NOTE: This copy comprises additional information for your reference and perusal.

Reading both

references (additional information and information located on your book) will give you a better option to

pass the midterm examination. Good luck and congratulations in advance.

ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING

PRE-READING STAGE

Requires background knowledge of the title.

Activities done during this stage include previewing, freewriting, surveying, questioning, exploring

assumptions, about the author, identifying the purpose and selecting a reading system such as

SQ3R (survey, question, read, recite, review.) Similar methods developed subsequently

include: PQRST and KWL table

SQ3R

Before you read, Survey the chapter:

the title, headings, and subheadings

captions under pictures, charts, graphs or maps

review questions or teacher-made study guides

introductory and concluding paragraphs

summary

Question while you are surveying:

Turn the title, headings, and/or subheadings into questions

Read questions at the end of the chapters or after each subheading

Ask yourself,

"What did my instructor say about this chapter or subject

when it was assigned?"

 Ask yourself,

"What do I already know about this subject?

WHILE-READING STAGE

On- reading Examining the text by reading the contents carefully.

The specific reading skills that readers may do during this stage include getting the meaning of

words through context clues, predicting, making inferences, monitoring, comprehension,

annotating the text and reflecting.

SQ3R

When you begin to Read:

Look for answers to the questions you first raised

Answer questions at the beginning or end of chapters or study guides

Reread captions under pictures, graphs, etc.

Note all the underlined, italicized, bold printed words or phrases

Study graphic aids

Reduce your speed for difficult passages

Stop and reread parts which are not clear

Read only a section at a time and recite after each section

POSTREADING STAGE

It includes reflecting and thinking about the text, summarizing, paraphrasing, drawing

conclusions, making graphic organizers and journal writing.

SQ3R

Recite after you've read a section:

Orally ask yourself questions about what you have just read

Take notes from the text but write the information in your own words
 Underline or highlight important points you've just read

Reciting:

The more senses you use the more likely you are to remember what you read

Triple strength learning: Seeing, saying, hearing

Quadruple strength learning: Seeing, saying , hearing, writing!

SQ3R

Review: an ongoing process

Day One

After you have read and recited the entire chapter,

write questions in the margins for those points

you have highlighted or underlined.

If you took notes while reciting,

write questions for the notes you have taken

in the left hand margins of your notebook.

Day Two

Page through the text and/or your notebook to re-acquaint yourself

with the important points.

Cover the right hand column of your text/notebook

and orally ask yourself the questions in the left hand margins. *

Orally recite or write the answers from memory.

Develop reminder devices for material which need to be memorized.

Make flash cards for those questions which give you difficulty.

SQ3R
Days Three, Four and Five

Alternate between your flash cards and notes and test yourself

(orally or in writing) on the questions you formulated.

Make additional flash cards if necessary.

Weekend

Using the text and notebook, make a Table of Contents - list all the topics and sub-topics you

need to know from the chapter.

From the Table of Contents, make a Study Sheet/ Spatial Map.

Recite the information orally and in your own words as you put the Study Sheet/Map together.

As you have consolidated all the information you need for this chapter, periodically review the

Sheet/Map so that at test time

you will not have to cram.

BASIC READING SKILLS

1. RAPID READING

It aims to locate specific information or main ideas in a very short span of time.

Skimming and Scanning

SKIMMING

A quick reading for the general or main idea of a composition.

Focus more on the first and the last sentences of each paragraph; they usually contain the main

idea of the text but they may also appear in the middle or they may also be implied (not explicitly

stated in the text.) 2 types of major sentences.

Levels of ideas in a paragraph:

MAIN IDEA

Major details directly supports main idea

Minor details directly supports the major details

 SCANNING

A quick reading strategy which aims to get specific information from a given text.

Be clear with the information that you need: check if you are looking for a date, figure, person,

place or event, and then focus on that specific information.

Avoid critically reading every word; focus on what you need.

2. PREVIEWING

It allows a reader to look over the reading material to become familiar with its part.

Previewing allows readers to set the purpose and link the content of the material to their

background knowledge. It is conducted during the pre-reading stage.

Clarify the purpose

Reading the title and heading

Checking the illustration and other materials

Browsing or inspecting unhurriedly the table of contents, introduction, or summary.

3. LITERAL READING

Involves the understanding of ideas and facts that are directly stated in the printed material. Skills

under this category include note-taking, paraphrasing and summarizing. It is conducted during the

postreading stage.

SUMMARIZING

It is a reading skill that involves condensing a lengthy text into a shorter passage which is usually

13 to 15 percent of the source material.

Main ideas including major details

A citation of the original source is always necessary.

 PRACTICAL STEPS FOR MAKING A SUMMARY

Read the selection

Reread the selection

Write down important details. Exclude less important sentences.

Write what you remember guided by the details/ keywords you have noted.

Consider the principles of unity, coherence and emphasis; mechanics of writing such as

capitalization, punctuation, spelling etc. and other rules in grammar.

PARAPHRASING

It involves restating ideas from the original text .

Details

Paraphrasing is done to simplify a complicated text, improve your study skills, and borrow ideas

without quoting directly.

4. INFERENTIAL READING

Deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text.

Reading between the lines

Generalizations, inferences and conclusions

While-reading stage

The more evidence you take from the text to support your inference, the closer your inference is

to the authors intended meaning.

5. CRITICAL READING

Refers to the close and thorough evaluation of the claims in the text in terms of relevance, validity
and logic. This skill includes distinguishing facts from opinions and detecting logical fallacies.

While reading stage.

CONTEXT CLUES

These are words, phrases or sentences used in a selection to understand difficult or unknown words.

CONTEXT CLUES

DEFINITION the word is defined in the text.

Example: Vindictive is a fellow who takes revenge.

APPOSITIVE It tells something about the word.

Example: Tuberculosis, a widely spread disease among the poor, springs out from poverty.

COMPARISON OR CONTRAST- the similarities or differences serve as clues.

Example: The twins are diligent. Nobody between them is lazy to study.

EXPLANATION - The succeeding sentences or phrases explain difficulties in a previous sentence.

Example: Do not continue to live like the heathen, whose thoughts are worthless and whose

minds are in the dark. They have no part in the life of God gives, for they are stubborn and

ignorant.

KWL TABLE

What I Know, What I Want to know and What I Learned.

A graphical organizer designed to help in learning.

K W L

What I KNOW What I WANT to know What I LEARNED

World Literature enables us to 1. History of literature and its I learned that there are theories about

learn the joys, anxieties, transitions. the history of literature and the most

problems and experiences of accepted theory is the mother of all

2. Different classifications of
the people from the seven the literary works came from Egypt.
Literature
continents of the world. It also (Ancient Egyptian Literature).

helps us to understand their 3. If I write an essay, a short

1. Poetry
nationalism, culture and story or poetry, would that

traditions, attitudes and beliefs consider as a literary 2. Prose

that perfectly reflected in their masterpiece?

3. Qualifications of Literary
writings. Masterpiece

PQRST

Preview, Question, Read, Summary, Test

Prioritizes the information in a way that relates directly to how they will be asked to use that

information in an examination.

1. PREVIEW The student looks at the topic to be learned by glancing over the major headings and

or the points in the syllabus.

2. QUESTION The student formulates questions to be answered following a thorough examination

of the topic/s.

3. READ The student reads through the related material, focusing on the information that best

relates to the questions formulated earlier.

4. SUMMARY The student summarizes the topic, bringing his/her own understanding into the

process. This may include written notes, spider diagrams, flow diagrams, labeled diagrams or

even voice recordings.

5. TEST The student answers the questions drafted earlier, avoiding adding any questions that

might distract or change the subject.