Appendix

A1 Properties of areas.*
*Symbols used are:
A = area r = radius of gyration = I/A
I = moment of inertia J = polar moment of inertia
S = Section modulus Zp = polar section modulus

Circle
D2 D R
A= = R2 r= =
4 4 2
R D4 D4
I= J=
D 64 32
D3 D3
S= Zp =
32 16
Circumference = D = 2R
Hollow circle (tube)
(D2 d2) D2 + d2
A= r=
4 4
(D4 d4) (D4 d4)
I= J=
d D 64 32
(D4 d4) (D4 d4)
S= Zp =
32D 16D

Square

A = s2
X X s
s/2 s4 s
Ix = rx =
12 12
s s3
Sx =
6
Rectangle
Y
A = bh
bh3 bh2 rx =
h
Ix = Sx =
12 6 12
C b
X X hb3 hb2 ry =
h Iy = Sy =
12 6 12
h/2

Y b/2
b

690

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Appendix 691
 692 Appendix

A2 Preferred basic sizes.

Metric (mm)
Fractional (in) Decimal (in) First Second First Second First Second
1
64 0.015 625 5 5.000 0.010 2.00 8.50 1 10 100
1
32 0.031 25 5 14 5.250 0.012 2.20 9.00 1.1 11 110
1
16 0.062 5 5 12 5.500 0.016 2.40 9.50 1.2 12 120
3
32 0.093 75 5 34 5.750 0.020 2.60 10.00 1.4 14 140
1
8 0.125 0 6 6.000 0.025 2.80 10.50 1.6 16 160
5
32 0.156 25 6 12 6.500 0.032 3.00 11.00 1.8 18 180
3
16 0.187 5 7 7.000 0.040 3.20 11.50 2 20 200
1
4 0.250 0 7 12 7.500 0.05 3.40 12.00 2.2 22 220
5
16 0.312 5 8 8.000 0.06 3.60 12.50 2.5 25 250
3
8 0.375 0 8 12 8.500 0.08 3.80 13.00 2.8 28 280
7
16 0.437 5 9 9.000 0.10 4.00 13.50 3 30 300
1
2 0.500 0 9 12 9.500 0.12 4.20 14.00 3.5 35 350
9
16 0.562 5 10 10.000 0.16 4.40 14.50 4 40 400
5
8 0.625 0 10 12 10.500 0.20 4.60 15.00 4.5 45 450
11
16 0.687 5 11 11.000 0.24 4.80 15.50 5 50 500
3
4 0.750 0 11 12 11.500 0.30 5.00 16.00 5.5 55 550
7
8 0.875 0 12 12.000 0.40 5.20 16.50 6 60 600

1 1.000 12 12 12.500 0.50 5.40 17.00 7 70 700

1 14 1.250 13 13.000 0.60 5.60 17.50 8 80 800
1 12 1.500 13 12 13.500 0.80 5.80 18.00 9 90 900
1 34 1.750 14 14.000 1.00 6.00 18.50 1000
2 2.000 14 12 14.500 1.20 6.50 19.00
2 14 2.250 15 15.000 1.40 7.00 19.50
2 12 2.500 15 12 15.500 1.60 7.50 20.00
2 34 2.750 16 16.000 1.80 8.00

3 3.000 16 12 16.500
3 14 3.250 17 17.000
3 12 3.500 17 12 17.500
3 34 3.750 18 18.000

4 4.000 18 12 18.500
4 14 4.250 19 19.000
4 12 4.500 19 12 19.500
4 34 4.750 20 20.000

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 Appendix 693

A3 Screw threads.

(a) American Standard thread dimensions, numbered sizes

Coarse threads: UNC Fine threads: UNF

Basic major Tensile Tensile
diameter, D Threads stress area Threads stress area
Size (in) per inch, n (in2) per inch, n (in2)

0 0.060 0 80 0.001 80
1 0.073 0 64 0.002 63 72 0.002 78
2 0.086 0 56 0.003 70 64 0.003 94
3 0.099 0 48 0.004 87 56 0.005 23

4 0.112 0 40 0.006 04 48 0.006 61

5 0.125 0 40 0.007 96 44 0.008 30
6 0.138 0 32 0.009 09 40 0.010 15

8 0.164 0 32 0.014 0 36 0.014 74

10 0.190 0 24 0.017 5 32 0.020 0
12 0.216 0 24 0.024 2 28 0.025 8

(b) American Standard thread dimensions, fractional sizes

Coarse threads: UNC Fine threads: UNF

Basic major Tensile Tensile

diameter, D Threads stress area Threads stress area
Size (in) per inch, n (in2) per inch, n (in2)
1 0.225 0 20 0.031 8 28 0.036 4
4
5 0.312 5 18 0.052 4 24 0.058 0
16
3
8 0.375 0 16 0.077 5 24 0.087 8
7 0.437 5 14 0.106 3 20 0.118 7
16
1 0.500 0 13 0.141 9 20 0.159 9
2
9 0.562 5 12 0.182 18 0.203
16
5 0.625 0 11 0.226 18 0.256
8
3 0.750 0 10 0.334 16 0.373
4
7 0.875 0 9 0.462 14 0.509
8

1 1.000 8 0.606 12 0.663

1 18 1.125 7 0.763 12 0.856
1 14 1.250 7 0.969 12 1.073
1 38 1.375 6 1.155 12 1.315

1 12 1.500 6 1.405 12 1.581

1 34 1.750 5 1.90
2 2.000 4 12 2.50

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694 Appendix
[Link] 4
Y

X X

Y
A4 Properties of standard wood beams.
Actual size Area of section Moment of inertia, Ix Section modulus, Sx
Nominal
size in mm in2 mm2 in4 mm4 in3 mm3

24 1.5 3.5 38 89 5.25 3.39 103 5.36 2.23 106 3.06 50.1 103
26 1.5 5.5 38 140 8.25 5.32 103 20.8 8.66 106 7.56 124 103
28 1.5 7.25 38 184 10.87 7.01 103 47.6 19.8 106 13.14 215 103
2 10 1.5 9.25 38 235 13.87 8.95 103 98.9 41.2 106 21.4 351 103
2 12 1.5 11.25 38 286 16.87 10.88 103 178 74.1 106 31.6 518 103
44 3.5 3.5 89 89 12.25 7.90 103 12.51 5.21 106 7.15 117 103
46 3.5 5.5 89 140 19.25 12.42 103 48.5 20.2 106 17.65 289 103
48 3.5 7.25 89 184 25.4 16.39 103 111.1 46.2 106 30.7 503 103
4 10 3.5 9.25 89 235 32.4 20.90 103 231 96.1 106 49.9 818 103
4 12 3.5 11.25 89 286 39.4 25.42 103 415 172 106 73.9 1211 103
66 5.5 5.5 140 140 30.3 19.55 103 76.3 31.8 106 27.7 454 103
68 5.5 7.5 140 191 41.3 26.65 103 193 80.3 106 51.6 846 103
6 10 5.5 9.5 140 241 52.3 33.74 103 393 164 106 82.7 1355 103
6 12 5.5 11.5 140 292 63.3 40.84 103 697 290 106 121 1983 103
88 7.5 7.5 191 191 56.3 36.32 103 264 110 106 70.3 1152 103
8 10 7.5 9.5 191 241 71.3 46.00 103 536 223 106 113 1852 103
8 12 7.5 11.5 191 292 86.3 55.68 103 951 396 106 165 2704 103
10 10 9.5 9.5 241 241 90.3 58.26 103 679 283 106 143 2343 103
10 12 9.5 11.5 241 292 109.3 70.52 103 1204 501 106 209 3425 103
12 12 11.5 11.5 292 292 132.3 85.35 103 1458 607 106 253 4146 103

