'-l .

SHORT LINE MODEL 143

model is developed for the long lines . Several MATU\8 functions are developed
CHAPTER 1'1"
for calcul:ltion of line parameters :lnd perfonnance. Finally. line compensations are

5 dis<:ussed for improving the line perfonnance for unloaded and loaded transmission
lines.

5.2 SHORT LINE MODEL

LINEMODEL
Capacitance may often be ignorl!d without m uch error if the lines are less than
AND PERFORMANCE about 80 km (50 miks) long. or if the voltage is not over 69 kV. The short line
model is obtained by multiplying the series impc!dance per unit length by the line
length.

Z ~ (,+jwL)1

~R+jX (5,1)

where rand L are the per-phase resistance and inductance per unit length, respec-
e
tively, and is the line length. The short line model on a per-phase basis is shown
in Figure 5.1. Vs and Is are the phase voltage and current at the sending end of the
line, and Vn and In are the phase voltage and current at the receiving end of the
line.

Is Z = R+ jX
5.1 INTRODUCTION
+ +
In Cluipter 4 the!. per.... "' ' ~6 p"r.,n<;ters'
1"....,...... 0
f , fallSmlSSlon
" .
hnes were obtained. This
chapter dcals ~uh the represemalion and perfonnance of transmission li nes umrer Vs
nonnal o~[Link]!! conditions. [Link] lines are represented by an equivalent
model With appropri:lIC circuit parameters on a "per-phase" basis The terminal
7Lolcages are expressed from one line Co neutral, the current for ooe ~"se an-' thu'
Ule three-phas .
e system IS reduced to ah equivalent single-phase system
Y... . u, .>,
FIGURE 5.1
. L . 1 Th.~ model ~sed to calculate VOltages, currents, and power flows depends on Short line model.
liM;; engUl of the flOe In tit h he"
I . . IS C apler t CIrCUlt parameters and voltage and current
re allOns afe first develoNOd fo .. h " d" . ". If a three-phase load with apparent power SR(3tpj is connected at the end of
,,~r s ort an medIUm hoes. Problems relating to
th e (('gu 1alIGn and los ' " f l ' ,
te ' 1 1 . ~c~ \) Illes emu their operation under conditions of fixed the transmission line, the receiving end current is obtained by
rmlna vo tages are then considered.
Next. long line theo'"" '. d d .
a1on,.L d" 'b . 'J \s presente an expressIOns for voltage and current I _ SR(3,j) (5.2)
~ u.e Istn uled hne mod J b'
istic impedance are defin e [Link].
0 tamed. Propagation constant and character_ R - 3V.
R
transmitted over Ih~ line~d. :md Lt IS .demonstrated that the electrical power is being
conditions " 'he t 'd aI npprol'>unately the speed of light. Since tht.'l terminal The phase voltage at the sending end is
wo en s of th e I'me are 0 fpnmary ' .
Importance, an equivalent
J42 (5.3)
 144 S. LINE MOOEl AND PERFORMANCE 5.2. SHORT LINE MODEL 145

and since the shunt c:1pacilance is neglected. the sending end and the receiving end
current are equal. i,e.,

(5.4)

The transmission line may be represented by a two-pon network as shown in Figure Vn

5.2. and the above equations can be written in tenns of the genernlized circuit
constants commonly known as the ABC D constants (a) Lagging pf load (b) Up( load (c) Leading pf load

nGURES.J
. J'hasor di3gl1lm for !>hart line.

poorer at low lagging power factor loads. With capadth'c loads, i.e .. leading power
factor loads, regulation may become negative. This is demonstrated by the phasor
diagram of Figure 5.3.
FIGURE S.2 Once the sending end voltage is calculated the sending-end power is obtained
Two. port repreS(n!~ti on o r ~ tran smi ss ion line. by

SS(30;' = 3VsIs (5.11)

The total line loss is then given by

Vs = AVn+BIn (5.5)
Is = CVn + DIu (5 .6) (5.12)
or in matrix limn and the transmission line efficiency is given by

[~: l = [~ ~][~: l (5.7) PR

"= -- (3J

P S{:}Q)
(5. 13)
According to (5.3) and (:i A), fo r short line mood
where PR(J< and P S (3t are the tot:11 real power at the receiving end and .sending
A= l c=o D= I (5.8) or
end the lint:, respectively.

Voltage re~~I;J.[ion of the ti ne may be defined as the percentage .change in voltage Eumple 5.1
at the receiving end of lhe line (e~pressed as percent of fun~load voltage) in going
from no-load to full load. A 220-kV, three-phase transmission line is 40 km long. The resistance per phase
is 0.15 n per km and the inductance per phase is 1.3263 mH per km. The shunt
capacitance is negligible. Use the shan line model to find the voltage and power at
Percent VR = WR(.'vL)l- jVR(FL) I x 100
(5 .9) the sending end and the voltage regulation and efficiency when the line is supply
1~'llll"L}1
ing a three-phase load of
At no-load In = 0 and from (5.5)
(a) 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 220 kY.
(b) 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor leading at 220 IN.
(5.10)
Fora short line A - I d V I' . (a) The series impedance per phase is
r I . - an U{NL) = s Voltage regulatIOn is a measure of
me va tage drop ~d depends On the load power factor. Voltage regulation will be Z = (r + jwL)l = (0.15 + j2, x 60 x 1.3263 x 10- ')40 = 6 + j20 n
 146 ~, LINE MODEL AND PERfORMANCE 5,3, MEDIUM LINE MODEL 147

The receiving end voltage per phase is The sending end voltage is

Vs = VIl + ZIR = 127LO" + (6 + j20)(10OOL36.87)(10-3)

= 121.39L9.29 kV
The apparent power is
The sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude is
1
SR(3) = 381Lcos- 0.8 = 381L36.87 = 304.8 + j228.6 MVA W"(I. -I,) 1 = v'3Vs = 210.26 kV
The curren! per phase is given by The sending end power is

I = SR(34)) = 381 L - 36.87 X 103 _ SSPc = 3VS/.9 = 3 x 12L39L9.29 x lO00L - 36.87 x 10- 3
R 3V 3 x 127 L00 - 1000L - 36.87 A
R = 322.8 MW - j168.6 Mvar
= 36-L18L - 27,58 MVA
From (5.3) the sending end voltage is
Voltage regulation is
Vo ~ VR + ZIR ~ 127LO' + (6 + j20)(lOooL _ 36.87')(10-')
" 210.26 - 220
= 144.33L4.93 kV Pl'TCent \i R = 220 x 100 = -4.43%

The sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude is Transmission line efficil'ncy is

The sending end power is

8 S (3",) = 3Vs1s = 3 x 144.33L4.93 x l000L36.87 x 10- 3 5.3 MEDIUM LINE MODEL

= 322.8 MW + j288.6 Mvar
= 433L41.8 MVA As thl' [l'ngth of line increases, the linl' charging current becomes appreciable and
the shunt capacitance must be considered. Lines above 80 km (50 miles) and below
Voltage regulation is 250 km (150 miles) in length are tenned as medillm length lines. For medium length
lines. half of the shunt capacitance may be considered to be lumped at each end of
250 - 220 the line. This is referred to as the nominal To model and is shown in Figure 5.4.
Percent V R = 220 x 100 = 13.6%
Z is the total series impedance of the line given by (5.1), and Y is the total shunt
admittance of the line given by
Transmission line efficiency is
y ~ (9 + jwe)1 (5.14)
PR(34)) . 304.8
T} = P (34J)
S
= 322.8 x 100 = 94.4% Under nonnal conditions, the shunt conductance per unit length, which represents
the leakage current over the insulators and due to corona, is negligible and 9 is
(b) The current for 381 MVA with 0.8 leading power factor is assumed to be zero. C is the line to neutral capacitance per km, and is the line
length. The sending end voltage and current for the nominal To model are obtained
In = SR(34)) = 381L36.87 x 103 as follows:
= 1000L36.87 A
3VR :3 x 127LO"
 148 J. LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE
5.3. MEDIUM LINE MODEL 149

Is , Z = R + jX
0 ~ ,10 ,IR 0 passive, bi lateral two-port network, the dctenninam of the transmission matrix in
+

lis
If y1 VR
+ (5.7) is unily, i.e. ,

AD - BC = 1 (5.22)

0 I 'I 0
Solving (5.7). the receiving end quantities can be expressed in (e nns o f the sending
end quantities by
FIGURES.4
Nonun~1 If mode l for nle,jium length line.
[ ~: 1= [ ~C - ~ 1[ ~: 1 (5.23)

Two MATlAB functions are written for compulut ion of t~ transmission matrix.
Function [ Z, Y, ABeD I = rlc2ahcd(r, L, C, g, r, Length) is used when resistance
From KCL the CUrTCnt in the series impedance designated by h is in ohm. inductance in mH and capacitance in I'F per unit length are specified. and
function [Z, Y, ABCD ] = zy2abcd(z, y. Length) is used when series impedance
(5.15) in ohm and shunt admittance in siemens per unit length are specified. The above
functions provide options for the nominal 1'r modd and the equivait':m " modd
From KVL the sending cnd vOltage is discussed in Section 5.4.

