VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRM NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2016-2017 ODD SEMESTER

LAB MANUAL

NAME :
REGISTER NUMBER :
BRANCH /SECTION : EEE-1&2
SEMESTER : V SEM
SUBJECT CODE : EE6512
SUBJECT : ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY II
EE6512 ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY - II LT P C
0032
OBJECTIVES:
To expose the students to the operation of synchronous machines and induction motors and give
them experimental skill.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Regulation of three phase alternator by emf and mmf methods.

2. Regulation of three phase alternator by ZPF and ASA methods.
3. Regulation of three phase salient pole alternator by slip test.
4. Measurements of negative sequence and zero sequence impedance of alternators.
5. V and Inverted V curves of Three Phase Synchronous Motor.
6. Load test on three-phase induction motor.
7. No load and blocked rotor test on three-phase induction motor(Determination of
equivalent circuit parameters).
8. Separation of No-load losses of three-phase induction motor.
9. Load test on single-phase induction motor.
10. No load and blocked rotor test on single-phase induction motor.
11. Study of Induction motor Starters

TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:
Ability to model and analyze electrical apparatus and their application to power system

CYCLE-1
1. Load test on 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor.
2. No load and blocked rotor test on 3phase squirrel cage induction motor.
3. No load and blocked rotor test on single phase induction motor.
4. Regulation of alternator by EMF method.
5. Regulation of alternator by MMF method.
6. Separation of no load losses in three phase induction motor.
7. Load test on 1-phase squirrel cage induction motor.

CYCLE-2
1. V and inverted V curves of three phase synchronous motor.
2. Predetermination of regulation of 3 alternator by ZPF method.
3. Predetermination of regulation of 3 alternator by asa method.
4. Regulation of three phase salient pole alternator by slip test.
5. Measurement of negative sequence and zero sequence impedance of an alternator.
6. Study of Induction motor Starters

ADITIONAL EXPERIMENT (BEYOND THE CURRICULUM)

7. Synchronization of alternator to Infinite Busbar.
8. Rotor Rehostat Speed Control of Slipring Induction Motor.

2
 EE6512-Electrical Machines Laboratory II
(Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
Name of the students :

Reg. Number :
[Link]. Date of Name of the Experiment Marks Signature
Expt.

3
 CIRCUITDIAGRAM

LOAD TEST ONTHREEPHASESQUIRRELCAGE INDUCTION MOTOR:

(0-10) A MI W1 600V,10A,UPF
Fuse A M L R
R

R C V S
1 S
2
T
P V
S
T ROTOR
Y ( 0 600)V,MI

BRAKE
B DRUM
S Y
3,415V,50 STATOR
W
Hz, AC I
SUPPLY T
C
B H M L

C V

W2 600V,10A,UPF

Three Phase Auto Transformer

4
 [Link]. LOAD TEST ON 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM :

To determine the performance characteristics of 3-phase squirrel cage induction

motor by direct loading.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SI NO APPARATUS REQUIRED TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Volt Meter MI 0-600V 1

2 Ammeter MI 0-10A 1
3 Watt Meter UPF 600V,10A 2
4 Auto Transformer 3 Phase 0-600 V 1
5 Connecting Wires Required.

NAME PLATE DETAILS :

FUSE RATING CALCULATION :

125% of rated current.

No-load test - 25% of rated current.

THEORY :

The load test on 3-phase induction motor is performed to obtain its various characteristics
including efficiency. A belt and brake drum arrangement as shown in the circuit diagram
can load the motor. If S1 and S2 are the tensions provided at the two sides of the belt, then
the load torque is given by

T = (S1 - S2) * 9.81 * R N-m.

Where R is the radius of the brake drum in metre. The mechanical output of the motor is
given by
Pm = 2*3.14*N*T Watt
60

5
Where N is the speed of the motor in, RPM. The power input to the motor

Pi = VLIL watt

The efficiency of the motor is given by

Efficiency = Pm / Pi
FORMULA :

Torque,
T = (S1 S2) * 9.81 * r (Nm)

Input power
(Pi) = (W1 + W2) (Watt)

Output power
(Po) = 2NT / 60 (Watt)

Efficiency
= Po X 100
Pi
Cos = W/(31/2 VLIL)

Slip = (Ns N) / Ns *100

PRECAUTION:

1. TPST switch should be at open position.

2. 3-phase autotransformer should be at minimum voltage position.
3. There should be no-load at the time of starting(Loosen the belt on the brake drum)
4. Brake drum should be cooled with water During Loading.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Power supply is obtained from the control panel.
3. The TPST switch is closed.
4. Rated voltage of 3-phase induction motor, is applied by adjusting autotransformer
5. The initial readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
6. By increasing the load step by step, the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and
wattmeter are noted.
7. Step1 to 6 is repeated till the ammeter shows the rated current of
3-phase induction motor.
8. Decrease the load, bring auto-transformer to its minimum voltage position.
9. Switch off the supply.

6
 OBSERVATION TABLE :

S.N V (volt) I (A) Speed Spring Balance Torque W1 W2 I/P O/P Efficiency = %
O (rpm) =((S1 S2) * 2 N T Output Power slip
9.81 * R) (V*IL) 60
N-m Input Power
watt
100
(watt) %
obs act obs act
S1(Kg) S2(Kg)

Model Calculation:

RESULT :

VIVA QUESTIONS :
[Link] what is meant by a 3-phase induction motor?
[Link] the classification of 3-phase induction motor?
[Link] the steps to draw the equivalent circuit of 3-phase induction motor?
[Link] the condition for maximum torque of 3-phase induction motor?
[Link] the different methods of speed control of I.M.
[Link] do you calculate slip speed?
[Link] the condition when induction, motor acts as induction generator?
[Link] the other name for induction generator
7
 CIRCUITDIAGRAM

NOLOADANDBLOCKEDROTORTESTONTHREEPHASESQUIRRELCAGE
INDUCTIONMOTOR:

Noload Test
W1 600V,5A,LPF
(0-5A)MI
Fuse M L R
A
R
C V
T
P V
S
T ROTOR
( 0 600)V,MI
Y
3,415V,50 S Y B
Hz, AC W STATOR
SUPPLY I
T
C
H
M L
B
C V

W2 600V,5A,LPF

FUSE RATING CALCULATION:

125% of full load current rating

NAMEPLATEDETAILS:

8
[Link]. NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3PH SQUIRREL CAGE
INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM
To conduct no load test and blocked rotor test on given 3Ph squirrel cage
induction motor and to draw the circle diagram..