695

05/02/15 6:37 PM
696
x Y x Y
Z
Z Centroid Centroid

X X X X
y y

Y Z Y Z

A5 Properties of steel angles (L-shapes) U.S. Customary units.

Section properties

Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Axis Z-Z

Weight
Shape per foot Area, A Ix Sx y Iy Sy x r 
Ref. (in) (in) (in) (lb/ft) (in2) (in4) (in3) (in) (in4) (in3) (in) (in) (deg.)

a L881 51.3 15.1 89.1 15.8 2.36 89.1 15.8 2.36 1.56 45.0
1
b L882 26.7 7.84 48.8 8.36 2.17 48.8 8.36 2.17 1.59 45.0
c L841 37.6 11.10 69.7 14.00 3.03 11.6 3.94 1.04 0.844 13.9
1
d L842 19.7 5.80 38.6 7.48 2.84 6.75 2.15 0.854 0.863 14.9
3
e L664 28.8 8.46 28.1 6.64 1.77 28.1 6.64 1.77 1.17 45.0
3
f L668 14.9 4.38 15.4 3.51 1.62 15.4 3.51 1.62 1.19 45.0
3
g L644 23.5 6.90 24.4 6.23 2.08 8.63 2.95 1.08 0.857 23.2
3
h L648 12.2 3.58 13.4 3.30 1.94 4.84 1.58 0.940 0.871 24.1
1
i L442 12.7 3.75 5.52 1.96 1.18 5.52 1.96 1.18 0.776 45.0
1
j L444 6.58 1.93 3.00 1.03 1.08 3.00 1.03 1.08 0.783 45.0
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 696 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

1
k L432 11.1 3.25 5.02 1.87 1.32 2.40 1.10 0.822 0.633 28.5
1
l L434 5.75 1.69 2.75 0.988 1.22 1.33 0.585 0.725 0.639 29.2
1
m L332 9.35 2.75 2.20 1.06 0.929 2.20 1.06 0.929 0.580 45.0
1
n L334 4.89 1.44 1.23 0.569 0.836 1.23 0.569 0.836 0.585 45.0
1
o L322 7.70 2.26 1.92 1.00 1.08 0.667 0.470 0.580 0.425 22.4
1
p L324 4.09 1.20 1.09 0.541 0.980 0.390 0.258 0.487 0.431 23.6
3
q L228 4.65 1.37 0.476 0.348 0.632 0.476 0.348 0.632 0.386 45.0
1
r L224 3.21 0.944 0.346 0.244 0.586 0.346 0.244 0.586 0.387 45.0
1
s L228 1.67 0.491 0.189 0.129 0.534 0.189 0.129 0.534 0.391 45.0
 x Y x Y
Z
Z Centroid Centroid

X X X X
y y

Y Z Y Z

A5(SI) Properties of steel angles (L-shapes) SI units.

Section properties

Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Axis Z-Z

Mass Weight
Shape per m per m Area, A Ix Sx y Iy Sy x r 
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (N/m) (mm2) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm) (deg.)

a L 203  203  25.4 76.3 749 9740 3.71E07 2.59E05 59.9 3.71E07 2.59E05 59.9 39.6 45.0
b L 203  203  12.7 39.7 390 5060 2.03E07 1.37E05 55.1 2.03E07 1.37E05 55.1 40.4 45.0
c L 203  102  25.4 55.9 549 7160 2.90E07 2.29E05 77.0 4.83E06 6.46E04 26.4 21.4 13.9
d L 203  102  12.7 29.3 288 3740 1.61E07 1.23E05 72.1 2.81E06 3.52E04 21.7 21.9 14.9

e L 152  152  19 42.9 420 5460 1.17E07 1.09E05 45.0 1.17E07 1.09E05 45.0 29.7 45.0
f L 152  152  9.5 22.2 217 2830 6.41E06 5.75E04 41.1 6.41E06 5.75E04 41.1 30.2 45.0
g L 152  102  19 35.0 343 4450 1.02E07 1.02E05 52.8 3.59E06 4.84E04 27.4 21.8 23.2
h L 152  102  9.5 18.2 178 2310 5.58E06 5.41E04 49.3 2.01E06 2.59E04 23.9 22.1 24.1

i L 102  102  12.7 18.9 185 2420 2.30E06 3.21E04 30.0 2.30E06 3.21E04 30.0 19.7 45.0
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 697 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

j L 102  102  6.4 9.79 96.0 1250 1.25E06 1.69E04 27.4 1.25E06 1.69E04 27.4 19.9 45.0
k L 102  76  12.7 16.5 162 2100 2.09E06 3.06E04 33.5 9.99E05 1.80E04 20.9 16.1 28.5
l L 102  76  6.4 8.56 83.9 1090 1.14E06 1.62E04 31.0 5.54E05 9.59E03 18.4 16.2 29.2

m L 76  76  12.7 13.9 136 1770 9.16E05 1.74E04 23.6 9.16E05 1.74E04 23.6 14.7 45.0
n L 76  76  6.4 7.28 71.4 929 5.12E05 9.33E03 21.2 5.12E05 9.33E03 21.2 14.9 45.0
o L 76  51  12.7 11.5 112 1460 7.99E05 1.64E04 27.4 2.78E05 7.70E03 14.7 10.8 22.4
p L 76  51  6.4 6.09 59.7 774 4.54E05 8.87E03 24.9 1.62E05 4.23E03 12.4 10.9 23.6

q L 51  51  9.5 6.92 67.9 884 1.98E05 5.70E03 16.1 1.98E05 5.70E03 16.1 9.80 45.0
r L 51  51  6.4 4.78 46.9 609 1.44E05 4.00E03 14.9 1.44E05 4.00E03 14.9 9.83 45.0
s L 51  51  3.2 2.48 24.4 317 7.87E04 2.11E03 13.6 7.87E04 2.11E03 13.6 9.93 45.0

697
698
Y
Flange

Depth Web
X X
x Centroid

A6 Properties of American Standard steel channels (C-shapes) U.S. Customary units.