Vs = VH +Z h (5. 16) E xample 5.2

Substituting for I L from (5. 15), we obtain A 345-kV. three-phase transmission line is 130 km long. The resistance per phase
is U.U;Hj 11 per km and the inductance per phase is 0.8 mH per km. The shunt ca
pacitance is 0.01 12 JIF perkm. The receiving end load is 270 MVA with 0.8 power
("i . 11) factor lagging at 325 kY. Usc the medlll1n line modd to find the voltage and power
at the sending end and the voltage regubt;on,
Thc sending end current is
The fu nclion (Z, Y. ABCD] = rlc2abcd(r, L. C, g, r. Length) is used to obtain the
y
Is = h +- Vs [Link] matrix of the line. The following commands
(5. 18)
2
Substituting for I L and Vs r ~ .036; g 0; f = 60;
L = 0.8; 7. mil l i-Henry
C ~ 0.0112; % micro-Farad
(5. 19) Lengbh = 130; VR3ph ~ 325;
VR ~ VR3ph/sqrt(3) + j.O; 1. kV (receiving end phase voltage)
[Link] (5.17) and (5.19) with (5.5) and (5.6), the ABeD conSlants for the (Z, Y, ABCD] = rl c2abcd(r, L. C, g. f, Length);
nommallT model are given by AR - acos(0.8);
SR = 270*(cQs(AR) + j*sin (AR)j Yo MVA (receiving end poyer)
IR ~ conj(SR)/(3*conj(VR; kA (receiving end current)
(5.20) VsIs = ABCD* [VR; IRJ; column vector (Vs; Is)
VS - VsIs(1) j
VS3ph = sqrt(3)*abs(Vs); % kV(sending end L-L voltage)
(5 .2 1)
Is MVsIs(2); Ism ~ [Link]( I s); ;' A (sending end current)
pfs= cos(angleeVs)- angleC!s; ;. (sending end power factor)
I~ genera], the ABeD constants are complex and since the 1r model is a symmcI . Ss ~ 3*Vs*conj(Is); ;. MVA (sending end power)
ncal two-port nelwork, A = D. Furthennore, since we are dealing with a linear
REG - (Vs3ph/abs(ABCD(1,1 - VR3pb)/VR3ph *100;
 ISO S. LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE
5.4. LONG LINE MODEL lSI

fprintf (, Is = 'log A', Ism), fprintf(' pf '" I.g', pts)

fprintf (' Vs ~ 'log L-L kV', Vs3ph) REG - (Vs3ph/absCABCD(1,1 - Vr3ph)/Vr3ph *100;
fprintf (, Ps z 'log HW', real(Ss), fprintf(' Ir ~ 'log A'. Irm) , fprintf(' pf - 7.g', pfr)
fprintf (, Qs z 'log Hvar'. imag(Ss fprintf(' Vr .. 'log L-L kV', Vr3ph)
fprintf (, Percent voltage Reg. ~ I.g', REG) fprintf(' Pr - 'log MW', real(Sr
fprintf(' Qr '" 7.g Mvar', imag(Sr)
fprintf(' Percent voltage Reg. ~ 'log', REG)
result in
result in
Enter 1 for Medium line or 2 for long line ~ 1
Nominal 7r model Enter 1 for Medium line or 2 for long line ~ 1
Z ., 4.68 + j 39.2071 ohms Nominal 11" model
Y ., 0 + j 0.000548899 siemens Z 4.68 + j 39 ohms
Y = 0 + j 0.0005486 siemens
ABeD = [ 0.98924
-3.5251e-07
+
+
j 0.0012844
j 0.00054595
4.68
0.98924
+
+
j 39.207
j 0.0012844
1 ABeD
0.9893 + j 0.0012837 4.68
= [ -3.5213e-07.r j 0.00054565 0.9893 + j 39
+ j 0.0012837
1
Is '" 421. 132 A pf ., 0.869657 Ir 441.832 A pf = 0.88750
Vs .. 345.002 L-L kV Vr 330.68 L-L kV
Ps ., 218.851 MW Qs "" 124.23 Mvar Pr 224.592 HW Qr ,. 116.612 Mvar
Percent voltage Reg. '" 7.30913 Percent voltage Reg. '" 5.45863

Example 5.3

A 34:<ikV, [Link]'c-rhast' lran~mission line is 130 km long. The ~eries impedance is 5.4 LONG LINE MODEL
z. -=- 0.036+JO.3 n pcrphasc pcrkm, and the shunt admittance is y = j4.22x 10-6
siemens. per phase per km. The sending end voltage is 345 kV. and the sending end For the short and medium length lines reasonably accurate mooels were obtained
current IS 400 A at 0.95 power factor lagging. Use the medium line model to find by assuming the line parameters to be lumped. For lines 250 km (150 miles) and
the voltage, current and power at the receiving end and the voltage regulation. longer and for a more accurate solution the exact effect of the distributed param-
eters must be considered. In lhis section expressions for voltage and current at
T~e .functiOll [Z, Y, ABeD] = zy2abcd(z, y, Length) is used to obtain the trans- any point on the line are derived. Then, based on these equations an equivalent ;;"
miSSIOn matrix of the line. The following commands model is obtained for the long line. Figure 5.5 shows one phase of a distributed line
of length f km.
Z . . . 036 + j* 0.3; y - j*4.22/1000000; Length '" 130; The series impedance per unit length is shown by the lowercase letter z, and
Vs3ph .. 345; Ism = 0.4; ;,kA; the shunt admittance per phase is shown by the lowercase letter y. where z =
As .. -acos(0.95); T + jwL and y = g + jwC. Consider a small segment of line Llx at a distance x
Vs .. Vs3ph/sqrt(3) + j*O; ;, kV (sending end phase voltage) from the receiving end of the line. The phasor voltages and currents on both sides
Is ~ Ism*(cos(As) + j*sin(As)' of this segment are shown as a function of distance. From Kirchhoff's voltage law
[Z,Y, ABCD} ~ zy2abcdCz, y. Le~gth);
VrIr'" inv(ABCD). [VB; IsJ; 1. column vector (Vr; IrJ
Vr '" VrIr(t);
Vex + c>x) ~ Vex) + z c>x I(x) (5.24)
~~3~\;I:1~~~3)*ab:(Vr); I. [Link] end L-L voltage)
pfr~ C ,Irm - 1000*abs(Ir); I. A (receiving end current) 0'
c
Sr '" 3 oVS angl~(Vr)- angle(Ir); ;,Creceiving end pover factor)
* r*conJ(Ir)', '/I. MVA ( [Link]
.. end pover)
Vex + c>x) - Vex) ~ z I(x) (5.25)
c>x
 152 ~_ LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE
5,4. LONG LINE MODEL 153

,Is I(x + 6.x) , ilx I(x)

1r
<
~
IR The solution of the above equation is
+ --~

+
+'1
Vs V(x + ilX)r Y ilx Y ilx
+
V(x) VR
where " known as the propagation constant, is a complex expression given by
(5.33)

(5.3\) Of
0

I. I,
0

I
ilx I x ,= 0: + j(3 = FY = j(r + jwL)(g + jwC) (5.34)

FIGURE5.S The real part 0: is known as the attenllation constant, and the imaginary component
Long line with distributed parameters. (3 is known as the phase constant. fJ is measured in mdian per unit length.
From (5.26), the current is
Taking the limit as 6.x ----+ 0, we have

dV(x)
-d- :=; Z I(x) (5.26)
x (5.35)
Also, from Kirchhoff's current law

I(, + ilx) ~ I(x) + y ilx V(x + ilx) (5.27)

(5.361

I(x + ilx) - I(x) Wh":f": Z,. is known as the characteristic impedance, given by
6.x = y V(x + 6.x) (5.28)
Taking the limit as 6.~' ----+ 0, we have (5.37)
dI(x)
~~yV(x) (5.29) Tv finJ the constants Al and A2 we note that when x = 0, V(x) Va, and
I(x) = h. From (5.33) and (5.36) these constants are found to be
Differentiating (5.26) and substituting from (5.29), we get

d'V(x) dI(x)
x--
dx' dx
~ xy V(x) (5.38)
(5.30)
Let
Upon substitution in (5.33) and (5.36), the general expressions for voltage and
current along a long transmission line become
,? = zy (5.31)
The follOwing second-order differential equation will result. (5.39)

(5.32) (5.40)
 154 ~. LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE H LONG LINE MODEL ISS

The equations for voltage and currents can be rearranged as follows: the parameters of the equivalent 7r moclel are obtained.

sinh "(f
Z = Zc sinh "(e = z---
I
(5.41) (5.53)
-.rf.

(5.42) Y' = 2.. tanh 7 f = =tan~h-!";,i/..::2

!:: (5.54)
2 Z, 2 2 1/2
Recognizing the hyperbolic functions sinh, and cosh, the above equations are writ-
ten as follows:
Z' = Z "iJ~ht -,t
Vex) = cosh -y:t VR -+ Zc sinh IX IR (5.43) Is IR
1 ~

,J
0

I(x) = Zc Sillh~/x\li1 +coslqxIR (5.44)

w~ ~re particularly interested in the relation between the sending end and the re-
+
Vs
I Y' _
2 -
1: c."h ,'/'
2 ..,02 VR
+

celvlllg end of the line. Setting X = I!, V (l') = V~ and I (e) = I . , the result is

