference drives the amplifier
output to 0 V. VDD is set to the desired digital voltage level (5 V,
in the case of the complete circuit in Fig. 13-22).

1-Bit Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC): The DAC is very

similar to the comparator. The input voltage is compared to a
voltage level halfway between 0 and VDD ; this has the effect of
transforming an input of VDD into an output voltage of VPLUS/2
(+6 V in Fig. 13-22) and an input voltage of 0 V into an output
voltage of VMINUS/2 (6 V in Fig. 13-22).

Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Michel M. Maharbiz and Cynthia M. Furse Circuits

c 2015 National Technology Press