Section properties

Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

Web
Shape Area, A Depth, d Thickness, tw Width, bf Thickness, tf Ix Sx Iy Sy x
Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in2) (in) (in) (in) Average (in) (in4) (in3) (in4) (in3) (in)

a C 15  50 14.7 15.0 0.716 3.72 0.650 404 53.8 11.0 3.77 0.799
b C 15  40 11.8 15.0 0.520 3.52 0.650 348 46.5 9.17 3.34 0.778
c C 12  30 8.82 12.0 0.510 3.17 0.501 162 27.0 5.12 2.05 0.674
d C 12  25 7.35 12.0 0.387 3.05 0.501 144 24.0 4.45 1.87 0.674

e C 10  30 8.82 10.0 0.673 3.03 0.436 103 20.7 3.93 1.65 0.649
f C 10  20 5.88 10.0 0.379 2.74 0.436 78.9 15.8 2.80 1.31 0.606
g C 9  20 5.88 9.0 0.448 2.65 0.413 60.9 13.5 2.41 1.17 0.583
h C 9  15 4.41 9.0 0.285 2.49 0.413 51.0 11.3 1.91 1.01 0.586

i C 8  18.75 5.51 8.0 0.487 2.53 0.390 43.9 11.0 1.97 1.01 0.565
j C 8  11.5 3.38 8.0 0.220 2.26 0.390 32.5 8.14 1.31 0.775 0.572
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k C 7  14.75 4.33 7.0 0.419 2.30 0.366 27.2 7.78 1.37 0.772 0.532
l C 7  9.8 2.87 7.0 0.210 2.09 0.366 21.2 6.07 0.957 0.617 0.541

m C 6  13 3.83 6.0 0.437 2.16 0.343 17.3 5.78 1.05 0.638 0.514
n C 6  8.2 2.40 6.0 0.200 1.92 0.343 13.1 4.35 0.687 0.488 0.512
o C 59 2.64 5.0 0.325 1.89 0.320 8.89 3.56 0.624 0.444 0.478
p C 5  6.7 1.97 5.0 0.190 1.75 0.320 7.48 2.99 0.470 0.372 0.484

q C 4  7.25 2.13 4.0 0.321 1.72 0.296 4.58 2.29 0.425 0.337 0.459
r C 4  5.4 1.59 4.0 0.184 1.58 0.296 3.85 1.92 0.312 0.277 0.457
s C 36 1.76 3.0 0.356 1.60 0.273 2.07 1.38 0.300 0.263 0.455
t C 3  4.1 1.21 3.0 0.170 1.41 0.273 1.65 1.10 0.191 0.196 0.437
 Y
Flange

Depth Web
X X
x Centroid

A6 (SI) Properties of American Standard steel channels (C-shapes) SI units.

Section properties

Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

Web
Shape Wt/m Area, A Depth, d Thickness, tw Width, bf Thickness, tf Ix Sx Iy Sy x
Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (KN/m) (mm2) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)

a C 380  74 0.730 9480 381 18.2 94.4 16.5 1.68E08 8.82E05 4.58E06 6.18E04 20.3
b C 380  60 0.584 7610 381 13.2 89.4 16.5 1.45E08 7.62E05 3.82E06 5.47E04 19.8
c C 300  45 0.438 5690 305 13.0 80.5 12.7 6.74E07 4.43E05 2.13E06 3.36E04 17.1
d C 300  37 0.365 4740 305 9.83 77.4 12.7 5.99E07 3.93E05 1.85E06 3.06E04 17.1

e C 250  45 0.438 5690 254 17.1 77.0 11.1 4.29E07 3.39E05 1.64E06 2.70E04 16.5
f C 250  30 0.292 3790 254 9.63 69.6 11.1 3.28E07 2.59E05 1.17E06 2.15E04 15.4
g C 230  30 0.292 3790 229 11.4 67.3 10.5 2.53E07 2.21E05 1.00E06 1.92E04 14.8
h C 230  22 0.219 2850 229 7.24 63.1 10.5 2.12E07 1.85E05 7.95E05 1.66E04 14.9

i C 200  27.9 0.274 3560 203 12.4 64.2 9.91 1.83E07 1.80E05 8.20E05 1.66E04 14.4
j C 200  17.1 0.168 2180 203 5.59 57.4 9.91 1.35E07 1.33E05 5.45E05 1.27E04 14.5
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 699 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

k C 180  22 0.215 2790 178 10.6 58.4 9.30 1.13E07 1.28E05 5.70E05 1.27E04 13.5
l C 180  14.6 0.143 1850 178 5.33 53.1 9.30 8.82E06 9.95E04 3.98E05 1.01E04 13.7

m C 150  19.3 0.190 2470 152 11.1 54.8 8.71 7.20E06 9.47E04 4.37E05 1.05E04 13.1
n C 150  12.2 0.120 1550 152 5.08 48.8 8.71 5.45E06 7.13E04 2.86E05 8.00E03 13.0
o C 130  13 0.128 1700 127 8.26 47.9 8.13 3.70E06 5.83E04 2.60E05 7.28E03 12.1
p C 130  10.4 0.102 1270 127 4.83 44.5 8.13 3.11E06 4.90E04 1.96E05 6.10E03 12.3

q C 100  10.8 0.106 1370 102 8.15 43.7 7.52 1.91E06 3.75E04 1.77E05 5.52E03 11.7
r C 100  8 0.0788 1020 102 4.67 40.2 7.52 1.60E06 3.15E04 1.30E05 4.54E03 11.6
s C 80  8.9 0.0876 1140 76.2 9.04 40.5 6.93 8.62E05 2.26E04 1.25E05 4.31E03 11.6
t C 80  6.1 0.0598 777 76.2 4.32 35.8 6.93 6.87E05 1.80E04 7.95E04 3.21E03 11.1

699
 Y Flange

700
Depth Web
X X

Y
A7 Properties of steel wide-flange shapes (W-shapes) U.S. Customary units.
Section properties

Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

Web
Shape Area, A Depth, d Thickness, tw Width, bf Thickness, tf Ix Sx Iy Sy
Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in2) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in4) (in3) (in4) (in3)

a W 30  173 51.0 30.4 0.655 15.0 1.070 8230 541 598 79.8
b W 30  108 31.7 29.8 0.545 10.5 0.760 4470 299 146 27.9
c W 27  146 43.1 27.4 0.605 14.0 0.975 5660 414 443 63.5
d W 27  102 30.0 27.1 0.515 10.0 0.830 3620 267 139 27.8

e W 24  76 22.4 23.9 0.440 8.99 0.680 2100 176 82.5 18.4

f W 24  68 20.1 23.7 0.415 8.97 0.585 1830 154 70.4 15.7
g W 21  73 21.5 21.2 0.455 8.30 0.740 1600 151 70.6 17.0
h W 21  57 16.7 21.1 0.405 6.56 0.650 1170 111 30.6 9.35

i W 18  55 16.2 18.1 0.390 7.53 0.630 890 98.3 44.9 11.9

j W 18  40 11.8 17.9 0.315 6.02 0.525 612 68.4 19.1 6.35
k W 14  43 12.6 13.7 0.305 8.00 0.530 428 62.7 45.2 11.3
l W 14  26 7.69 13.9 0.255 5.03 0.420 245 35.3 8.91 3.54

m W 12  65 19.1 12.1 0.390 12.0 0.605 533 87.9 174 29.1

Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 700 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

n W 12  30 8.79 12.3 0.260 6.52 0.440 238 38.6 20.3 6.24

o W 12  16 4.71 12.0 0.220 3.99 0.265 103 17.1 2.82 1.41

p W 10  60 17.60 10.2 0.420 10.1 0.680 341 66.7 116 23.0

q W 10  30 8.84 10.5 0.300 5.81 0.510 170 32.4 16.7 5.75
r W 10  12 3.54 9.87 0.190 3.96 0.210 53.8 10.9 2.18 1.10

s W 8  40 11.70 8.25 0.360 8.07 0.560 146 35.5 49.1 12.2

t W 8  21 6.16 8.28 0.250 5.27 0.400 75.3 18.2 9.77 3.71
u W 8  10 2.96 7.89 0.170 3.94 0.205 30.8 7.81 2.09 1.06

v W 6  15 4.43 5.99 0.230 5.99 0.260 29.1 9.72 9.32 3.11

w W 6  12 3.55 6.03 0.230 4.00 0.280 22.1 7.31 2.99 1.50

x W 5  19 5.54 5.15 0.270 5.03 0.430 26.2 10.2 9.13 3.63

y W 5  16 4.68 5.01 0.240 5.00 0.360 21.3 8.51 7.51 3.00
z W 4  13 3.83 4.16 0.280 4.06 0.345 11.3 5.46 3.86 1.90
 Y Flange

Depth Web
X X

Y
A7(SI) Properties of steel wide-flange shapes (W-shapes) SI units.
Section properties

Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

Web
Shape Wt/m Area, A Depth, d Thickness, tw Width, bf Thickness, tf Ix Sx Iy Sy
Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (KN/M) (mm2) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm4) (mm3)

a W 760  257 2.525 32 900 772 16.6 381 27.2 3.43E09 8.87E06 2.49E08 1.31E06
b W 760  161 1.576 20 500 757 13.8 267 19.3 1.86E09 4.90E06 6.08E07 4.57E05
c W 690  217 2.131 27 800 696 15.4 356 24.8 2.36E09 6.79E06 1.84E08 1.04E06
d W 690  152 1.489 19 400 688 13.1 254 21.1 1.51E09 4.38E06 5.79E07 4.56E05

e W 610  113 1.109 14 500 607 11.2 228 17.3 8.74E08 2.88E06 3.43E07 3.02E05
f W 610  101 0.993 13 000 602 10.5 228 14.9 7.62E08 2.52E06 2.93E07 2.57E05
g W 530  109 1.066 13 900 538 11.6 211 18.8 6.66E08 2.47E06 2.94E07 2.79E05
h W 530  85 0.832 10 800 536 10.3 167 16.5 4.87E08 1.82E06 1.27E07 1.53E05

i W 460  82 0.803 10 500 460 9.91 191 16.0 3.70E08 1.61E06 1.87E07 1.95E05
j W 460  60 0.584 7610 455 8.00 153 13.3 2.55E08 1.12E06 7.95E06 1.04E05
k W 360  64 0.628 8130 348 7.75 203 13.5 1.78E08 1.03E06 1.88E07 1.85E05
l W 360  39 0.380 4960 353 6.48 128 10.7 1.02E08 5.79E05 3.71E06 5.80E04

m W 310  97 0.949 12 300 307 9.91 305 15.4 2.22E08 1.44E06 7.24E07 4.77E05
n W 310  44.5 0.437 5670 312 6.60 166 11.2 9.91E07 6.33E05 8.45E06 1.02E05
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 701 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

o W 310  23.8 0.233 3040 305 5.59 101 6.73 4.29E07 2.80E05 1.17E06 2.31E04

p W 250  89 0.876 11 400 259 10.7 257 17.3 1.42E08 1.09E06 4.83E07 3.77E05
q W 250  44.8 0.439 5700 267 7.62 148 13 7.08E07 5.31E05 6.95E06 9.42E04
r W 250  17.9 0.176 2280 251 4.83 101 5.33 2.24E07 1.79E05 9.07E05 1.80E04

s W 200  59 0.579 7550 210 9.14 205 14.2 6.08E07 5.82E05 2.04E07 2.00E05
t W 200  31.3 0.307 3970 210 6.35 134 10.2 3.13E07 2.98E05 4.07E06 6.08E04
u W 200  15 0.146 1910 200 4.32 100 5.21 1.28E07 1.28E05 8.70E05 1.74E04

v W 150  22.5 0.221 2860 152 5.84 152 6.60 1.21E07 1.59E05 3.88E06 5.10E04
w W 150  18 0.175 2290 153 5.84 102 7.11 9.20E06 1.20E05 1.24E06 2.46E04

x W 130  28.1 0.276 3570 131 6.86 128 10.9 1.09E07 1.67E05 3.80E06 5.95E04

701
y W 130  23.8 0.233 3020 127 6.10 127 9.14 8.87E06 1.39E05 3.13E06 4.92E04
z W 100  19.3 0.189 2470 106 7.11 103 8.76 4.70E06 8.95E04 1.61E06 3.11E04
702
Y Flange

Depth Web
X X

Y
A8 Properties of American Standard steel beams (S-shapes) U.S. Customary units.
Section properties

Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

Web
Shape Area, A Depth, d Thickness, tw Width, bf Thickness, tf Ix Sx Iy Sy
Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in2) (in) (in) (in) (in) (in4) (in3) (in4) (in3)

a S 24  121 35.5 24.5 0.800 8.05 1.090 3160 258 83.0 20.6
b S 24  90 26.5 24.0 0.625 7.13 0.870 2250 187 44.7 12.5
c S 20  96 28.2 20.3 0.800 7.20 0.920 1670 165 49.9 13.9
d S 20  75 22.0 20.0 0.635 6.39 0.795 1280 128 29.5 9.25
e S 20  66 19.4 20.0 0.505 6.26 0.795 1190 119 27.5 8.78

f S 18  70 20.5 18.0 0.711 6.25 0.691 923 103 24.0 7.69

g S 18  54.7 16.0 18.0 0.461 6.00 0.691 801 89.0 20.7 6.91
h S 15  50 14.7 15.0 0.550 5.64 0.622 485 64.7 15.6 5.53
i S 15  42.9 12.6 15.0 0.411 5.50 0.622 446 59.4 14.3 5.19

j S 12  50 14.6 12.0 0.687 5.48 0.659 303 50.6 15.6 5.69

k S 12  35 10.2 12.0 0.426 5.08 0.544 228 38.1 9.84 3.88
l S 10  35 10.3 10.0 0.594 4.94 0.491 147 29.4 8.30 3.36
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 702 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

m S 10  25.4 7.45 10.0 0.311 4.66 0.491 123 24.6 6.73 2.89

n S 8  23 6.76 8.00 0.441 4.17 0.425 64.7 16.2 4.27 2.05

o S 8  18.4 5.40 8.00 0.271 4.00 0.425 57.5 14.4 3.69 1.84
p S 6  17.25 5.06 6.00 0.465 3.57 0.359 26.2 8.74 2.29 1.28
q S 6  12.5 3.66 6.00 0.232 3.33 0.359 22.0 7.34 1.80 1.08

r S 5  10 2.93 5.00 0.214 3.00 0.326 12.3 4.90 1.19 0.795

s S 4  9.5 2.79 4.00 0.326 2.80 0.293 6.8 3.38 0.887 0.635
t S 4  7.7 2.26 4.00 0.193 2.66 0.293 6.05 3.03 0.748 0.562
u S 3  7.5 2.20 3.00 0.349 2.51 0.260 2.91 1.94 0.578 0.461
v S 3  5.7 1.66 3.00 0.170 2.33 0.260 2.50 1.67 0.447 0.383
 Y Flange

Depth Web
X X

Y
A8(SI) Properties of American Standard steel beams (S-shapes) SI units.
Section properties

Flange Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

Web
Shape Wt/m Area, A Depth, d Thickness, tw Width, bf Thickness, tf Ix Sx Iy Sy
Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (KN/m) (mm2) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm4) (mm3)

a S 610  180 1.766 22 900 622 20.3 204 27.7 1.32E09 4.23E06 3.45E07 3.38E05
b S 610  134 1.314 17 100 610 15.9 181 22.1 9.36E08 3.06E06 1.86E07 2.05E05
c S 510  143 1.401 18 200 516 20.3 183 23.4 6.95E08 2.70E06 2.08E07 2.28E05
d S 510  112 1.095 14 200 508 16.1 162 20.2 5.33E08 2.10E06 1.23E07 1.52E05
e S 510  98.2 0.963 12 500 508 12.8 159 20.2 4.95E08 1.95E06 1.14E07 1.44E05

f S 460  104 1.022 13 200 457 18.1 159 17.6 3.84E08 1.69E06 9.99E06 1.26E05
g S 460  81.4 0.799 10 300 457 11.7 152 17.6 3.33E08 1.46E06 8.62E06 1.13E05
h S 380  74 0.730 9480 381 14.0 143 15.8 2.02E08 1.06E06 6.49E06 9.06E04
i S 380  64 0.626 8130 381 10.4 140 15.8 1.86E08 9.74E05 5.95E06 8.51E04

j S 300  74 0.730 9420 305 17.4 139 16.7 1.26E08 8.29E05 6.49E06 9.33E04
k S 300  52 0.511 6580 305 10.8 129 13.8 9.49E07 6.24E05 4.10E06 6.36E04
l S 250  52 0.511 6650 254 15.1 125 12.5 6.12E07 4.82E05 3.45E06 5.51E04
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 703 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

m S 250  37.8 0.371 4810 254 7.9 118 12.5 5.12E07 4.03E05 2.80E06 4.74E04

n S 200  34 0.336 4360 203 11.2 106 10.8 2.69E07 2.66E05 1.78E06 3.36E04
o S 200  27.4 0.269 3480 203 6.9 102 10.8 2.39E07 2.36E05 1.54E06 3.02E04
p S 150  25.7 0.252 3260 152 11.8 90.7 9.1 1.09E07 1.43E05 9.53E05 2.10E04
q S 150  18.6 0.182 2360 152 5.9 84.6 9.1 9.16E06 1.20E05 7.49E05 1.77E04

r S 130  15 0.146 1890 127 5.4 76.2 8.3 5.12E06 8.03E04 4.95E05 1.30E04
s S 100  14.1 0.138 1800 102 8.3 71.1 7.4 2.81E06 5.54E04 3.69E05 1.04E04
t S 100  11.5 0.113 1460 102 4.9 67.6 7.4 2.52E06 4.97E04 3.11E05 9.21E03
u S 80  11.2 0.110 1420 76.2 8.9 63.8 6.6 1.21E06 3.18E04 2.41E05 7.56E03
v S 80  8.5 0.083 1070 76.2 4.3 59.2 6.6 1.04E06 2.74E04 1.86E05 6.28E03

703
704
Y

X X

X X

Y Y
A9 Properties of steel structural tubing (HSS-shapes) U.S. Customary units.

Section properties
Design
wall Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Torsional constants
thickness Weight
Shape tw per foot Area, A Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry J C
Ref. (in) (in) (in) (in) (lb/ft) (in2) (in4) (in3) (in) (in4) (in3) (in) (in4) (in3)

a HSS 8  8  1/2 0.465 48.7 13.5 125 31.2 3.04 125 31.2 3.04 204 52.4
b HSS 8  8  1/4 0.233 25.8 7.10 70.7 17.7 3.15 70.7 17.7 3.15 111 28.1
c HSS 8  4  1/2 0.465 35.1 9.74 71.8 17.9 2.71 23.6 11.8 1.56 61.1 24.4
d HSS 8  4  1/4 0.233 19.0 5.24 42.5 10.6 2.85 14.4 7.21 1.66 35.3 13.6
e HSS 8  2  1/4 0.233 15.6 4.30 28.5 7.12 2.57 2.94 2.94 0.827 9.36 6.35
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 704 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

f HSS 6  6  1/2 0.465 35.1 9.74 48.3 16.1 2.23 48.3 16.1 2.23 81.1 28.1
g HSS 6  6  1/4 0.233 19.0 5.24 28.6 9.54 2.34 28.6 9.54 2.34 45.6 15.4
h HSS 6  4  1/4 0.233 15.6 4.30 20.9 6.96 2.20 11.1 5.56 1.61 23.6 10.1
i HSS 6  2  1/4 0.233 12.2 3.37 13.1 4.37 1.97 2.21 2.21 0.810 6.55 4.70

j HSS 4  4  1/2 0.465 21.5 6.02 11.9 5.97 1.41 11.9 5.97 1.41 21.0 11.2
k HSS 4  4  1/4 0.233 12.2 3.37 7.80 3.90 1.52 7.80 3.90 1.52 12.8 6.56
l HSS 4  2  1/4 0.233 8.78 2.44 4.49 2.25 1.36 1.48 1.48 0.779 3.82 3.05

m HSS 3  3  1/4 0.233 8.78 2.44 3.02 2.01 1.11 3.02 2.01 1.11 5.08 3.52
n HSS 3  2  1/4 0.233 7.08 1.97 2.13 1.42 1.04 1.11 1.11 0.751 2.52 2.23
o HSS 2  2  1/4 0.233 5.38 1.51 0.747 0.747 0.704 0.747 0.747 0.704 1.31 1.41
 Y

X X

X X

Y Y

A9(SI) Properties of steel structural tubing (HSS-shapes) SI units.