V$ = cosh -rf VH + Zc sinh If I R

1
(5.45) , I 'I
I~ = Z sinh -II! VR + cosh -yf. IR FIGURE 5.6
, (5.46)
Equivalent ;r model for long length line.
Rewriting the above equations in tenns of the ABC D constants as before, we have
The functions [Z. Y. ABCD I = rlc2abcd(r. L, C, g, f, Length) and [Z, Y.
(5.47)
ABCD ] = zy2abcd(z, y, Length) with option 2 can be used for the evaluation of
the transmission matrix and the equivalent if [Link]<!rs. iluw.:v.:r, Example 5.4
where shows how these hyperbolic functions can be evaluated easily with simple MAT-
IAB commands.
A = cosh 1E B = Zc sinh "(f. (5.48)
1 Example 5.4
C = - D
Z, sinh "(t = cosh "(f (5.49)
A 500-kV, three~phase transmission line is 250 km long. The series impedance is
Note that, as before, A = D and AD - BC = l. z = 0.045 + jO.4 n per phase per km and the shunt admittance is y = j4 X 10- 6
I! is now possible to find an accurate equivalent 7r model, shown in Figure 5.6, siemens per phase per km. Evaluate the equivalent 7r mocleJ and the transmission
to replace tne ABeD constants of the two-port network. Similar to the expressions matrix
(5.17) and (5.19) obtained for the nominal 7r, for the equivalent 7r model we have
The following commands
Vs= (1+2 Z'Y') VH+Z'IR (5.50)
z ~ 0.045 + j . 4; Y = j.4.0/tOOOooo, Length ~ 250;
= Z'Y') VR + (Z'Y')
Is Y' (1 + -4- 1 + -2- IR (5.51)
gamma = sqrt(z*y); Zc = sqrt(z/y);
A - cosh{gamma*Length); B = [Link](gamma*Length);
C c t/Zc * sinh(gamma*Length); D = A;
~fotmhP'"'dng.(5.50) and (5.51) with (5.45) and (5.46), respectively and making use ABeD - [A B; C DJ
e I entIty ,
Z - B; Y = 2/Zc * tanh(gamma*Length/2)
tanh "(f = cosh "(f - 1
2 sinh "(f. (5.52) result in
 156 j . LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE
~ .5 . VOLTACE AND CURRENT WAVES 157

ABeD -
0.9504 + 0 .0055i Thus, to keep up with the wave and observe the peak amplitude we must travel
10.8778 +98.36241
- 0 . 0000 + 0,00101 with the speed
0.9504 + O.0055i
z dx w
10 .8778 +98 , 36241 (5.59)
y dt ~ Ti
0 .0000 + 0 .00101 Thus. the velocity of propagat ion is given by
w 211" 1
v ~ Ti~7i (5.60)
5.5 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT WAVES
The wavelength). or distance x on the wave which resu lts in a phase shirt of 2-:-:--
The rrns expression for [he:: phasor value of vohage a[ any point along [he line is radian is
given by (5.33). Substituting 0 + jj3 for "f . the phasor voltage is iJ). = 2r.

2.
Transforming from phasor domain to time domain. the instantaneous voltage as a hfj (5.61 )
function of t and x becomes
When line losses are neglected. i.e. , when 9 = 0 and r = 0, the real part of the
propagation constant n = 0, and from (5 .34) the phase constant becomes
(l .5 5)
{j ~ [Link]: (5.62)
As x increases (moving away from the receiving end). the first lerm tx.-comes targer
because of e<l~ and is caJt~d the irl('idrm wave. TI1I! second teon becomes sma ller Also, tl1l! characlt'!ristic impedance is purely resi~ l i\"e and (5.37) becomes
~C:[Link]<! o f p - "U :l..Ild is called [h e rl!jf"("f"'/ wn w '. At any point along the line. volt-
agt'! is [he ~um of th~e two components.
Z
c
~V
{L
c (5 .63)

u(l , x ) = I: .(t, x) + tJ-l(t , X) (5.56) . which is commonly referred 10 as the Sllrg~ im~da'IU. Substituting for {J in (5.60)
where and (5.6 1), fo r a lossless line the velocity of propagation and the w;l.\e length be-
come

VI (t, x) = v'2 AI~oz cos(wt + j3x) (5. 57) v ~

1
.JiZ: (5.64)
tl'l( t , X) = v'2 A.c-O'f cos(wt "':' {Jx) (5.58) 1
(5.65)
A~ [Link]:
As the current expression is similar to the vollage. the current can also be consid-
ered as the sum of incident and reflected current waves. The expressions for the inductance ~r u~it length L and ~apaci(ance per unitlen~th
Equations {5 .57 ) and (5. 58 ) hehave like traveling waves as we move alo ng C of a transmission line were denved In Chapler 4. given by (4.58) and (4.9 ).
the lint";. This is similar to the distu rbance in the water at some sending point. To se,e . . When the internal flux linkage of a conductor is neglected G MRL = G MRc, and
this, consider th~ reflected wave t'2(t. x) and imagine that we ride along with the . Upon substitution (5.64) and (5.65) become
wave. To observe the instantaneous value, for example the peak amplitude requi res
that
v- -1- (5.66)
- JI'<J"
I
(5.67)
 158 j LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE
S 6. SURCE IMPEDANCE LOADING 159

~[Link] for /-lO = 4~ X 10- 7 and!"o "= 8.85 X 10- 12 , the velocity of the wave 5.6 SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING
IS obtamed to be appro)umiltely 3 x lOS m/sec, i.e . the velocity of light. At 60 Hz
the wavelength is 5000 km. Similarly. substituting for Land C in (5 .6 3), we have' When the line is loaded by being tenninated with an impedance equal to its char-
acteristic impedance, the receiving end current is
Z~ -:: ~ [iiO In GMD
21f VE; CMRe
:::: 601 .. GMD (5.76)
CMR< (5 .68)
For typical .tr::[Link] ssion lines the surge impedaoce varies from approximate ly400n For a lossless line Zc is purely resistive . The load correspoooing to the surge
for 69-kV hnes dow~ to around 250 n fordoub 1e-circuit 765-kV transmission lines. impedance at rated voltage is known as the ! llrg t impt dance loading (51 L). given
. ~~r a I~.ss le~s hne : = ?;3 and t.h ~ hyperlXJ\ic functions cosh ''fx = c~ h j.3x = by
cos /12 and !-ill1h f:T. = SI 11 11 ) /1.c = J :l 111 fJx , the equations for the nns volt:lge and
current along the line. g iven by (5.43) and (5.44), become
(5.77)
V (.r) = <:os/h Vll + jZcsin/3x IR (5.69)
I( x ) = j ZI sinfhVu+[Link] (5 .70) Since V il = VLr,,(~d/.j3, SI Lin MW becomes
"<
At thl! sending I!nd x = t:

v.. = <;os PC Vn + jZc sin W IR (5.71 )

(5.78)
. 1
I S = J Zr sin fJC Vn +cos .BU n (5. 72) Substituting for In in (5.69) lIld FI< in (5 .70) will result in

. calcu kllion i[ is easier

For hand 'to .use ( 5 7.1) a"d (572)
. , a nd <lor mo re aCCUr::lte
caJculal~ons (5.41) through ( 5.49) can be used in MATLAB. The le nninal coodilions V(x) = (cos;l.c +h in;1xWR or V( x ) = Vn L{3x (5.79)
~e re;kltly obtajned fro m the above equatio ns. For e xample. for the open-circuited I (x } = (cos/lx +j sin l3x) I R or I (x) = In L{Jx (5.80)
lIRe III = 0, and from (5.1 1) the no-load recei ving end vollage is
Equations (5.79) and (; .RO) "how [Link] in a lossless line under surge impedance
VS loading the voltage and current al any point along the line are constant in magnitude
\lR(,,' ) = - - (5.73)
coo /3t: and are equal to their sending end values. Since Zc has no reactive component,
At no load the li ne cu ...... [ . .
'. .
. 1 d h'
e ntire y ue to t e hne charging capacitive CUrTent
" ... 11 IS
there is no reactive power in the line. Qs = QR = O. This indicates that ror
~r~~ r;~elvJn~ end VOltage is [Link] the sending end voltage. This is evident S I L, the reactive losses in the line inductance an; eltactly orfset by reactive power
( . ), which shows that as the Ime length increases fJi increases and cos /31 supplied by the shunt capacitance or wLIIRI2 = wC[VR[2. From this relation. we
decreases res It" . h' find that Zc = VR/IR = JL1C, which verities the result in (5.63). SIL for
, ~ lng 10 a Igher no-load receiving end voltage.
redUc~~: a solid sha n circuit at the receiving end, VR = 0 and (5.71) and (5.72) typical transmission lines varies from approlt imatdy 150 MW for 230-kV lines to
about 2000 MW for 765-kV lines. S I L is a useful measure of transmission line
capacity as it indicates a loading wh.:n: the line's reactive requirements are small.
Vs = jZc sin fJt IR (5.74) For loads significantly above S I L. shunt capacitors may be needed to minimize
I s = cos{[Link] (S .7S) voltage drop along the line, while for light loads significantly below 81 L , shunt
inductors may be nec:ded. Generally the transmi ssion line full-load is much higher
The above equations c be . d fi . than SIL. The voltage profile for vari ous loading conditions is illustrated in Figure
the line. an use to nd the short Circuit currents at both ends of
5.11 (page 182) in Example 5.9(h).
160 5. LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE n. COMPLEX POWER FLOW THROUGH TRANSMISSION LiNES 161

Example 5.5 From (5.71) the sending end voltage is

A three-phase, 60-Hz, 500-kV transmission line is 300 km long. The line induc-
Vs = cosj3f V R + jZc sin j3f IR
tance is 0.97 mHlkm per phase and its capacitance is 0.0115 J-lFlkm per phase.
Assume a lossless line. - ~ (O.9295)288.675LO + j(290.43)(0.3688)(1154.7 L - 36.87")(10-')
= 356.53L16.1 0 kV
Ca) Detennine the line phase constant /3, the surge impedance Zc, velocity of prop-
agation v and the line wavelength A. The sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude is
(b) The receiving end rated load is 800 MW, 0.8 power factor lagging at 500 kV.
Detennine the sending end quantities and the voltage regulation.
IVS(L-L}I ~ J3lVsl ~ 617.53 kV