APPARATUS REQUIRED

[Link] APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Volt Meter 0-600V MI 1
2 Ammeter 0-5A MI MI 1
0-10A LPF 1
3 Wattmeter 600V,5A UPF 2
600V,10A 2
4 Three Phase Auto Transformer 0-600V 1
5 Connecting Wires Required

FORMLULAE

Coso=Wo / 3 VoIo
Cos r=Wbr / 3 VbrIbr
Ibm = Ibr (Vo/Vbr)
Wbm = Wbr (Vo/Vbr)2
Stator copper loss = 3 Ibr2Rs

PRECAUTION

1. The 3Ph autotransformer should be kept at initial position.

2. Initially the machine should be under no load condition.

PROCEDURE

NO LOAD TEST
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. 3Ph AC supply is increased gradually using 3Ph autotransformer till rated voltage
is applied.
3. Readings of voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.

9
 CIRCUITDIAGRAM

NOLOADANDBLOCKEDROTORTESTONTHREEPHASESQUIRRELCAGE
INDUCTIONMOTOR:

Blocked Rotor Test

Fuse
W1600V,10A,UPF
(0-10A)MI
A M L R
R S S
C V 1 2

T
P V
S
T ROTOR
( 0 600)V,MI
Y
3,415V,50 S Y B BRAKE
Hz, AC W STATOR DRUM
SUPPLY I
T
C
H
M L
B
C V

W2 600V,10A,UPF

FUSE RATING CALCULATION:

125% of full load current rating

NAMEPLATEDETAILS:

10
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram and rotor is blocked from
rotating.
2. Applied voltage is increased until rated load current flows.
3. Readings of all meters are noted.

MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
3. Readings of voltmeter and ammeter are noted.
4. Stator resistance in ohms is calculated as
Ra/phase = (Vx1.5) /2I

PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING THE CIRCLE

1. Vector OO is drawn at an angle of phase with respect to OY represents the
output line.
2. OX is drawn parallel to OX.
3. Vector OA is Ibr plotted at an angle of phasor with respect to OY. OA is joined
which represents the output line.
4. A perpendicular bisector from output line which cuts OY at C. With C as centre
and OC as radius draw a semi-circle passing through A.
5. From A, a perpendicular is drawn meeting OX at E and OD at D.
6. AD represents Wbr in CM.
EF represents stator copper loss in CM.
AD represents rotor copper loss in CM.
7. Join OF which represents the torque line.
8. Line AD is extended and points S is marked, where AS is equal to rated output
power.
9. Line PS is drawn parallel to output line.
10. From P, perpendicular line is drawn meeting OX at y.
11. Join OP.

MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETER AT FULL LOAD

Stator current = OP x X
% = (PQ/PV)x 100
%Slip = (QR/PR)x 100
Torque = (PRxV/(2NT/60))
Pf = PV/OP

MAXIMUM OUTPUT

The perpendicular at OA line cuts the circle at P and OA at PQ.

Maximum output = P1Q1x power scale (W)

MAXIMUM TORQUE
The perpendicular bisector of line cuts the circle at PR and OF at Q2.
Maximum torque = (PFx power scale)/T Nm

11
 NO LOAD TEST

[Link] Vo (V) Io (A) Wo (W) Wo=(W1+W2)

W1 W2 W

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

Wsc (W)
Isc (A) Wsc=(W1+W2) W
[Link] Vsc (V) W1 W2

MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE

[Link] Voltage (V) Current (A) Rs = (Vx1.5) /2I

Model calculation:

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS :

[Link] is the objective of Conducting this experiment?

[Link] are the equivalent circuit parameters?
[Link] the classification of 3-phase induction motor?
[Link] the steps to draw the equivalent circuit of 3-phase induction motor?
[Link] the condition for maximum torque of 3-phase induction motor?
[Link] the different methods of speed control of I.M.
[Link] do you calculate slip speed?
[Link] the condition when induction, motor acts as induction generator?

12
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. NO LOAD TEST
300V,5A,LPF
(0-5A) MI

(0-300V) MI

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :
OBSERVATION TABULATION:

M.F=----------------

No-Load Voltage No-Load Current No-Load Power , P0 (Watts)

[Link].
V0 (Volts) I0 (Amps) Reading Actual
1.

13
[Link]. NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 1-PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR

AIM :

To obtain the equivalent circuit of the given 1-phase induction motor by no-load test and
blocked rotor test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SI NO APPARATUS REQUIRED TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 1
2 Voltmeter MI 0-30V 1
3 Ammeter MI 0-5A 1
4 Ammeter MI 0-10A 1
5 Wattmeter LPF,UPF 300V,5A.30 V,10A each 1
6 Auto Transformer singlePhase 0-300V 1

NAME PLATE DETAILS :

FUSE RATING CALCULATION :

Blocked rotor test -> 125% of rater current.
No-load test -> 25% of rater current.

14
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

2. BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

(0-10A) MI 300V,10A,UPF

(0-300V) MI

OBSERVATION TABULATION:

M.F=----------------

Blocked Rotor Power

Blocked Rotor Voltage Blocked Rotor Current
[Link]. Pb (Watts)
Vb (Volts) Ib (Amps)
Reading Actual
1.

15
FORMULA :

NO-LOAD TEST :

Wo = VoIo Cos 0
Where, Cos 0 = Wo / VoIo
Iw = Io *Cos 0
Im = Io *Sin 0

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST :

Z01 = Vsc / Isc

R01 = Wsc / Isc2
X01 = [Z022 - R022]1/2
Xm = [Zm2 - Rm2]1/2 ; R2 = R01 Rm || Rs
Xs = [Zs2 - Rs2]1/2 ; X2 = X01 [Xm || (Xs-Xc)]

NO-LOAD TEST :

PRECAUTION :
DPST switch should be at open position.
2. Auto transformer should be at minimum position.

PROCEDURE :
The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
Get the power supply from the control panel.
Close the DPST switch.
Adjust the auto-transformer to the rated voltage of 1-phase induction motor.
Note the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter.
Bring auto-transformer to minimum voltage position. Switch of the supply.

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST :

PRECAUTION :
Keep the DPST switch in open position.
Auto- transformer should be at minimum position.
Before switching on the supply, some load is applied in the brake drum, so that rotor does
not rotate.