Section properties
Design
wall Axis X-X Axis Y-Y Torsional constants
thickness Mass Weight Area
Shape tw per m per m A Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry J C
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg/m) (N/m) (mm2) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3)

a HSS 203  203  12.7 11.8 72.5 711 8710 5.20E07 5.11E05 77.2 5.20E07 5.11E05 77.2 8.49E07 8.59E05
b HSS 203  203  6.4 5.92 38.4 377 4580 2.94E07 2.90E05 80.0 2.94E07 2.90E05 80.0 4.62E07 4.61E05
c HSS 203  102  12.7 11.8 52.2 512 6280 2.99E07 2.93E05 68.8 9.82E06 1.93E05 39.6 2.54E07 4.00E05
d HSS 203  102  6.4 5.92 28.3 277 3380 1.77E07 1.74E05 72.4 5.99E06 1.18E05 42.2 1.47E07 2.23E05
e HSS 203  51  6.4 5.92 23.2 228 2770 1.19E07 1.17E05 65.3 1.22E06 4.82E04 21.0 3.90E06 1.04E05
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 705 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

f HSS 152  152  12.7 11.8 52.2 512 6280 2.01E07 2.64E05 56.6 2.01E07 2.64E05 56.6 3.38E07 4.61E05
g HSS 152  152  6.4 5.92 28.3 277 3380 1.19E07 1.56E05 59.4 1.19E07 1.56E05 59.4 1.90E07 2.52E05
h HSS 152  102  6.4 5.92 23.2 228 2770 8.70E06 1.14E05 55.9 4.62E06 9.11E04 40.9 9.82E06 1.66E05
i HSS 152  51  6.4 5.92 18.2 178 2170 5.45E06 7.16E04 50.0 9.20E05 3.62E04 20.6 2.73E06 7.70E04

j HSS 102  102  12.7 11.8 32.0 314 3880 4.95E06 9.78E04 35.8 4.95E06 9.78E04 35.8 8.74E06 1.84E05
k HSS 102  102  6.4 5.92 18.2 178 2170 3.25E06 6.39E04 38.6 3.25E06 6.39E04 38.6 5.33E06 1.08E05
l HSS 102  51  6.4 5.92 13.1 128 1570 1.87E06 3.69E04 34.5 6.16E05 2.43E04 19.8 1.59E06 5.00E04

m HSS 76  76  6.4 5.92 13.1 128 1570 1.26E06 3.29E04 28.2 1.26E06 3.29E04 28.2 2.11E06 5.77E04
n HSS 76  51  6.4 5.92 10.5 103 1271 8.87E05 2.33E04 26.4 4.62E05 1.82E04 19.1 1.05E06 3.65E04
o HSS 51  51  6.4 5.92 8.01 78.5 974 3.11E05 1.22E04 17.9 3.11E05 1.22E04 17.9 5.45E05 2.31E04

705
706
Y

t1
t
X X
A Centroid
R

x
B
Y
A10 Properties of Aluminum Association standard channels U.S. Customary units.
Section properties

Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

Flange Web
Shape Depth, A Width, B Area Thickness, t1 Thickness, t Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry x
Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in) (in) (in2) (in) (in) (in4) (in3) (in) (in4) (in3) (in) (in)

a C 2 0.577 2.00 1.00 0.491 0.13 0.13 0.288 0.288 0.766 0.045 0.064 0.303 0.298
b C 2 1.071 2.00 1.25 0.911 0.26 0.17 0.546 0.546 0.774 0.139 0.178 0.391 0.471
c C 3 1.135 3.00 1.50 0.965 0.20 0.13 1.41 0.94 1.21 0.22 0.22 0.47 0.49
d C 3 1.597 3.00 1.75 1.358 0.26 0.17 1.97 1.31 1.20 0.42 0.37 0.55 0.62

e C 4 1.738 4.00 2.00 1.478 0.23 0.15 3.91 1.95 1.63 0.60 0.45 0.64 0.65
f C 4 2.331 4.00 2.25 1.982 0.29 0.19 5.21 2.60 1.62 1.02 0.69 0.72 0.78
g C 5 2.212 5.00 2.25 1.881 0.26 0.15 7.88 3.15 2.05 0.98 0.64 0.72 0.73
h C 5 3.089 5.00 2.75 2.627 0.32 0.19 11.14 4.45 2.06 2.05 1.14 0.88 0.95

i C 6 2.834 6.00 2.50 2.410 0.29 0.17 14.35 4.78 2.44 1.53 0.90 0.80 0.79
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 706 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

j C 6 4.030 6.00 3.25 3.427 0.35 0.21 21.04 7.01 2.48 3.76 1.76 1.05 1.12
k C 7 3.205 7.00 2.75 2.725 0.29 0.17 22.09 6.31 2.85 2.10 1.10 0.88 0.84
l C 7 4.715 7.00 3.50 4.009 0.38 0.21 33.79 9.65 2.90 5.13 2.23 1.13 1.20

m C 8 4.147 8.00 3.00 3.526 0.35 0.19 37.40 9.35 3.26 3.25 1.57 0.96 0.93
n C 8 5.789 8.00 3.75 4.923 0.41 0.25 52.69 13.17 3.27 7.13 2.82 1.20 1.22
o C 9 4.983 9.00 3.25 4.237 0.35 0.23 54.41 12.09 3.58 4.40 1.89 1.02 0.93
p C 9 6.970 9.00 4.00 5.927 0.44 0.29 78.31 17.40 3.63 9.61 3.49 1.27 1.25

q C 10  6.136 10.00 3.50 5.218 0.41 0.25 83.22 16.64 3.99 6.33 2.56 1.10 1.02
r C 10  8.360 10.00 4.25 7.109 0.50 0.31 116.15 23.23 4.04 13.02 4.47 1.35 1.34
s C 12  8.274 12.00 4.00 7.036 0.47 0.29 159.76 26.63 4.77 11.03 3.86 1.25 1.14
t C 12  11.822 12.00 5.00 10.053 0.62 0.35 239.69 39.95 4.88 25.74 7.60 1.60 1.61
 Y

t1
t
X X
A Centroid
R

x
B
Y
A10(SI) Properties of Aluminum Association standard channels SI units.
Section properties

Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

Flange Web
Shape Wt/m Depth, A Width, B Area Thickness, t1 Thickness, t Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry x
Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (N/m) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm)

a C 51  0.859 8.42 51 25 317 3.3 3.3 1.20E05 4.72E03 19.46 1.87E04 1.05E03 7.70 7.57
b C 51  1.594 15.63 51 32 588 6.6 4.3 2.27E05 8.95E03 19.66 5.79E04 2.92E03 9.93 12.0
c C 76  1.689 16.57 76 38 623 5.1 3.3 5.87E05 1.54E04 30.73 9.16E04 3.61E03 11.94 12.4
d C 76  2.376 23.31 76 44 876 6.6 4.3 8.20E05 2.15E04 30.48 1.75E05 6.06E03 13.97 15.7

e C 102  2.586 25.37 102 51 954 5.8 3.8 1.63E06 3.20E04 41.40 2.50E05 7.38E03 16.26 16.5
f C 102  3.468 34.03 102 57 1279 7.4 4.8 2.17E06 4.26E04 41.15 4.25E05 1.13E04 18.29 19.8
g C 127  3.291 32.29 127 57 1214 6.6 3.8 3.28E06 5.16E04 52.07 4.08E05 1.05E04 18.29 18.5
h C 127  4.596 45.09 127 70 1695 8.1 4.8 4.64E06 7.29E04 52.32 8.53E05 1.87E04 22.35 24.1
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 707 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

i C 152  4.217 41.37 152 64 1555 7.4 4.3 5.97E06 7.83E04 61.98 6.37E05 1.48E04 20.32 20.1
j C 152  6.00 58.8 152 83 2211 8.9 5.3 8.76E06 1.15E05 62.99 1.56E06 2.88E04 26.67 28.4
k C 178  4.77 46.8 178 70 1758 7.4 4.3 9.19E06 1.03E05 72.39 8.74E05 1.80E04 22.35 21.3
l C 178  7.02 68.8 178 89 2587 9.7 5.3 1.41E07 1.58E05 73.7 2.14E06 3.65E04 28.70 30.5

m C 203  6.17 60.5 203 76 2275 8.9 4.8 1.56E07 1.53E05 82.8 1.35E06 2.57E04 24.38 23.6
n C 203  8.61 84.5 203 95 3176 10.4 6.4 2.19E07 2.16E05 83.1 2.97E06 4.62E04 30.48 31.0
o C 229  7.41 72.7 229 83 2734 8.9 5.8 2.26E07 1.98E05 90.9 1.83E06 3.10E04 25.91 23.6
p C 229  10.37 101.7 229 102 3824 11.2 7.4 3.26E07 2.85E05 92.2 4.00E06 5.72E04 32.26 31.8

q C 254  9.13 89.6 254 89 3367 10.4 6.4 3.46E07 2.73E05 101.3 2.63E06 4.20E04 27.94 25.9
r C 254  12.44 122.0 254 108 4587 12.7 7.9 4.83E07 3.81E05 102.6 5.42E06 7.33E04 34.29 34.0
s C 305  12.31 120.8 305 102 4540 11.9 7.4 6.65E07 4.36E05 121.2 4.59E06 6.33E04 31.75 29.0
t C 305  17.59 172.6 305 127 6486 15.7 8.9 9.98E07 6.55E05 124.0 1.07E07 1.25E05 40.64 40.9

707
708
Y t1
B

R
t
X X A

A11 Properties of Aluminum Association standard I-beam shapes U.S. Customary units.
Section properties

Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

Flange Web
Shape Depth, A Width, B Area Thickness, t1 Thickness, t Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry
Ref. (in) (lb/ft) (in) (in) (in2) (in) (in) (in4) (in3) (in) (in4) (in3) (in)

a I 3 1.637 3.00 2.50 1.392 0.20 0.13 2.24 1.49 1.27 0.52 0.42 0.61
b I 3 2.030 3.00 2.50 1.726 0.26 0.15 2.71 1.81 1.25 0.68 0.54 0.63
c I 4 2.311 4.00 3.00 1.965 0.23 0.15 5.62 2.81 1.69 1.04 0.69 0.73
d I 4 2.793 4.00 3.00 2.375 0.29 0.17 6.71 3.36 1.68 1.31 0.87 0.74

e I 5 3.700 5.00 3.50 3.146 0.32 0.19 13.94 5.58 2.11 2.29 1.31 0.85
f I 6 4.030 6.00 4.00 3.427 0.29 0.19 21.99 7.33 2.53 3.10 1.55 0.95
g I 6 4.692 6.00 4.00 3.990 0.35 0.21 25.5 8.50 2.53 3.74 1.87 0.97
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:17 AM Page 708 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

h I 7 5.800 7.00 4.50 4.932 0.38 0.23 42.89 12.25 2.95 5.78 2.57 1.08

i I 8  6.181 8.00 5.00 5.256 0.35 0.23 59.69 14.92 3.37 7.30 2.92 1.18
j I 8  7.023 8.00 5.00 5.972 0.41 0.25 67.78 16.94 3.37 8.55 3.42 1.20
k I 9  8.361 9.00 5.50 7.110 0.44 0.27 102.02 22.67 3.79 12.22 4.44 1.31

l I 10  8.646 10.00 6.00 7.352 0.41 0.25 132.09 26.42 4.24 14.78 4.93 1.42
m I 10  10.286 10.00 6.00 8.747 0.50 0.29 155.79 31.16 4.22 18.03 6.01 1.44
n I 12  11.672 12.00 7.00 9.925 0.47 0.29 255.57 42.60 5.07 26.90 7.69 1.65
o I 12  14.292 12.00 7.00 12.153 0.62 0.31 317.33 52.89 5.11 35.48 10.14 1.71
 Y t1
B

R
t
X X A

A11(SI) Properties of Aluminum Association standard I-beam shapes SI units.