From (5.72) the sending end current is

(a) For a loss[ess line, from (5.62) we have
1
Is = j Z sinj3l VR + cosj3llu
.8 = wvLC = 211'" x 60/0.97 x 0.0115 x 10 9 = 0.001259 rJdlkm ,
1 3
and from (5.63) ~ J 290.43 (0.3688)(288.670L 0)(10 ) + (0.9295)(1154.7L - 36.87')
= 902.3L - 17.9 A
0.97 X lO~J
0,0115 X 10-6 = 290.43 n The sending end power is
Velocity of propagation is SS(Jrp) = 3VsIs = 3 x 35G.53L16.1 x 902.3L-17.9 x 10- 3
1 1 = 800 MW + j539.672 Mvar
l'=--~
. = 2.994 X 10"'" km/s
v'IC vO.il7 x 0.0115 x 10- 9 = 965.1L34 MVA

and the line wavelength IS

Voltage regulation is

7
,\ = " = 60(2.994
1 X 10
5
) = 4990 km P
ercent
VR
=
306.53/0.9295 - 288.675 100 328-9<
288.675' x =. { 0

(b) [JI' = 0.001259 x 300 = 0.3777 rad = 21.641 The line perfonnance of the above transmission line including the line re-
sistance is obtained in Example 5.9 using the Iineperf program. When a line is
The receiving end voltage per phase is . operating at the rated load, the exact solution results in VS(L-Lj = 623.5L 15.57
kV, and I~ = 903.1L-17.7 A. This shows that the lossless assumption yields
__ 500LO
VR J3 ~ 288.675LO kV acceptable results and is suitable for hand calculation.

The rel'eiving end apparent po\\'~r is

5.7 COMPLEX POWER FLOW
S SOO I
THROUGH TRANSMISSION LINES
R(.l,,) = o.-sLcos- 0.8::;;; 1000L36.S7" = 800 + j600 MVA

The receiving end current per phase is given by Specific expressions for the complex power flow on a line may be obtained in tenns
of the sending end and receiving end voltage magnitudes and phase angles and the
In = SR(Jl = l000L - 36.870 x 103 ABeD constants. Consider Figure 5.2 where the tennina1 relations are given by
~ 1154.7L - 36.870 A (5.5) and (5.6). Expressing the ABeD constants in polar fonn as A = IAILO,."
3 FR: 3 x 288.675/0 0
162 5. LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE 5.8. POWER TR ANSMISSION CAPABILITY 163

B = IEILB H , the sending end voltage as Vs = IVsILO, and the receiving end The real and reactive transmission line losses are
voltage as reference VR = WIlILO, from (5.5) In can be written as
Pl-(3) = PS(3<Pl - P R (3<t (5.91 )
QL(3"') = QS(3j - QR(3) (5,92)

The locus of all points obtained by plotting Q R(3) versus P R (3<Pl for fixed
(5.81) line voltages and varying load angle S is a circle kl)own as the receiving end power
circle diagram. A family of such circles with fixed receiving end voltage and vary_
The receiving end complex power is ing sending end voltage is extremely useful in assessing the performance character-
istics of the transmission line. A function called pwrcirc(ABCD) is developed for
SU(:l!)) = Pll(:l~~) + jQR(:l<+ = 3VRI R (5.82) the construction of the receiving end power circle diagram, and its use is demon-
strated in Example 5.9(g).
Substituting for 1/1 from (5.81), we have
For a loss less line B = jX', BA = 0, B/;J = 90, and A = cos {3C, and the
real power transferred over the line is given by
(5.83)
. !V.-;(L-L1IWR{J_-I_11 . '"
PJ.:p = X' SlIl U (5.93)
or in tenns of the line-to-line voltages, we have
and the receiving end reactive power is
s.
If(J",) -
- IV.~(L-L) Ill'Il(L-l.) I Lf)
lEI jj
_ S _.14111'R(L-[,} I' LB
lEI H
_ B
.. \
(5.84)
_ WS(L-L)IIVR(L-L)I ,r IVu(l.-[Link]
, . ,~A
Q R:I - X' cosu - X' cos/->(. (5.94)
The real and reactive power at the receiving end of the line are
For a given system operating at constant voltage, the power transferred is propor-
tional to the sine of the power angle 6. As the load increases. S increases. For
p - IVs{t L,IIVR{t-I.)1 '(0 _ ') _ IAIIVR{L_L,I' '(0 -0 ) (585)
u(.!<; - - lEI co:; 13 U lEI co::; Ii A . a lossless line, the maximum power that can be transmitted under stable steady-
state condition occurs for an angle of 9Uo. However, a transmission system with
(' - I\:'(/,-I.)IIVR(I,-L) I .' (" ') IAIIVR(L-L)I'" (" ") (586) its (;onnecled synchronous machines must also be able 10 withstand, without loss
tll(,j,:,) - lEI sin UB-U - 181 Sl1l U 8 - U ,.\ .
of stability, sudden changes in generation, load, and faults. To assure an adequate
The sending end power is margin of stability, the practical operating load angle is usually limited to 35 to
45.
5S (3<1 = PS{3) + jQS{3<P} = 3VsIs (5.87)

From (5.23), Is' can be written as 5,8 POWER TRANSMISSION CAPABILITY

I _ IAILOAlVsIL' -!VRILO The power handling ability of a line is limited by the thermal loading limit and
(5,88)
s- . IBILOB the stability limit. The increa:;e in the conductor temperature. due to the real power
loss, stretches the conductors. This will increase the sag between transmission tow-
Substituting for Is in (5,87) yields
ers. At higher temperatures this may result in irreversible stretching. The thermal
limit is specified by the current-carrying capacity of the conductor and is available
PSI3.) ~ IAI!Vf~ L)I' OO,(OB-OA) _ !VS(L-L;~~RIL-L)I ",s(OBH) (5.89) in the manufacturer's data. If the current-carrying capacity is denoted by [thermal,
Ih.:! tho.:rmalloading limit of a line is
QS(3.) ~ IAI!Vf~-L)I' ,'n(OB-OA) _ !VS(L-L;~~R(L-L)I "n(OBH) (5.90)
Sthermal = 3V4>rated1thermal (5,95)
164 5. LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE 3.9. LINE COMPENSATION 165

The expression for real power transfer over the line for a lossless line is given From the practical line loadability given by (5.97), we have
by (5.93). The theoretical maximum power transfer is when 0 = 90 0 The practical
operating load angle for the line alone is limited to no more than 30 to 45 0 This 700 ~ (LO)(0.9)(SlL)
8in(36.87)
is because of the generator and transfonner reactances which, when added to the 8in(22.68)
line, will result in a larger 0 for a given load. For planning and other purposes, it is
Thus
very useful to express the power transfer formula in tenns of SIL, and construct
the line loadability curve. For a lossless line X' = Zc sin {3(, and (5.93) may be
81L = 499.83 MW
written as

PJ1! = (IVS.(L-Lll) (IV~(L 1.)1) (Vr:l~d) ~ino, (5.96)

From (5.78)
Vrat<,d \r"t~d Zc smtJ
kVL ~ .j(Z,)(SlL) ~ .j(320)(499.83) ~ 400 kV
The first two terms within parenthesis arc the per-unit voltages denoted by V,>I'U and
VRp", and the third tenn is recognized as 51 L. Equation (5.96) may be written as (b) The equivalent line reactance for a 10ssJess line is given by
. ~ IV,>puIIVRI'"ISIL .. J
P31> x' = Zc sin tJ = 320sin(22.68) = 123.39 n
~ . at Sill
SIII!-, .

~ IlIs,,,,1 IVllpu 151 L " ,- For a lossless line, the maximum power that can be transmitted under steady state
- ., , SlIlu (5.97) condition occurs for a load angle of 90 0 Thus, from (5.93), assuming lVsl = 1.0
sill( T)
pu and IVRI = 0.9 pu, the theoretical maximum power is
The function loadabil(L, C, f) obtains the loadability curve and thenna! limit curve
of the line. The loadability curve as obtained in Figure 5.12 (page 182) for Example (400)(0.9)(400) (1) ~ 1167 MW
S.9(i) shows that for short and medium lines the thermal limit dictates the maxi- 123.39
mum power transfer. Whereas, for longer lines the limit is set by the practical Ene
loadability curve. As we see in the next section, for longer lines it may be necessary
10 use series capacitors in order to increase the power transfer over the line. 5,9 LINE COMPENSATION
Example 5.6 We have noted that a transmission line loaded to its surge impedance loading has
A three-phase power of 700-MW is to be transmitted to a substation located 315 no net reactive power flow into or out of the line and will have approximately a flat
km from the source of power. For a preliminary line design assume the following voltage profile along its length. On long transmission lines, light loads appreciably
parameters: less than S 1 L result in a rise of voltage at the receiving end, and heavy loads ap-
preciably greater than SI L will produce a large dip in voltage. The voltage profile
lis = 1.0 per unit, Vn = 0.9 per unit, A = 5000 km, Zc = 320 n, and of a long line for various loading conditions is shown in Figure 5.11 (page 182).
<5 = 36.87 Shunt reactors are widely used to reduce high voltages under light load or open line
(a) Based on the practical line loadability equation detennine a nominal voltage conditions. If the transmission system is heavily loaded, shunt capacitors, static var
level for the transmission line. control, and synchronous condensers are used to improve voltage, increase power
~b) ror the transmission voltagc level obtained in (a) calculate the theoretical max- transfer, and improve the system stability.
Imum power that can be transferred by the transmission line.