PROCEDURE :
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
Get the power supply from the control panel.

16
 Close the DPST switch.
Auto transformer is adjusted to rated current of 1-phase induction motor.
Readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted down.
Bring auto-transformer to its minimum voltage position and switch off the supply, after
removing the load.

OBSERVATION TABLE

NO-LOAD TEST :

SI Voltage Io Wo (Watt)
NO (volt) (Amp)

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST :

SI Voltage Io Wo (Watt)
NO (volt) (Amp)

Model Calculation:

RESULT :

VIVA QUESTIONS :

What is a 1-phase induction motor?

Write the classification of 1-phase induction motor?
Why do we draw the equivalent circuit of 1-phase induction motor? What is double-field
revolving theory?
Why 1-phase induction, motor is not self starting?

17
Experiment No.

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct load test on the given single phase induction motor and to plot its
performance characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY

1 VOLTMETER (0-300V) MI 1
2 AMMETER (0-10A) MI 1
3 WATTMETER (300V,10A,UPF) 1
4 TACHOMETER (0-10000 RPM) 1

FORMULAE:

1. Circumference of the brake drum = 2R (m)

R = Radius of the brake drum

2. Input power =W (watts)

W = wattmeter readings

3. Torque (T) = 9.81* R * (S1 ~ S2) (N-m)

S1, S2 = spring balance readings (Kg)

2NT
4. Output power = (watts)
60
N- Speed in rpm

output power
5. % Efficiency () = x100
input power
W
6. Power factor, cos =
VI
Ns N
7. % Slip, s = 100
Ns
120 f
NS = synchronous speed = (rpm)
P
P = no. of poles
f=frequency of supply (Hz)

18
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The auto transformer is kept at minimum voltage position.

2. The motor is started at no load condition.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram

2. The DPST switch is closed and the single phase supply is given
3. By adjusting the variac the rated voltage is applied and the corresponding no load
values of speed, spring balance and meter readings are noted down. If the wattmeter
readings show negative deflection on no load, switch of the supply & interchange the
terminals of current coils (M & L) of the wattmeter. Now, again starting the motor
(follow above procedure for starting), take readings.
4. The procedure is repeated till rated current of the motor.
5. The motor is unloaded, the auto transformer is brought to the minimum voltage
position, and the DPST switch is opened.
6. The radius of the brake drum is measured.

19
TABULAR COLUMN:

V I Speed Wattmeter Spring balance Torque Output Power % efficiency %Slip(s)

volts Amps N reading readings (Kg) (T) Power factor ()
(rpm) (watts) S1 S2 S1~S2 (watts) cos
N-m

OBS ACT

20
MODEL GRAPH:

21
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

300V, 10A, UPF

(0-10)A
MI
Fuse M L
P A
C V
D S1 S2
P M1 C Kg Kg
S
Auto Transformer

T
230/(0-270) V

230V,50HZ (0-300)V
1 AC S V
W MI
Supply
I
T
C M2
H
Rotor
Brake Drum
N
Link S1 S2

FUSE RATING: S1, S2- AUXILLARY WINDING

NAME PLATE DETAILS:
M1, M2- MAIN WINDING
125% of rated current Rated Voltage :
Rated Current :
125 x Rated Power :
---------------- = A Rated Speed :
100

22
MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

23
Circuit Diagram:

Fuse Rating=125% of rated current.

Name plate Details:

24
 [Link]. REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF
METHOD

AIM :

To predetermine the percentage regulation of the given alternator by EMF

(Synchronous Impedance Method) and MMF (Ampere Turns Method), by conducting
OC and Short circuit test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SI NO APPARATUS REQUIRED TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Voltmeter MI (0-600V) 1
2 Ammeter MC (0-2A) 1
(0-5A) 1
3 Rheostat ... 400ohm,1.1A 1
250ohm,2.5A 1
4 Connecting Wires Req

NAME PLATE DETAILS :

FUSE RATING CALCULATION :

DC shunt motor =>125 % of rated current .

Alternator => 125 % of rated current .

25
MMF Method :
FORMULA USED:

EMF Method :
Re = 1.6 * Rs
Where,
Rs - DC resistance and
Re - Equivalent AC resistance
E1/I1 Where
E1 = OC voltage
I1 = SC current

Zs = E1(open cicuit voltage) / I1(short circuit current)

Xs = (Zs2 Re2)1/2
Eo = [(Vcos + IRe)2 + (Vsin(+ or -) IXs)2]1/2
Where,
+
sign for lagging Power Factor
- sign for leading Power Factor
% Regulation (up) = [(Eo V)/V] * 100

MMF Method :

If = [ If12 + If22 -2 If1 If2 Cos ( 90 (+ or -) ) + for lagging power factor,

- for leading power factor.
Where,
If1 - Field current corresponding to V1.
If2 - Field current corresponding to Isc
V1 = V+I*Re*Cos

% Regulation (up) = [(Eo V)/V] * 100

Eo - Voltage corresponding to If.

PRECAUTION
[Link] shunt motor field rheostat should be in minimum resistance position to get
minimum speed at the time of starting.
[Link] field rheostat should be in minimum position.
[Link] and TPST switches should be in open position.

26
PROCEDURE:
Open Circuit Test:
[Link] are made as per the circuit diagram is obtained.
[Link] supply is obtained from control panel.
[Link] the precautions, DPST switch on motor side is closed.
[Link] 3-point starter, the DC motor is started.
[Link] the field rheostat of DC shunt motor, it is set to run at rated speed as per name
plate detail.
[Link] switch in alternator field circuit is closed.
[Link] the TPST switch of alternator side open, the field current is varied using the
alternator potential divider. For various values of alternator field current (If), the
generated AC line voltage (EOL) is noted down and the readings are tabulated.
(This should be done upto125% of rated voltage).
Short Circuit Test :
Note:
[Link] switch, on alternator side is closed.
[Link] slowly increasing potential divider from minimum potential position, the values of If
and corresponding Isc values are noted till rated current flows through the alternator.
[Link] readings are tabulated.
[Link] divider is adjusted to original position. [minimum potential position] and
field rheostat on motor side is s\adjusted to minimum resistance position.
[Link] and TPST switches are opened.
[Link] supply is switched off.
OBSERVATION TABLE
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST: SHORT CIRCUIT TEST :
If V Vph If (A) Ia(A)
(A) (volt) (volt)