(a) From (5.61), the line phase constant is

5,9,1 SHUNT REACTORS

2, Shunt reactors are applied to compensate for the undesirable voltage effects asso-
~i ~ Ti rod ciated with line capacitance. The amount of reactor compensation required on a
360 360 transmission Hne to maintain the receiving end voltage at a specified value can be
~ -f ~ -(315) ~ 22.68" obtained as follows.
A 5000
 166 ~. LJNE MODEL Af'lD f'[Link]
H. LINE COMPENSATION 167

Long line With one reactor only at the receiving end, the voltage profile will not beuniform,
In
and the maximum rise occurs at the midspan. It is left as an e;o;ercise to show that
+ + for Vs = VR, the voltage at the midspnn is given by
VR
1'5 iXL~h V.n = -pr (5. 102)
cos ,
Also. the current at the midspan is zero. The (unction openline{ABCD) is used 10
find the receiving end voltage of an open line and to detennine lhe Mvar of me
reactor required to mainlain the no load receiving end voltage at u specified value.
FIGURE S.7 hample 5.9(d) illustrates the reactor compensation, Installing reactors at both ends
Shunt f~ 3Clor compcns:uron.
ofttlc line will improve Ihe vollage profil e and reduce the [Link] at midspan.

Example 5.7
Consider :l reactor of reactance X bh. connected at the recl';iving end of a
long transmission line as shown in Figure 5.7. The receiving end current is For the transmission line of Example 5.5:
(a) Calculate the receiving end voltage when line is terminated in an open circuit
and is energized with 500 kV at the sending end.
I'R (b) Determine the reactance and the Mvar of a three-phase shunt reactor to be in-
Iu = -.-- (5 .98)
JXL..h stalled at the receiving end to keep the no load receiving end voltage at the rated
value.
Substituting IR into (5,71) results in

(a) The line is energized with 500 kV at the sending end. The sending end voltage
V~' = ..
.' R (r ....... :..,. Z.. . If)
>1 + - - "!!1 ' per phase is
. . XL~h
SOOl lr'
Note thai V!)' and Vn arc in phase. which is consistent wiih the fact [Link] no real Vs ~ r.; ~ 288.675 kV
v3
power is ~ing [Link] over the line. Solving for X L sh yidds
f rom Example 5.5, Zc = 290.43 and l3i = 21 .64 10,
s in fJl. When Ihe line is open III = 0 and from (5.7 1) the no- load receiving end
X bh = ". Zc (5.99) voltage is given by
~ - co:;/3t
~s 288.675
For V." = \/R, the required inductor reactance is VR( ,,' ) = co.", j3t = 0 .9295 = 310.57 kY

The no-load receiving end line to-line voltage is

sinj3t
X',h = 1 - cos fJI Z , (5. (00)
VR{L_L)(nl) = /3 VR(nl ) = 537.9 kV
To find the relation betw<:!en Is and ll/, we substitute for FR from (5.98) into (S .72) (b) For Vs = VR. the required inductor reaclance given by (5.100) is

~ 'in(21.641) (290.43) ~ 1519.5 n

Is = (- ;rsin ;Jf XL$h + cos":'1f) III XL.h
1 - =(21.641)
The threc~phase shunt reactor rating is
Substituting for X L/. (rom (5. 100) for Ihe case when V., = FR results in
Q :::: (kVLrnted)2 = . (500)2 = 164.53 Mvar
Is = - 1/1 (5 . 101) 3.1 X L8 h 1519.5
168 :5 UNEMODEL AND PERFORMANCE ~.9. UNECOMPENSATION 169

5.9.2 SHUNT CAPACITOR COMPENSATION One major drawback with series capacitor compensation is that special pro-
Shunt capacitors are used for lagging power factor circuits created by heavy loads. tective devices are required to protect the capacitors and bypass the high current
The effect is to supply the requisite reactive power to maintain the receiving end produced when a short circuit occurs. Also, inclusion of series capacitors estab-
voltage at a satisfactory level. Capacitors are connected either directly (0 a bus bar lishes a resonant circuit that can oscillate at a frequency below the nonnal syn-
chronous frequency when stimulated by a disturbance. This phenomenon is reo
or to the tertiary winding of a main lransfonner and are disposed along the route to
ferred to as subsynchrorlOus resonance (SSR). If the synchronous frequency minus
minimize the losses and voltage drops. Given Vs and VR, (5.8S) and (S.86) can be
the electrical resonant frequency approaches the frequency of one of the turbine-
used conveniently to compute the required capacitor Mvar at the receiving end for a
generator natural torsional modes, considerable damage to the turbine-generator
spccifiedload. A function called shntcomp(ABCD) is developed for this purpose,
and its use is demonstrated in E;o;ampie S.9(t). may result. If L' is the lumped line inductance corrected for the effect of dis-
tribution and Cser is the capacitance of the series capacitor, the subsynchronous
resonant frequency is
5.9.3 SERIES CAPACITOR COMPENSATION
Series capacitors are connected in series with the line, usually located at the mid. (S.I04)
point, and are used to reduce the series reactance between the load and the supply
point. This results in improved transient and steady-state stability, more econom- where f~ is the synchronous frequency. The function sercomp(ABCD) can be used
ical loading, and minimum voltage dip on load bUSeS. Series capacilOrs have the to obtain the line performance for a specified percentage compensation. Finally,
good characteristics that their reactive power production varies concurrently with when line is compensated with both series and shunt capacitors, for the specified
the line loading. Swdics have shown that the addition of series capacitors on EHV terminal voltages, the function srshcomp(ABCD) is used to obtain the line per-
transmission lines can more than double the transient stability load limit of long formance and the required shunt capacitor. These compensations are also demon-
lines at a frdction of the cost of ,I new transmission line. strated in hamplc 5.9(1).
Long line Example 5.8
--",~s~====11 F====_I"',,:,-__----,
+ The transmission line in Example 5.5 supplies a load of 1000 MVA, 0.8 power
+
factor lagging at SOO kY.
(a) Detennine the Mvar and the capacitance of the shunt capacitors to be installed
-jXC~h at the receiving end to keep the receiving end voltage at 500 kV when the line is
energized with SOO kV at the sending end~
(b) Only series capacitors are installed at the midpoint of the line providing 40 per-
cent compensation. Find the sending ~nd voltage and voltage regulation.
FIGURES.S
Shunt and series capacitor compensation. (a) From Example 5.5, Zc = 290.43 and {3R. = 21.641 0
Thus, the equivalent line
reactance for a lossless line is given by
With the series capacitor switched on as shown in Figure 5.8, from (5.93), the X' = Zc sin3f = 290.438In(21.641) = 107.11 0
power transfer over the line for a lossless line becomes
The receiving end power is
IVS(L-L}IIVR(L-L}I.,
P 34>=
X'
SIno
[Link]
SR{34 = l000Lcos-1{0.8) = 800 + j600 MVA

Where XCser is the series capacitor reactance. The ratio XC er / X' expressed as a For the above operating condition, the power angle 0 is obtained from (5.93)
percentage is usually referred to as the percentage compensation. The percentage (500)(500)
compensation is in the range of 25 to 70 percent. 800 ~ 107.11 sino
 170 S. UNE [Link].. AND PERFORMANCE
' . 10. t..l~ PERFORMANCE PROORAM 171

which results in 6 = 20.044. Using the approximate relation given by (5 ,94), the Thus, the sending end voltage is
net reactive power at the receiving end is

(500)(500) (500)' 0
Vs = AVR + BIn = 0 .9577 )( 288.675 + j 64 .26 )( 1.1547L - 36.8r
QR(l) = I07.11 (05(20.044 ) -[Link]" cos(21.641) = 23.15 MVlJ" = 326.4 L lOAr kV
Thus, Ihe required capacitor Mvar is Sc = j 23. IS - }600 = - jS76.85
The capacitive reactance is given by
and the line-to-line voltage magnitude is IVS(L- L1 1 = J3 Vs = 565.4 kV. Vollage
regulation is
x _ JVLI' _ (500)' _ . .
c - Sc - j576.85 - - )'t33.38 n Percent V R =
565.4/ 0 .958 - 500
500 )( 100 = 18%

The ell:oct solution obtained in E xample S.9(f) results in VS(L_L j = 571.9 kV. This
10' represents an error of 1.0 percent.
C = 2rr (GU)(433.38) = G.l "F

The shUn! compensation for the above transmission line including the line
5,10 LINE PERFORMANCE PROGRAM
resistance is obtained in E xample 5.9(f) using the lineperf program. The exact so-
lution results in 6 13 .8 Mvar for c:lpadtor reactive power as compared to 576.85
A program called lineperf is develo ped for the complete analysis and compen-
Mvar obtained from the approll:imate fonnula for the lossless line. Thi s represents
salion of a transmission line. The command linepcrr displays a menu with five
approximately an error of 6 percent.
options for the computation of the pammc!te!'5 of the 11" models and the transmis-
sion constants. Selection of these options will call upOn the following functions.
(b) For 40 perCl~nt compensati on. the series capacitor reactance per phase is

x'" = Cl.< '\" ' ~ OA( 107. l ) = 42.84 n (l., Y, ADeD] = rlc2abcd(f", L, C. g. r. Length) computes and returns the 11"
mode l [Link] and the [Link] mission constantS when r in ohm, L in mH, and C
The new equiva lent 1!' circuit pammctcrs are g ive n by in [Link] per unit length, frc!quency, and line length are specified.

z' = j (.\" ' - .\'fl"r ) = j(lOi . l - 42.84) = }64.26 n IZ, Y, ADeD) == 2y2abcd(z. y, Length) computes and returns the 11" model
v i 2 2 parameters and the transmission constants when impedance and admittance per
I = = i -Z ta n(fJ(j 2) = )-290 tan (21 .641 o/ 2) = jO.001316 siemens
c .43 unit length are specified.
The new B constant is B = j64.26 and the new A-coostant is given by
lZ, Y, ADCD] == pi2abcd (Z, Y) re:ums the ABeD constantS when the 11"

A- l + Z'Y' _ l (j64.26)(jO.001316) 9 model parameters are specified .

- 2 - + 2 = O. 577
[Z, Y, ABeD];::::: abcd2pi(A, B, C} returns the 11" model parameter.; when the
The recei\'ing end \,o]llge ~ r phase.! i.~
transmission constants are specified.
500
V/l = .,G = 288.675 kV [L , C] = gmd2lc computes and returns the inductance and capacitance per
phase when the line configuration and conductor dimensions are specified.
and the re.::eiving end l'urre nt is
(r, L, C, f] = abcd2rlc(ABCD) returns the line parameters per unit length and
SR" ) IO[}\JL - 30.S7"
i R =. 3V"~
H
= 'J
... x
.~" G7'
08. a LO
= 1.15<17L-36.87" kA frequency when the transmission constants are specified,
172 5 LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE .'i.10 LINE PERFORMANCE PROGRAM 173

Any of the above functions can be used independently when the arguments of tance and lhe M var of a shunt capacitor to be installed at the receiving end in order
the functions are defined in the MATLAB environment. If the above functions are to maintain the specified YR Also, VS'. Ps. Qs, line losses. voltage regulation. and
typed without the parenthesis and the arguments. the user will be prompted to enter transmission efficiency are obtained for the compensated line.
the required data. Next the lincperf loads the program Iistmenu which displays a
list of eight options for transmission line analysis and compensalion. Selection of Option 7 loads the pWrcirc(ABCD) which prompts for the receiving end volt-
these options will call upon the following functions. age. This function constructs the receiving end power circle diagram for various
values of Vs from V R up to 1.3VR.
givensr(ABCD) prompts the user to enter FR, P R and QR. This function
computes Vs. ps. [Link] losses, voltage regulation, and transmission efficiency. Option 8 calls upon profmenu which displays two options. Selection of these
options will call upon the following functions:
givenss(ABCD) prompts the user to enter Vs, Ps and Qs. This function com-
putes Fn , FR. Q /l, line losses, voltage regulation, and transmission efficiency. vprofile(r, L, C, f) prompts the user to enter Vs. rated MVA. power factor,
VR, FR, and QR. This function displays a graph consisting of voltage profiles for
givcnzl(AHCD) prompts the user to enter FR and the load impedance. This line length up to 1/8 of lhe line wavelength for the following cases: open-ended
funClion computes Vs , Ps. Qs, line losses, voltage regulation, and transmission line, line terminated in SIL, short-circuited line. and full-load.
efficiency.
loadabil(L, C, f) prompts the user for Vs. VR. rated line voltage. and current-
openlinc(ABCD) prompts the user to enter "[Link] function computes VR
for the open-ended line. Also. the reactance and me M var of the necessary reactor
carrying capacity of the line. This function displays a gmph consisting of the prac-
tical line loadability curve for 0 = 30, the theoretical stability limit curve, and the
to maintain the receiving end voltage at a specified value are obtained. In addition. thermal limit. This function assumes a lossless line and lhe plots are obtained for a
the function plots the voltage profile of the line. line length up to 1/<1 of the line wavelength,

shcktlin{ABCD) prompts the user to enter Vs. This function computes the Any of the above functions can be used independently when the arguments of the
current aI both ends of the line for a solid short circuit at the receiving end. functions are delint."d in the MATLAB environment. The ABCD constant is en-
tered as a matrix. If the above functions are typed wilhout the parenthesis and the
Option 6 is for capacitive compensation and calls upon compmenu which arguments. the user will be prompted to enter the required data.
displays three options. Selection of these options will call upon me following func-
tions. Example 5.9
A three-pha<;e, 60-Hz, 550-kV transmission line is 300 km long. The line parame-
shntcomp(ABCD) prompts the user to enter Vs. PRo QR and the desired VR. ters per phase per unit length are found to be
This function computes lhe capacitance and the Mvar of the shunt capacitor bank
to be installed at the receiving end in order to maintain the specified YR. Then. Vs. r = 0.016 rI/km L = 0.97 mHlkm C = 0.0115 /-lFlkm
ps. Qs, line losses. voltage regulation, and transmission efficiency are found.
(a) Determine the line performance when load at the receiving end is 800 MW. 0.8
sercomp(ABCD) prompts the user to enter VR, PRo QR. power, and the per- power factor lagging at 500 kYo
centage compensation (i.e., XCser! Xline X 100). This function computes the Mvar
of the specified series capacitor and Vs, P s , Qs, line losses, voltage regulation. and The command:
transmission efficiency for the compensated line.

srshcomp{ABCD) prompts the user to enter Vs. PRo QR. the desired VR and lineperf
the percentage series capacitor compensation. This function computes the capaci-
displays the following menu
174 s. LINE MODEL AN D PERFORMANCE , 10. [Link] PERFORMANCE PROGRAM 175

Type of parameters for i nput Select To calculate recelvlng end quantities

Parameters per un i~ length fo r specified sending end MW, Mvar 2
r (0), g (siemens ) , L (mH) , C (~F) 1
To calculate sending end quantities
Complex z and y per uni t length when load impedance is specified 3
r + j - x (0), g + j.b (siemens) 2
Open-end l i ne and reacti ve co~pensat ion 4
Nominal ~ or Eq . ~ model 3
Short-circuited line 5
A , B, C, 0 constants 4
Capacitive compensation 6
Conductor coofiguration and dimension 5
Receiving end circle diagram 7
To quit a
Select number of menu ~ 1 Loadability curve and voltage profile 8
Enter lino l ength 300
Enter frequency in Hz K 60
Enter line reSistance/phase in 11/unit length, r ; 0.016 To quit o
Enter line ioductance in mH per unit length. L - 0.97
Enter line capacitance in IIF per unit length. C '" .0115 Select number of menu -. 1
Enter line conductance in siemens per unit length, g ~ 0
Enter 1 for medium lin e or 2 for long line -. 2 Enter receiving end line-li ne voltage kV - 500
Enter receiving end voltage phas e angloO - 0
Equivalent ~ modo I Enter receiv ing end 3-phase po'.:e::.- ~.J " 800
Z' '" 4.57414 + j 107. 119 ohms Enter recelvlng end 3-phase reactive power
Y' = 6.9638e - 07 + j 0.00131631 siemens ( + f or lagging and - for leading pOwer fa ctor ) Hvar = 600
Zc 290.496 + j -6 .3521 4 ohms
at = 0.00826172 ne pe r fit : 0.377825 radian ~ 21.64780 Line performance for specified r ece iving end quantities

Vr = 500 kV (L-L) at 0
Pr - 800 HW Qr .. 600 Hvar
ABCD. = [ 0.9295
- 1.334 1' - OG
+
+
jO.00304.78 4.5741
jO.0012699 0.9295
+
+
j107. 12
jO.0030478
1 Ir: 1154.7 A at -36 .86990 PFr 0 . 8 lagging
Va .. 623.511 kV (L-L) at 15 . 5762
Is - 903.113 A at -17.6996, PFs = 0.836039 lagging
Ps .. 815.404 HW, Qs - 535.129 Mvar
PL - 15.4040 KW, QL .. -64.871 Hv ~r
At this point th~ program listmenu is automatically -loaded and displays the fol- Percent Voltage Regulation .. 34. 1597
lowing menu. Transmission line efficiency " 98.11 08

Transmission line performance

AnalY Sis At the end of this analysis the listmenu (Analysis Menu) is displayed.
Select

To calculate sonding end quantities (b) Determine the receiving end quantities and [Link] line performance when 600 MW
for specified receiving end MW. Mvar 1 and 400 Mvar are being transmitted at S2S kV from the sending end.
176 !i_ LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE !itO. LINE PERFORMANCE PROGRAM 177

Selecting option 2 of the listmenu results in the Mvar of a three-phase shunt reactor to be installed at the receiving end in order
to limit the no-load receiving end voltage to 500 icY.
Enter sending end line-line voltage kV ~ 525
Enter sending end voltage phase angleO ~ 0
Selecting option 4 of the listmenu results in
Enter sending end 3-phase power MW ; 600
Enter sending end 3-phase reactive power Enter sending end line-line voltage kV = 500
(+ for lagging and - for leading power factor) Mvar ~ 400 Enter sending end voltage phase angleO ~ 0

Line performance for specified sending-end quantities Open line and shunt reactor compensation
Vs - 525 kV (L-L) at 0 Vs ~ 500 kV (L-L) at 0
600 MW, OS ., 400 Mvar Vr - 537.92 kV (L-L) at -0.00327893
Is 793.016 A at -33.6901, PFs .. 0.83205 lagging Is 394.394 A at 89.8723 Q
PFs - 0.0022284 leading
,
Vr .. 417.954 kV (L-L) at -16.3044 Desired no load receiving end voltage = 500 kV
Ir ~ 1002.6 A at -52.16 PFr - 0.810496 lagging
Pr 588.261MW, Or '" 425.136 Mvar"
Shunt reactor reactance" 1519.4 n
Shunt reactor rating z 164.538 Hvar
PL 11.7390MW, OL--25.136Mvar
Percent Voltage Regulation - 35.1383
Transmission line efficiency ~ 98.0435 The voltage profi Ie for the uncompensated and the compensated line is also found
as shown in Figure 5.9.