To find Armature Resistance (Ra):

[Link] Voltage(V) Current(A) Resistance

R=V/I()

Mean=

Rac =Rdc x1.6

27
 TABULATION : For Full Load
[Link] Cos Sin Eo (V) Terminal %Regulation
Voltage(V)
Lag Lead Lag Lead

For Half Load

[Link] Cos Sin Eo (V) Terminal %Regulation
Voltage(V)
Lag Lead Lag Lead

MODEL CALCULATION
EMF Method :
Re = 1.6 * Ohm

Where,
Rs - DC resistance and
Re - Equivalent AC resistance

Zs = (open cicuit voltage) / (short circuit current)

Xs = ( 2 2)1/2
Eo = [( * * + )2 + ( * (+ or -) )2]1/2
Where,
+ sign for lagging Power Factor
- sign for leading Power Factor

% Regulation (up) =[ ( )/]*100

=-

MMF Method :

If = [ 2 + 2 - 2 * * * Cos ( 90 (+ or -) ) + for lagging power factor, - for

leading power factor.
Where,
If1 - Field current corresponding to V1.
If2 - Field current corresponding to Isc
V1 - V+IRecos
% Regulation (up) = [( )/ ] *100
Eo - Voltage corresponding to If.

Result:

28
29
 [Link]. SEPERATION OF LOSSES IN A THREE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR

AIM
To separate the no load losses in a given three phase induction motor

APPARATUS REQUIRED
[Link] APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 Ammeter 0-5A MI 1
2 Voltmeter 0-600V MI 1
3 Wattmeter 600V,5A LPF 2
4 Auto Transformer 0-600 V Three Phase 1
5 Connecting Required
Wires

FORMULA USED
Magnetic Loss = Wo.-mechanical losses-3Io2Rs
Where Wo = wattmeter reading
Io = current at rated voltage
Rs = stator resistance
Mechanical losses are obtained from the graph

PRECATIONS
1. The motor should be at the no load condition while starting.
2. The 3 auto-transformer (variac) should be kept at initial zero position.

PROCEDURE
SEPERATION OF LOSSES
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The 3 A.C supply is given by closing the TPST switch.
3. The induction motor is started gradually by applying voltage through the 3 auto-
transformer.
4. At rated voltage, power input Wo is measured by using wattmeter and no load
current Io and voltage Vo are noted.
5. Voltage is gradually reduced till the motor continues to run.
6. For each voltage, readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.

MEASUREMENT OF STATOR RESISTANCE (Rs)

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The D.C supply is given through a DPST switch.
3. The loading rheostat is varied, the readings of ammeter and voltmeter are noted.
4. Armature resistance in ohms is calculated as Rs/ph = (V*1.5)/2I

30
MODEL GRAPH

MODEL CALCULATION

RESULT

31
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

32
 [Link]:
DATE: V CURVE AND INVERTED V CURVE OF THREE
PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to draw the V and inverted V curves of three phase
synchronous motor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-10) A MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-2) A MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0-600) V MI 1
4. Wattmeter 600V,10 A,UPF 1
5. Rheostat 250,1.5 A Wire wound 2
6. Tachometer Digital 1
7. 3 Auto transformer 415/(0-470)V 1
8. Connecting wires As required

FUSE RATING:

125% of rated current (full load current)

For Dc excitation:

For Synchronous motor:

33
TABULAR COLUMN:

Armature voltage:

Without load:

[Link] Excitation Armature Wattmeter - I Wattmeter - II Power

current (If) current (Ia) factor
Observed Actual Observed Actual
(Cos)
Ampere ampere watts watts watts watts

With load:

[Link] Excitation Armature Wattmeter - I Wattmeter - II Power

current (If) current (Ia) Observed Actual Observed Actual factor
(Cos)
Ampere ampere watts watts watts watts

34
FORMULAE USED:

Cos = Pi / 3 VL IL

Where Phase angle between voltage and current

Pi Input Power

VL - Line voltage

IL Line current

THEORY:

Synchronous motor is constant speed motor which are not self starting in nature, so that
we have to start this motor by any one of the following starting methods,

1. Pony motor method starting

2. Auto induction starting

3. DC exciter starting

4. Damper winding method of starting

By construction there is no difference between synchronous generator and synchronous

motor. It is capable of being operated under wide range of power factor, hence it can be
used for power factor correction.

The value of excitation for which back emf is equal to applied voltage is known as
100% excitation. The other two possible excitations are over excitations and under
excitation if the back emf is more or less to the applied voltage respectively.

The variations of armature current with field current are in the form of V curves and
the variation of power factor with field current are in the form of Inverted V curves.

35
MODEL GRAPH:
The graph is drawn for

1. Armature current Vs Excitation current

2. Power Factor Vs Excitation current

V Curves

Inverted V Curves

36
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The potential divider should be in the maximum position.

2. The motor should be started without any load.

3. Initially TPST switch is in open position.

PROCEDURE:

1. Note down the name plate details of motor.

2. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

3. Close the TPST switch.

4. By adjusting the auto transformer from minimum position to maximum position the rated
supply is given to the motor. The motor starts as an induction motor.

5. In order to give the excitation to the field winding, close the DPST switch.

6. By varying the field current with the help of field rheostat from under excitation to over
excitation, note down the armature current and the input power at no load, half load and
full load conditions .

7. Later reduce the load and the motor is switched off after observing the precautions.

37
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define V and inverted V curves?

2. Define ciritical excitation?

3. What is advantage of plotting the V & Curves

4. What is Load Angle?

5. What do you mean by under excitation and over excitation?

[Link] happens to the pf if the field current is gradually increased ?

RESULT:

38
MODEL CALCULATION:

39
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

40
[Link]:
DATE: PREDETERMINATION OF REGULATION OF 3PH ALTERNATOR BY
A.S.A. METHOD

AIM:
To predetermine the regulation of a given 3 phase alternator by ASA(American Standards
Association) method and to draw the vector diagrams.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter MC 0 1/2 A 1
2 Ammeter MI 0 5/10 A 1
3 Voltmeter MC 0 10 V 1
4 Voltmeter MI 0 600 V 1
5 Rheostat Wire wound 250 , 1.5 A 1
6 Rheostat Wire wound 1200, 0.8 A 1
7 Tachometer Digital --- 1
8 TPST knife switch -- -- 1

FUSE RATING:

For motor-125% of rated current.

For Alternator: 125% of rated current.

FORMULAE USED:

Percentage regulation = Eo Vrated x 100

Vrated

E a (V cos I a Ra ) 2 (V sin I a X L ) 2
E a (V cos I a Ra ) 2 (V sin I a X L ) 2

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.

2. Alternator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.

41
OBSERVATION:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

[Link] Field Open circuit Open circuit

current (If) Voltage(Line) Voltage(Phase)

Unit Ampere Volts Volts

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ZERO POWER FACTOR TEST

Field Rated Armature Field current Rated Armature Rated Armature

[Link]
current (If) current (Ia) (If) Ampere current (Ia) Voltage (Va)
Ampere Ampere Ampere Volts

42
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the complete nameplate details of motor and alternator.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on the supply by closing the DPST main switch.
4. Using the Three point starter, start the motor to run at the synchronous speed by varying
the motor field rheostat.
5. Conduct an Open Circuit Test by varying the Potential Divider for various values of
Field current and tabulate the corresponding Open circuit voltage readings.
6. Conduct a Short Circuit Test by closing the TPST knife switch and adjust the potential
divider the set the rated Armature current, tabulate the corresponding Field current.
7. Conduct a ZPF test by adjusting the potential divider for full load current passing
through either an inductive or capacitive load with zero power and tabulate the readings.
8. Conduct a Stator Resistance Test by giving connection as per the circuit diagram and
tabulate the voltage and Current readings for various resistive loads.

PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE POTIER TRIANGLE (ASA METHOD):

(All the quantities are in per phase value)
1. Draw the Open Circuit Characteristics (Generated Voltage per phase VS Field Current)
2. Mark the point A at X-axis, which is obtained from short circuit test with full load
armature current.
3. From the ZPF test, mark the point B for the field current to the corresponding rated
armature current and the rated voltage.
4. Draw the ZPF curve which passing through the point A and B in such a way parallel to
the open circuit characteristics curve.
5. Draw the tangent for the OCC curve from the origin (i.e.) air gap line.
6. Draw the line BC from B towards Y-axis, which is parallel and equal to OA.
7. Draw the parallel line for the tangent from C to the OCC curve.
8. Join the points B and D also drop the perpendicular line DE to BC, where the line
DE represents armature leakage reactance drop (IX L) BE represents armature reaction
excitation (Ifa).
9. Extend the line BC towards the Y-axis up to the point O. The same line intersects the
airgap line at point G.
10. Mark the point I in Y-axis with the magnitude of Eair and draw the line from I towards
OCC curve which should be parallel to X-axis. Let this line cut the air gap line at point
H and the OCC curve at point F.
11. Mention the length OG, HF and OA.

43
MODEL GRAPH FOR ZPF METHOD:

PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE VECTOR DIAGRAM (ASA METHOD)

(To find the field Excitation current If)

1. Draw the vector with the magnitude OG.

2. From G draw a vector with the magnitude of GH (OA) in such a way to make an
angle of (90 ) from the line OG [ (90 + ) for lagging power factor and (90
) for leading power factor]
3. Join the points O and, H also extend the vector OF with the magnitude HF.
Where OF is the field excitation current (If).
4. Find out the open circuit voltage (Eo) for the corresponding field excitation current
(If) from the OCC curve.
5. Find out the regulation from the suitable formula.

44
TABULATION:

Ex-10(asa method)

To find Armature Resistance (Ra):

[Link] Voltage(V) Current(A) Resistance

R=V/I()

Mean=

Rac =Rdc x1.6

MODEL GRAPH:

Tabulation for calculating % Regulation:

Sl. cos sin Ea(Volts) If1(Amps) If(Amps) Eo(Volts) %Regulation

N Lag Lead Lag Lead Lag Lead Lag Lead Lag Lead
o

45
VECTOR DIAGRAMS (ASA METHOD)
To find the airgap voltage (Eair)
Lagging power factor:

Leading power factor:

Unity power factor:

46
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is ASA method?
[Link] are the experimental data required for ASAmethod?
[Link] is potier triangle?
4. Define percentage regulation?
5. Define voltage regulation?
[Link] are the different methods available to determine the voltage regulation of an alternator?

RESULT:

47
VECTOR DIAGRAMS (ASA METHOD)
To find the field excitation current (If)
Lagging power factor:

Leading power factor:

Unity power factor:

48
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

49
[Link]:
DATE: PREDETERMINATION OF REGULATION OF 3 ALTERNATOR BY ZPF
METHOD

AIM:
To predetermine the regulation of a given 3 phase alternator by ZPF method and to
draw the vector diagrams.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter MC (0 2) A 1
2 Ammeter MI (0 10) A 1
3 Voltmeter MI (0 600) V 1
4 Rheostat Wire wound 250 , 1.2 A 1
5 Rheostat Wire wound 300, 1.7 A 1
6 Tachometer Digital --- 1
7 TPST knife switch -- -- 1

FUSE RATING:

For motor-125% of rated current.

For Alternator: 125% of rated current.

FORMULAE USED:

Percentage regulation = Eo Vrated x 100

Vrated

PRECAUTIONS

1. Motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.

2. Alternator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.

50
OBSERVATION:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

[Link] Field Open circuit Open circuit

current (If) Voltage(Line) Voltage(Phase)

Unit Ampere Volts Volts

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ZERO POWER FACTOR TEST

Field Rated Armature Field Rated Armature Rated Armature

[Link]
current (If) current (Ia) current (If) current (Ia) Voltage (Va)
Ampere Ampere Ampere Ampere Volts

51
PROCEDURE:

1. Note down the complete nameplate details of motor and alternator.

2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. Switch on the supply by closing the DPST main switch.
4. Using the Three point starter, start the motor to run at the synchronous speed by
varying the motor field rheostat.
5. Conduct an Open Circuit Test by varying the Potential Divider for various values of
Field current and tabulate the corresponding Open circuit voltage readings.
6. Conduct a Short Circuit Test by closing the TPST knife switch and adjust the potential
divider the set the rated Armature current, tabulate the corresponding Field current.
7. Conduct a ZPF test by adjusting the potential divider for full load current passing
through either an inductive or capacitive load with zero power and tabulate the
readings.
8. Conduct a Stator Resistance Test by giving connection as per the circuit diagram
and tabulate the voltage and Current readings for various resistive loads.

PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE POTIER TRIANGLE (ZPF METHOD):

(All the quantities are in per phase value)

1. Draw the Open Circuit Characteristics (Generated Voltage per phase VS Field Current)
2. Mark the point A at X-axis, which is obtained from short circuit test with full
load armature current.
3. From the ZPF test, mark the point B for the field current to the corresponding
rated armature current and the rated voltage.
4. Draw the ZPF curve which passing through the point A and B in such a way
parallel to the open circuit characteristics curve.
5. Draw the tangent for the OCC curve from the origin (i.e.) air gap line.
6. Draw the line BC from B towards Y-axis, which is parallel and equal to OA.
7. Draw the parallel line for the tangent from C to the OCC curve.
8. Join the points B and D also drop the perpendicular line DE to BC, where the line
DE represents armature leakage reactance drop (IX L) and BE represents armature
reaction excitation (Ifa).

PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE VECTOR DIAGRAM (ZPF METHOD)

1. Select the suitable voltage and current scale.

2. For the corresponding power angle ( Lag, Lead, Unity) draw the voltage vector
and current vector OB.
3. Draw the vector AC with the magnitude of IRa drop, which should be parallel to
the vector OB.
4. Draw the perpendicular CD to AC from the point C with the magnitude of IXL
drop.

52
MODEL GRAPH FOR ZPF METHOD:

53
 5. Join the points O and D, which will be equal to the air gap voltage (Eair).
6. Find out the field current (Ifc) for the corresponding air gap voltage (Eair) from the
OCC curve.
7. Draw the vector OF with the magnitude of Ifc which should be perpendicular to
the vector OD.
8. Draw the vector FG from F with the magnitude Ifa in such a way it is parallel to
the current vector OB.
9. Join the points O and G, which will be equal to the field excitation current (If).
10. Draw the perpendicular line to the vector OG from the point O and extend CD in
such a manner to intersect the perpendicular line at the point H.
11. Find out the open circuit voltage (Eo) for the corresponding field excitation current (If)
from the OCC curve.
12. Find out the regulation from the suitable formula.
TABULATION:
To find Armature Resistance (Ra):
[Link] Voltage(V) Current(A) Resistance
R=V/I()

Mean=

Rac =Rdc x1.6

Tabulation for calculating % Regulation:

Sl. cos sin Ea(Volts) If1(Amps) If(Amps) Eo(Volts) %Regulation

N Lag Lead Lag Lead Lag Lead Lag Lead Lag Lead
o

54
Model Calculation:

MODEL GRAPH:

55
VECTOR DIAGRAMS FOR POTIER TRIANGLE:
Lagging power factor:

Leading power factor:

56
VIVA QUESTIONS:

[Link] regulation of an alternator?

[Link] is ZPF?
[Link] is disadvantage of Emf and Mmf method?
[Link] is potier triangle?
[Link] the regulation by ZPF method gives the exact value?
6. What is the advantage and disadvantage of ZPF?

RESULT:

57
Unity power factor:

58
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

59
[Link]:
DATE: REGULATION OF THREE PHASE SALIENT POLE
ALTERNATOR BY SLIP TEST
AIM:

The aim of the experiment is to predetermine the regulation of three phase salient pole
alternator by conducting the slip test.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE
[Link] RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-5) A MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-1) A MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0-150) V MI 1
4. Voltmeter (0-5)V MC 1
5. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
6. Rheostat 400,1.1A Wire wound 1
7. Tachometer Digital 1
8. TPST Switch 1
9. Connecting wires As required

FUSE RATING:

125% of rated current (full load current)

For Dc shunt motor:

For Alternator:

60
TABULAR COLUMN:

TO FIND OUT THE DIRECT AXIS IMPEDANCE (Zd) :

Speed of the alternator:
Minimum Voltage applied to the stator:
(Nearly 20% to 30% of rated voltage)

[Link] Speed Minimum Maximum Direct axis Direct axis

current Voltage per impedance Reactance
per phase phase (Vmax) per phase per phase
(Imin) (Zd) (Xd)

Rpm Ampere volts ohm Ohm

TO FIND OUT THE QUADRATURE AXIS IMPEDANCE (Zq) :

[Link] Speed Maximum current Minimum Quadrature Quadrature axis

per phase (Imax) Voltage axis impedance Reactance per
per phase per phase (Zd) phase (Xd)
(Vmin)
Rpm ampere Volts ohm ohm

61
FORMULA USED:

1. Armature Resistance Ra =1.6 *Rdc

2. Direct impedance per phase (Zd) = Vmin / Imax in
3. Quadrature axis impedance per phase (Zq) = Vmax / Imin in
4. Direct axis reactance per phase (Xd) = (Zd2 Ra2) in
5. Quadrature axis reactance per phase (Xq) = (Zq2 Ra2 ) in
6. Percentage Regulation = (Eo Vrated )/ Vrated *100
7. Eo = Vtcos- IqRa IdXd (Motoring)
8. Eo = Vtcos+ IqRa+Id Xd (Generating)
9. = - (Generator)
10. = (Motor)
11. = tan -1 (VtsinIaXq )/ (Vtcos IaRa)
+ For generating mode
- For Motoring mode

THEORY:

In non salient pole alternators air gap length is constant and reactance is also constant. Due to
this the mmfs of armature and field act upon the same magnetic circuit all the time hence can be
added vector ally. But in salient pole alternators the length of the air gap varies and reluctance
also varies. Hence the armature flux and field flux cannot vary sinusoidally in the air gap. So the
reluctance of the magnetic circuit on which mmf act is different in case of salient pole
alternators. This can be explained by two reaction theory.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position.
2. The alternator field should be kept open throughout the experiment.
3. The direction of rotation due to prime mover and due to the alternator run as the
motor should be same.
4. Initially all the switches are kept open.

62
Determination Stator armature resistance, Ra

TABULATION:

[Link] Armature Armature Armature

voltage ,Va current, I a Resistance,
(Volts) ( Amps) Ra()

RESULTANT TABULATION FOR SLIP TEST IN SALIENT POLE

SYNCHROUNOUS GENERATOR:
Percentage of Regulation
[Link] Power Factor
Lagging Leading

63
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the name plate details of motor and alternator.
2. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
3. Give the supply by closing the DPST switch.
4. Using the three point starter start the motor to run at the synchronous speed by varying
the motor field rheostat at the same time check whether the alternator field has opened or
not.
5. Apply 20% to 30% of the rated voltage to the armature of the alternator by adjusting the
autotransformer.
6. To obtain the slip and maximum oscillations of pointers, the speed is reduced slightly
lesser than the synchronous speed.
7. Maximum current, minimum current, maximum voltage and Minimum voltage are noted.
8. Find out the direct and quadrature axis impedance (Zd &Zq).