(c) Determine the sending end quantities and the line perfonnance when the re- Voltage profile of an unloaded line, XL ..h = 1519 ohms
ceiving end load impedance is 290 n at 500 icY. 5110

Selecting option 3 of lhe Iistmenu results in 530

520
Enter receiving end line-line voltage kV - 500
Enter receiving end voltage phase angleO .. 0 510
Enter sending end complex load impedance 290 + j *0 Compensated
Line 500
Line performance for specified load impedance kV 490

Vr ~ 500 kV (L-L) at 0 480

Ir ~ 995.431 A at 0 PFr .. 1
Pr .. 862.069 MW, Or" 0 Mvar 470
Vs ~ 507.996 kV (L-L) at 21.5037 460
Is = 995.995 A at 21.7842, PFs - 0.999988 leading
Ps 876.341 MW OS m -4.290 Mvar 450 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
PL - 14.272 MW OL .. -4.290 Hvar Sending end Receiving end
Percent Voltage Regulation ~ 9.30464
Transmission line efficiency = 98.3714 FIGURE 5.9
Compensated and uncompensated voltage profile of open-ended line.

Cd) ~ind the. receiving end voltage when the line is terminated in an open circuit (e) Find the receiving end and the sending end currents when the line is temlinated
and IS energized with 500 kV at the sending end. Also, detennine the reactance and in a short circuit.
 J78 5 LINE MODEl. AND PERFORMANCE
5. 10. 1..1t>1E PERFORMANCE PROGRAM 179

Selecting option 5 of the listmenu resuhs in

Shunt capacitive compensation
En~er sending end line- line voltage kV _ 500
Enter sending end voltage phase ang1eO _ 0 Vs - 500 kV (L-L) at 20.2419
Vr = 500 kV (L-L) at 0
Line s bort- circuited at tbe receiving end Pload == 800 MIJ. Qload ... 600 Hvar
Load current ~ 1154 .7 A at -36 . 8699 , PFI == 0 . 8 lagging
Vs - 500 kV (L-L) at 0 Required shunt capacitor : 407.267 n, 6.51314 pF ,613.849 Mvar
Ir 2692.45 A at -87.5549 Shunt capacitor current == 708 . 811 A at 90
Is - 2502 . 65 A at -87.367 Pr 800 . 000 MW, Qr .. -13 .849 Hvar
Ir 923 . 899 A at 0.991732 , PFr == 0.99985 leading
Is 940."306 A at 24.121 PF s .. 0.997716 leading
Ps 812.469 MW, Qs - - 55 . 006 Hvar
(f) The line loading in part (a) resulted in a voltage regulation of 34.16 percent, PL ~ 12.469 MW, QL - - 41 . 158 Hvar
which is unacceptably high. To improve the line perfonnance, the line is campen. Percent Voltage Regulat ion == 7 . 58405
salt':d wilh series and shun! capacitors. For the loading condition in (a): Transmission line efficiency. 98 . 4653

(I) Detennine the Mvar and the capacitance of the shunt capacitors 10 be in.
stalled at the receivi ng cnd to keep the receiving end voltage at 500 kV when the
(2) Dctcnninc thc line pcrfonnance when Ihe line is compensated by series
line is energized with 500 kV at the sending end.
capacitors for 40 percent compensat ion with the load condition in (a) at 500 kY.
Sdecting option 6 will display the compmenu as follows:
Selecting option 2 of the compmenu resutl s in

Capac i tive compensation Enter receiving end line - lin e vo l tage kV c 500
Analysis Se l ect Enter receiving end vol tage phase angle G == 0
Enter receiving end 3-phase power MW .. 800
Shunt capacitive eocpensation Enter receiving end 3 - phas e r eactive power
1
( + f or lagging and - for l ead i ng power factor) Hvar z 600
Series capacitive compensation Enter percent compensation for series capacitor
2
(Recommended range 25 to 751. of tbe line reactance) 40
Series and shunt capacitive compensation 3
Series capacitor compensation
To quit 0
Vr == 500 kV (L-L) at 0
Pr - 800 MW. Qr - 600 Mvar
Selecting option I of the compmenu results in Required series capacitor: 42 .8476 n, 61.9074 p,F, 47.4047 Hvar
Subsynchronous resonant frequency: 37.9473 Hz
Enter sending eod 1in~-line voltage kV ~ 500 Ir; 1154.7 A at - 36.8699, PFr - 0.8 lagging
Vs ~ 571.904 kV (L-L) at 9.95438
En~er desired receiving end line-line voltage kV ~ 500 Is - 932.258 A at -18.044, PFs =
0.882961 lagging
Enter receiving end voltage phase angleD _ 0
Enter receiving end 3-phase power MW == 800 Ps ~ 815.383 MW, Qs 433.517 Mvar
Enter receiving end 3-phase reactiVe power PL=' 15.383 MW, QL - -166.483 Mvar
(+ for lagging and - for leading power factor) Mvar 600
Percent Voltage Regulation =
19.4322
Transmission line efficiency ~ 98.1134
 180 ~. LINE MODEl. AND PERFORMANCE
S.10 [Link] PERFQRMANCE PROGRAM 181

(3) The line has 40 percent series capacitor compensation and supplies Power circle diagram V.: from V~ to 1.3v,.
load in (a). Oelennine the Mvar and the capacitance of the shun! capacitors to l~ r-------~----~~ ____~______-,
installed at the receiving end to keep the receiving end voltage al500 kV when I
is energized with SOO kV at the sending end.

Selecting option 3 of the compmenu results in

Enter sending end l ine-li ne voltage kV = 500

Enter desired receiv ing end line-line voltage kV 500
Eater receiving end vol tage phase angleD _ 0
En ter receiving end 3-phase power MY = 800
Enter receiving end 3- phase reactive power Q,.
0 1.3
(~ for lagging and - for leading power factor) Hvar _ 600 Mv",
125
Enter perc ent compensation for series capacitor
1.2
(Recommended range 25 to 75/. of the line reactanCe) = 40 1.15
I.J
Series and 3bunt capacitor compensation 1.05
- 500 1.0
Vs ~ 500 kV (t-t) at 12.0224
Vr = 500 kV (t-L) at 0
Pload "" 800 MW, Qload = 600 Mvar
Load current ~ 1154 .7 A at -36.8699, PFI .. 0.8 lagging
ReqUired shunt capacitor: 432.73612, 6.1298p.F, 577.72Hvar - 1000(~I------~~~------~1~~
~------~1~~------~2000
Shunt. capacitor Current ... 667.093 A at 90
Required series capaci tor: 42.8476 12. 61.9074 [Link] 37.7274 Hvar Pr,MW
Subsyncbronous resonant frequency = 37.9473 Hz
[Link]
Pr 800 mt,
:0 Qr .. 22.2804 Hvax
Receiving ~ l'ircle diagr.l.m.
I r ~ 924 . 119 A at -1 .5953 , PFr .. 0.999612 lagging
I s : 951.165 A at 21 . 597~, PFs .. 0.986068 leading
Ps - 812 . 257 HW, Qs ~ -137 . 023 Hvax (h) l.>elermine the line voltage profile for the following cases: no-load. raled load,
PL - 12.257 HW, QL - -159.304 Hvax line terminated in the Sf L, and short-circuited line.
Perce nt Voltage Regulation = 4.41619
Transmission line efficiency = 98.491
Sl!!~cting option 8 of the listmenu results in

(g) Construct the receiving end circle diagmm.

[Link] and line laadability
Analysis Select
Selecting option 7 of the listmeriu results in
Voltage profile curves 1
Enter receiving end line-line voltage kV = 500 Line loadability curve 2
To quit o
A plot of the receiving end circle diagram is obtained as shown in Figure 5.10.
S~k."Cting option I of the profmenu results in
 182 5_ LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE 5.10. LINE PERFORMANCE PROGRAM 183

Voltage profile for length up to liS wavelength, Zc = 290.5 ohms Enter sending end line-line voltage kV ~ 500
800,---__- -__- -__- -__- -__- -__- -__ ~

Enter rated sending end power, MVA ~ 1000

Enter power factor - 0.8
700 No-load
600

Vc
500
400
k::-==========----- SlL
A plot of the voltage profile is obtained as shown in Figure 5.11 (page IS2.).

(i) Obtain the line loadability curves.

Selecting option 2 of the profmenu results in
300 : - - - - - - - - - - Rated load Enter sending end line-line voltage kV - 500
Enter receiving end line-line voltage kV = 500
200
Enter rated line-line voltage kV = 500
100 Enter line current-carrying capacity, Amp/phase 3500
Shrt-ckl
01) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 The line laadability curve is obtained as shown in Figure 5.12 (page 182).
Sending end Receiving end
FIGURE S.1l PROBLEMS
Voltage profile for lenglh llP to 1/8 wavelenglh. 5.1. A 69-kV, three-phase short transmission line is 16 km long. The line has a per
phase series impedance afO.125+ jO.4375 0: per km. Detennine the sending
Loadability curve for length up to 114 wavelength end voltage. voltage regulation, the sending end power, and the transmission
8,,~--~~~--~-- __--~~
SIL = 860.8 MW, delta = 30 degrees
efficiency when the line delivers
(a) 70 MVA, 0_8 lagging power factor at 64 kY.
7 (b) 120 MW, unity power factor at 64 kY.
6 Use Iineperf program to verify your results.
-,
:1.-. Shunt capacitors are installed at the receiving end 10 improve the line perfor-
5
mance of Probkm 5.1. The line delivers 70 MVA, 0.8 lagging power factor
P.U. \ at 64 kYo Detennine {he total Mvar and the capacitance per phase of the
SIL 4
r--1c-~-----------cTQh~'~nn~ru~h~m~i~t--------- V-connected capacitors when the sending end voltage is
3 (a) 69kY.
(b) 64 kY.
2
Hint: Use (5.S5) and (5.S6) ta compute Ihe power angle 8 and the receiving
1 end reactive power.
Dractica1 line loada llilty (c) Use lineperfto obtain the compensated line perfonnance.