PROCEDURE TO DRAW THE VECTOR DIAGRAM (ZPF METHOD)

1. Draw the line OA vector that represents the rated voltage V.

2. Draw the line OB vector to represent the rated current I, which makes an angle
( it may be Lag, Lead, Unity) with the voltage.
3. Draw the vector AC with the magnitude of IRa drop, which should be parallel to
the vector OB.
4. Draw the perpendicular line CD vector to the line AC from that represents magnitude of
IXq drop.
5. Draw the line from the origin through the point D, which will be equal to no load
voltage (Eo).
6. Draw the pole axis through origin, which should be perpendicular to vector OD.
7. Draw the perpendicular line to the pole axis from the same(point E),which should
be passed through the point B.[Where vector OE represent direct axis current(Id )
and vector EB represents quadrature axis current (Iq)]
8. Find out the reactive voltage drops IdXd and IqXq.

64
Lagging power factor:

Leading power factor:

Unity power factor:

65
 9. Draw the parallel line(i.e. Perpendicular to Id) to the vector OD from the point C,with
the magnitude of the drop IdXd (Line CF).
10. Draw the parallel line(i.e. Perpendicular to Iq) to the vector OE from the point F,with
the magnitude of the drop IqXq (Line FG).
11. Let the point at where the drop IqXq meets the OD line be G, here the vector OG is
representing the noload voltage(Eo).
12. Find out the regulation from the suitable formula.

MODEL GRAPHS:

66
 MODEL CALCULATION:

VIVA QUESTIONs:
[Link] is the necessity of damper winding?
[Link] is d axis?
[Link] is q-axis?
[Link] is called slip test?
[Link] is meant by power angle?

RESULT:

67
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

68
 [Link]:
DATE: MEASUREMENTS OF NEGATIVE SEQUANCE AND ZERO SEQUENCE
IMPEDANCE OF AN ALTERNATOR

AIM: - To determine the negative sequence and zero sequence impedance of an alternator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NAME OF THE
[Link] RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
APPARATUS
1. Ammeter (0-5) A MI 1
2. Ammeter (0-5) A MC 1
3. Voltmeter (0-75)V MI 1
4. Volmeter (0-150)V MC 1
5. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
6. Rheostat 400,1.1A MI 1
7. 3 Auto transformer 415 / (0-470)V Wire wound 1
8. Tachometer Digital 1
Connecting wires As required

FUSE RATING:

125% of rated current (full load current)

For Dc shunt motor:

For Alternator:

69
OBSERVATION:-
A) For Negative Sequence Reactance:

S.N VRY ISC W VRY X2=Z2(W/VRY* ISC) Avg.

. (V) (A) (Watt) Z2 = ------- X2()
3 ISC

B) For Zero Sequence Reactance:

S.N. VRY Isc 3V Avg.

(V) (A) X0 = ------- X0()
I

70
THEORY:-
When a synchronous generator is carrying an unbalanced load its operation may be
analyzed by symmetrical components. In a synchronous machine the sequence current produce
an armature reaction which is stationary with respect to reactance and is stationary with respect
to field poles. The component currents therefore encounter exactly same as that by a balanced
load as discussed. The negative sequence is produced and armature reaction which rotates around
armature at synchronous speed in direction to that of field poles and therefore rotates part the
field poles at synchronous speed. Inducing current in the field damper winding and rotor iron.
The impendence encountered by the negative sequence is called the ve sequence impedance of
the generator. The zero sequence current produce flux in each phase but their combined armature
reaction at the air gap is zero. The impedance encountered by their currents is therefore different
from that encountered by + ve and ve sequence components and is called zero sequence
impedance of generator.

Negative Sequence Impendence:-

The ve sequence impedance may be found by applying balanced ve sequence voltage

to the armature terminals. While the machine is drive by the prime mover at its rated
synchronous speed with the field winding short circuited. The ratio of v/ph and Ia/ph gives ve
sequence Z/[Link] reading of the wattmeter gives I2 R losses. This loss /ph divided by Iph
required gives the ve sequence R/ph from the impedance and reactance/ph. ve sequence can be
[Link] method of measuring ve sequence reactance is found to be connect the arm
terminals. The machine is driven at synchronous speed and field current adjusted until rated
current flows in the phases shorted through armature and current coil of wattmeter respectively

VRY W
Z2=V/ 3 ISC = ----------- X2= Z2 (----------)
3 ISC VRY ISC

X2= W/ 3 ISC and R2= (Z22- X22 )

71
MODAL CALCULATIONS:

72
Zero sequence impedance

The sequence impedance may be determined by the connecting the armature windings of
the three phase in series and then connecting them to the single phase source of power. If the
machine is driven at synchronous speed with field winding shorted, then ZO=V/3I practically the
same results will be obtained with rotor stationary. If windings are connected in parallel, then

PROCEDURE:

(A) For Negative Sequence Reactance:

(1) Make connection as shown in circuit diagram.
(2) Run DC motor with synchronous speed.
(3) Keeping the speed constant, vary the excitation and measure the voltmeter, ammeter and
wattmeter reading.
(4) Take 3 - 4 readings for different excitation.
(5) The excitation should not be increased beyond the rated capacity of synchronous machine
i.e. 4.2 A.
(B)For Zero Sequence Reactance:

(1)Make connection as shown in circuit diagram.

(2)Switch on the AC supply by keeping autotransformer in zero volt position.
3) Gradually increase the autotransformer output by varying the VARIAC and note the ammeter
reading for suitable voltage applied.
4) It should be kept in mind that the ammeter reading should not exceed the rated current
capacity of the machine i.e. 4.2 A.

73
EX. NO: STUDY OF INDUCTION MOTOR STARTERS
Date:

AIM:
To Study the AC motor starters.