5.3. A 230-kV, three-phase transmission line has a per phase series impedance
of z = 0.05 + j0.45 n per km and a per phase shunt admittance of y =
Line length j3.4 X 10- 6 siemens per km. The line is SO kIn long. Using the nomina1 7r
FIGURES.I2 model, detennine
line ]oadabilily Cllrve for length IIp 10 1/4 wavelength.
(a) The transmission line ABeD constants.
 184 5. LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE S 10. LINE PERFORMANCE PROORAM 185

Find the sending end voltage and current, voltage regulation. the sending end The three-phase sending end real power in MW
power and the transmission efficiency when the line delivers The three-phase sending end reactive power in Mvar
(b) 200 MVA, 0.8 lagging power factor a! 220 kY.
(c) 306 MW, unity power factor at 220 kY. Use your program to obtain the solution for the following case.
Use lineperf program to verify your results.
A three-phase transmission line has a per phase series impedance of z =
5.4. Shunt capacitors are installed at the receiving end to improve the line perfor- 0.03 + JOA n per km and a per phase shunt admittance of y = j4.0 X 10- 6
mance of Problem 5.3. The line delivers 200 MVA, 0.8 lagging power factor siemens per km. The line is 125 km long. Obtain the ABeD transmission
at 220 kV
matrix. Determine the receiving end quantities, voltage regulation, and the
line efficiency when the line is sending 407 MW, 7.833 Mvar al350 kY.
(a)Determine the total M . . ar and the capacitance per phase oftbeY-connected
5.8. Obtain the solution for Problems 5.8 through 5.13 using the lioeperf pro-
capacitors when the sending end voltage is 220 kV. Hint: Use (5.85) and
gram. Then, solve each problem using hand calculations.
(5.86) to compute the power angle 0 and the receiving <!nd reactive power.
(b) Use lincperf to obtain the compensated line performance.
A three-phase, 765-kV, 6O-Hz .tmnsposed line is composed of four ACSR,
5.5. A thre<!-phase, 345-kV, 60-Hz transposed line is composed of two ACSR, 1,431,OOO-cmil, 45n Bobolink conductors per phase with flat horizontal
I, 113,OOO-cmil, 45/7 Bluejay conductors per phase with flat horizontal spac- spacing of 14 m. The conductors have a diameter of 3.625 em and a GMR
ing of II m. The conductors have a diameter of 3.195 em and a CUR of of 1.439 cm. The bundle spacing is 45 cm. The line is 400 km long, and for
1.268 cm. The bundle spacing is 45 cm. The resistance of each conductor the purpose of this problem, a loss less line is assumed.
in the bundle is 0.0538 0 per km and the line conductance is negligible. (a) Deteonine the transmission line surge impedance Zc, phase constant p,
The line is 150 km long. Using the nominal 7T model, determine the ABCD wavelength ,X. the surge impedance loading SIL, and the ABCD constant.
constant of the line. Use lincperf and option 5 to verify your results. ~b) The line delivers 2000 MVA at 0.8 lagging power factor at 735 kV De-
termine the sending end quantities and voltage regulation.
5.6. The ABCD constants of a three-phase, 345-kY transmission line are
(e) Determine the receiving end quantities when 1920 MW and 600 Mvar
are being transmitted at 765 kV at the sending end.
A = D = 0.98182 + jO.OOI2447.
(d) The line is terminated in a purely resistive load. Determine the sending
B ~ 4.035 + j5S.947 end quantities and voltage regulation when the receiving end load resistance
C = jO.OOO61137 is 264.5 nat 735 kV

The line delivers 400 MVA at 0.8 lagging power factor at 345 kV Determine 5.9. The transmission line in Problem. 5.8 is energized with 765 kV at the sending
the sending end quantities, voltage regulation, and transmission efficiency. end when the load at the receiving end is removed.

5.7. (a) Find the receiving end voltage.

Write a MATlAB function named [ABeD] = abcdm(z, y, Lngt) to evaluate (b) Detennine the reactance and the Mvar of a three-phase shunt reactor to
and return the ABCD transmission matrix for a medium-length transmis- be inc;talled at the receiving end in order to limit the no-load receiving end
sion line where z is the ~r phase series impedance per unit length, y is the voltage to 735 kV.
shunt admittance per unit length, and Lngt is the line length. Then, write a
~r~gram that uses the above function and computes the receiving end quan- 5.10. The transmission line in Problem 5.8 is energized with 765 kV at the sending
tities, voltage regulation, and the line efficiency when sending end quantities end when a three-phase short-circuit occurs at the receiving end. Detennine
are specified. The program should prompt for the following quantities: the receiving end current and the sending end current.
The sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude in kV 5.11. Shunt capacitors are installed at the receiving end to improve the line per-
The sending end voltage phase angle in degrees formance of Problem 5.8. The line delivers 2000 MVA, 0.8 lagging power
186 1. LINE MODEL AND PERFORMANCE [Link]. LINE PERFORMANCE PROGRAM 187'

factor. Determine the total Mvar and the capacitance per phase of the y. (h) The line has 40 percent series capacitor compensation and supplies the:
connected capacitors to keep the receiving end voltage at 735 kV when the load in part (a). Determine the Mvar and the capacitance of the shunt capac-
sending end voltage is 765 kV. Hint: Use (5.93) and (5.94) to compute the . itors to be installed at the receiving end to keep the receiving end voltage at
power angle 0 and the receiving end reactive power. Find the sending end 735 kV when line is energized with 765 kV at the sending end.
quantities and voltage regulation for the compensated line. 0) Obtain the receiving end circle diagram.
5.12. Series capacitors are installed at the midpoint of the line in Problem 5.8, (j) Obtain the line voltage profile for a sending end voltage of 765 kV.
providing 40 percent compensation. Determine the sending end quantities (k) Obtain the line loadability curves when the sending end voltage is 765
and the voltage regulation when the line delivers 2000 MVA at 0.8 Jagging kV, and the receiving end voltage is 735 kV. The current--carrying capacity
power factor at 735 kY. of the line is 5000 A per phase.

5.13. Series capacitors are installed at the midpoint of the line in Problem 5.8, pro-- 5.15. The ABeD constants of a lossless three-phase, 500-kV transmission line are
viding 40 percent compensation. In addition, shunt capacitors are instaJled at
A~D~O.86+jO
the receiving end. The line delivers 2000 MVA, [Link] power factor. De-
termine the total M var and the capacitance per phase of the series and shunt B = 0 + j130.2
capacitors to keep the receiving end voltage at 735 kV when the sending end C = jO.002
voltage is 765 kY. Find the sending end quantities and voltage regulation for
the compensated line. (a) Obtain the sending end quantities and the voltage regulation when line
delivers 1000 MVA at 0.8 lagging power factor at 500 kY.
5.14. The transmission line in Problem 5.8 has a per phase resistance of 0.011 n
per km. Using the lincpcrf progrJm, perform the following analysis and To improve the line performance, series capacitors are installed at both ends
present a summary of the calculation along with your conclusions and rec- in each phase of the transmission line. As a result of this, the compensated
ommendations. ABeD constants become
(a) Determine (he sending end quantities fur the specified receiving end
quantities of 73GLO, 1600 MW, 1200 Mvar. A' H'
[ C'D'
1~ [10 -ljX,
1
1[ACDB 1[10 -IJX,
1
1
(b) Determine the receiving end quantities for the specified sending end
quantities of 765LO, 1920 MW, 600 Mvar. where Xc is the total reactance of the series capacitor. If Xc = 100 n
(c) Determine the sending end quantities for a load impedance of 282.38 +
(b) Determine the compensated ABeD constants.
jO n at 735 kV.
(c) Determine the sending end quantities and the voltage regulation when
(d) Find the receiving end voltage when the line is terminated in an open line delivers 1000 MVA at 0.8 lagging power factor at 500 kV.
circuit and is energized with 765 kV at the sending end. Also, determine the
reactance and the Mvar of a three-phase shunt reactor to be installed at the 5.16. A three-phase 420-kV, 60-HZ transmission line is 463 km long and may
recciving cnd in order to limit the no-load receiving end voltage to 765 kV. be assumed lossless. The line is energized with 420 kV at the sending end.
Obtain the voltage profile for the uncompensated and the compensated line. When the load at the receiving end is removed, the voltage at the receiving
(e) Find the receiving end and the sending end current when the line is ter- end is 700 kV, and the per phase sending end current is 646.6L90 A.
minated in a three-phase short circuit.
(a) Find the phase constant {3 in radians per km and the surge impedance Zc
(f) For tht: line loading of part (a), determine the Mvar and the capacitance of
inn.
the shunt capacitors to be installed at the receiving end to keep the receiving (b) Ideal reactors are to be installed' at the receiving end to keep IVsl =
end voltage at 735 kV when line is energized with 765 kV, Obtain the line
performance of the compensated line.
IVRI = 420 kV when load is removed. Determine the reactance per phase
and the required three-phase kvar.
(g) D~termine Ihe line performance when the line is compensated by series
capacitor for 4U percent compensation with the load condition in part (a) at 5.17. A three-phase power of 3600 MW is to be transmitted via f~ur. identi~al
735 kY.
60-Hz transmission lines for a distance of 300 km, From a prehmlflat"y hne