NECESSITY OF STARTER:
In a three phase induction motor, the magnitude of an induced e.m.f. in the rotor
circuit depends on the slip of the induction motor. This induced e.m.f. effectively decides the
magnitude of the rotor current. The rotor current in the running condition is given by,
sE2
I2r
R22 + (s 2)2
But at start, the speed of the motor is zero and slip is at its maximum i.e. unity. So
magnitude of rotor induced e.m.f. is very large at start. As rotor conductors are short
circuited, the large induced e.m.f. circulates very high current through rotor at start.
The condition is exactly similar to a transformer with short circuited secondary. Such
a transformer when excited by a rated voltage, circulates very high current through short
circuited secondary. As secondary current is large, the primary also draws very high current
from the supply.
Similarly in a three phase induction motor, when rotor current is high, consequently
the stator draws a very high current from the supply. This current can be of the order of 5 to
8 times the full load current, at start.
Due to such heavy inrush of current at start there is possibility if damage of the motor
winding. Similarly such sudden inrush of current causes large line voltage drop. Thus other
appliances connected to the same line may be subjected to voltage spikes which may affect
their working. To avoid such effects, it is necessary to limit the current drawn by the motor
at start. The starter is a device which is basically used to limit high starting current by
supplying reduced voltage to the motor at the time of starting. Such a reduced voltage is
applied only for short period and once rotor gets accelerated, full normal rated voltage is
applied.
Not only the starter limits the starting current but also provides the protection to the
induction motor against overt loading and low voltage situations. The protection against
single phasing is also provided by the starter. The induction motors having rating below 5
h.p. can withstand starting currents hence such motors can be started directly on line. But
such motors also need overload, single phasing and low voltage protection which is provided
by a starter.

74
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Stator Resistance Starter

Autotransformer Starter

Star-Delta Starter

75
STATOR RESISTANCE STARTER:

In order to apply the reduced voltage to the stator of the induction motor,
three resistances are added in series with each phase of the stator winding. Initially the
resistances are kept maximum in the circuit. Due to this large voltage gets dropped across
the resistances. Hence a reduced voltage gets applied to the stator, which reduces the high
starting current. The schematic diagram showing stator resistances is shown in the Fig.3.1.
When the motor starts running, the resistances are gradually cut off from the stator circuit.
When the resistances are entirely removed from the stator circuit i.e. rheostats in RUN
position then rated voltage gets applied to the stator. Motor runs with normal speed. The
starter is simple in construction and cheap. It can be used for both star and delta connected
stator. But there are large power losses due to resistances. Also the starting torque of the
motor reduces due to reduced voltage applied to the stator.

AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER:
A three phase star connected
autotransformer can be used to reduce the voltage applied to the stator. Such a starter is
called an autotransformer starter. The schematic diagram of autotransformer starter is shown
in the Fig. It consists of a suitable change over switch. When the switch is in the start
position, the stator winding is supplied with reduced voltage. This can be controlled by
tapping provide with autotransformer. When motor gathers 80% of the normal speed, the
change over switch is thrown into run position. Due to this, rated voltage gets applied to
stator winding. The motor starts rotating with normal speed. Changing of switch is done
automatically by using relays. The power loss is much less in this type of starting. It can be
used for both star and delta connected motors. But it is expensive than stator resistance
starter.

STAR DALTA STARTER:

This is the cheapest starter of all and hence
used very commonly for the induction motors. It uses triple pole double throw (TPDT)
switch. The switch connects the stator winding in star at start. Hence per phase voltage gets
reduced by the factor 1 / 3. Due to this reduced voltage, the starting current is limited.
When the switch is thrown on other side, the winding gets connected in delta, across the
supply. So it gets normal rated voltage. The windings are connected in delta when motor
gathers sufficient speed. The agreement of star delta starter is shown in the Fig.. The
operation of the switch can be automatic by using relays which ensures that motor will not
start with the switch in Run position. The cheapest of all and maintenance free operation are
the two important advantages of this starter. While is limitations are, it is suitable for normal
delta connected motors and the factor by while voltage change is 1 3 which cannot be
changed.

76
 SYNCHRONISATION OF ALTERNATOR TO INFINITE BUSBAR

Ex. No:
Date :
AIM:
To synchronize the 3 alternator to the infinite bus bar.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY

1 VOLTMETER (0-600V) MI 2
2 AMMETERS (0-2A) MC 1
RHEOSTAT 300,1.2A 1
350,2A 1
3 SYNCHRONISING LAMPS 230V,15A 6

PROCEDURE:

1) The DPST-1 is closed and the motor field rheostat is adjusted to make the
alternator run at rated speed.
2) The DPST-2 is closed and by keeping the TPST open, adjusts the alternator field
rheostat to supply the voltage equal to infinite bus bar.
3) The phase sequence of the alternator is made as same as that of the infinite bus bar
by observing the sequence of glowing of synchronizing lamps. If the phase
sequence is not same, any of the two phases are interchanged.
4) The field rheostat is adjusted to bring the frequency of the alternator to same
frequency of infinite bus bar. When the phase sequence of the two sides are same
all the lamps will begin to glow bright and dark simultaneously. In this condition,
when the frequencies are equal, the variation of lamps bright to dark is lowest.
5) At the dimmest point the TPST switch is closed thereby synchronizing the
alternator to the bus bar.

77
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SYNCHRONISATION OF ALTERNATOR TO INFINITE BUSBAR

78
RESULT:

79
Experiment No.

ROTOR RHEOSTAT SPEED CONTROL OF SLIP RING INDUCTION

MOTOR
AIM:
To vary the speed of the slip ring induction motor using rotor rheostat control.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] APPARATUS SPECIFICATIONS QUANTITY

1 Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-10A) MI 1
3 Tachometer 0-10000 (rpm) 1

PROCEDURE:
1. The Connection are made as per circuit diagram
2. The TPST switch is closed and three phase supply is given.
3. The motor is started with rotor rheostat starter.
4. The rotor resistance is varied and corresponding values of speed, voltage and
current are noted down.

TABULAR COLUMN
Voltage Current (A) Resistance () Speed (rpm)
(V)

MODEL GRAPH:

Speed vs resistance

1480
1470
1460 1460
speed(rpm)

1450
1440 1440
1430
1420
1400 Speed (rpm)
1390
1380
1360
1340
.6

.2

.8

88
2
)
(W

.1
46

32

21

5.
12
e
nc
ta
sis
Re

resistance(ohm)

80
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: ROTOR RHEOSTAT SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR

81
RESULT:

82