Section properties

Axis X-X Axis Y-Y

Flange Web
Shape Wt/m Depth, A Width, B Area Thickness, t1 Thickness, t Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry
Ref. (mm) (kg/m) (N/m) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)

a I 76  2.436 23.90 76 64 898 5.1 3.3 9.32E05 2.44E04 32.26 2.16E05 6.88E03 15.49
b I 76  3.021 29.63 76 64 1114 6.6 3.8 1.13E06 2.97E04 31.75 2.83E05 8.85E03 16.00
c I 102  3.439 33.73 102 76 1268 5.8 3.8 2.34E06 4.61E04 42.93 4.33E05 1.13E04 18.54
d I 102  4.156 40.77 102 76 1532 7.4 4.3 2.79E06 5.51E04 42.67 5.45E05 1.43E04 18.80

e I 127  5.506 54.01 127 89 2030 8.1 4.8 5.80E06 9.15E04 53.59 9.53E05 2.15E04 21.59
f I 152  5.997 58.83 152 102 2211 7.4 4.8 9.15E06 1.20E05 64.26 1.29E06 2.54E04 24.13
g I 152  6.982 68.49 152 102 2574 8.9 5.3 1.06E07 1.39E05 64.26 1.56E06 3.06E04 24.64
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 709 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

h I 178  8.630 84.66 178 114 3182 9.7 5.8 1.79E07 2.01E05 74.93 2.41E06 4.21E04 27.43

i I 203  9.197 90.22 203 127 3391 8.9 5.8 2.48E07 2.45E05 85.60 3.04E06 4.79E04 29.97
j I 203  10.45 102.5 203 127 3853 10.4 6.4 2.82E07 2.78E05 85.60 3.56E06 5.61E04 30.48
k I 229  12.44 122.0 229 140 4587 11.2 6.9 4.25E07 3.72E05 96.27 5.09E06 7.28E04 33.27

l I 254  12.87 126.2 254 152 4744 10.4 6.4 5.50E07 4.33E05 107.7 6.15E06 8.08E04 36.07
m I 254  15.31 150.1 254 152 5644 12.7 7.4 6.48E07 5.11E05 107.2 7.50E06 9.85E04 36.58
n I 305  44.50 436.5 305 178 6404 11.9 7.4 1.06E08 6.98E05 128.8 1.12E07 1.26E05 41.91
o I 305  23.80 233.5 305 178 7841 15.7 7.9 1.32E08 8.67E05 129.8 1.48E07 1.66E05 43.43

709
710
A12 Properties of steel pipe U.S. Customary units.

Section properties

Wall Torsional constants

Outside Inside thickness,
Nominal size Diameter Diameter tw Area, A I S r J Zp
Ref. (in) (in) (in) (in) (in2) (in4) (in3) (in) (in4) (in3)

Schedule 40 pipe
a 1/8 in 0.405 0.269 0.068 0.072 1.06E-03 5.25E-03 0.122 2.13E-03 1.05E-02
b 1/4 in 0.540 0.364 0.088 0.125 3.31E-03 1.23E-02 0.163 6.62E-03 2.45E-02
c 3/8 in 0.675 0.493 0.091 0.167 7.29E-03 2.16E-02 0.209 1.46E-02 4.32E-02

d PIPE 1/2 STD 0.840 0.622 0.109 0.250 1.71E-02 4.07E-02 0.261 3.42E-02 8.14E-02
e PIPE 3/4 STD 1.050 0.824 0.113 0.333 3.70E-02 7.05E-02 0.334 7.41E-02 0.1411
f PIPE 1 STD 1.315 1.049 0.133 0.494 8.73E-02 0.1328 0.421 0.1747 0.2657
g PIPE 1-1/4 STD 1.660 1.380 0.140 0.669 0.1947 0.2346 0.540 0.3894 0.4692
h PIPE 1-1/2 STD 1.900 1.610 0.145 0.799 0.3099 0.3262 0.623 0.6198 0.6524

i PIPE 2 STD 2.375 2.067 0.154 1.075 0.6657 0.5606 0.787 1.331 1.121
j PIPE 2-1/2 STD 2.875 2.469 0.203 1.704 1.530 1.064 0.947 3.059 2.128
k PIPE 3 STD 3.500 3.068 0.216 2.228 3.017 1.724 1.164 6.034 3.448
l PIPE 3-1/2 STD 4.000 3.548 0.226 2.680 4.788 2.394 1.337 9.575 4.788
m PIPE 4 STD 4.500 4.026 0.237 3.174 7.233 3.214 1.510 14.47 6.429

n PIPE 5 STD 5.563 5.047 0.258 4.300 15.16 5.451 1.878 30.32 10.90
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 710 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

o PIPE 6 STD 6.625 6.065 0.280 5.581 28.14 8.496 2.245 56.28 16.99
p PIPE 8 STD 8.625 7.981 0.322 8.399 72.49 16.81 2.938 145.0 33.62
q PIPE 10 STD 10.750 10.020 0.365 11.908 160.7 29.90 3.674 321.5 59.81

r 12 in 12.750 11.938 0.406 15.745 300.2 47.09 4.367 600.4 94.18

s 16 in 16.000 15.000 0.500 24.347 731.9 91.49 5.483 1464 183.0
t 18 in 18.000 16.876 0.562 30.788 1171 130.2 6.168 2343 260.3

NOTE: All values shown are for standard schedule 40 steel pipe.
Rows dq conform to AISC standards for dimensions of standard weight pipe. Rows ac and rt do not.
Many other sizes of round hollow structural sections (HSS) are available. See AISC Manual.
 A12(SI) Properties of steel pipe SI units.

Section properties

Wall Torsional constants

Outside Inside Thickness,
Nominal size Diameter Diameter tw Area, A I S r J Zp
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3)

Schedule 40 pipe
a 3.2 mm 10.29 6.83 1.73 46.45 442.7 86.07 3.087 885.4 172.1
b 6.4 mm 13.72 9.25 2.24 80.62 1379 201.0 4.135 2757 402.1
c 9.5 mm 17.15 12.52 2.31 107.7 3035 354.0 5.308 6069 708.0

d PIPE 13 STD 21.34 15.80 2.77 161.5 7114 666.9 6.637 14 228 1334
e PIPE 19 STD 26.67 20.93 2.87 214.6 15416 1156 8.475 30 831 2312
f PIPE 25 STD 33.40 26.64 3.38 318.6 36355 2177 10.68 72 710 4354
g PIPE 32 STD 42.16 35.05 3.56 431.3 81044 3844 13.71 1.62E05 7688
h PIPE 38 STD 48.26 40.89 3.68 515.8 1.29E05 5346 15.81 2.58E05 10 691

i PIPE 51 STD 60.33 52.50 3.91 693.2 2.77E05 9187 19.99 5.54E05 18 374
j PIPE 64 STD 73.03 62.71 5.16 1099 6.37E05 17 436 24.06 1.27E06 34 873
k PIPE 75 STD 88.90 77.93 5.49 1438 1.26E06 28 253 29.55 2.51E06 56 506
l PIPE 89 STD 101.6 90.12 5.74 1729 1.99E06 39 228 33.95 3.99E06 78 457
m PIPE 102 STD 114.3 102.3 6.02 2048 3.01E06 52 676 38.34 6.02E06 1.05E05

n PIPE 127 STD 141.3 128.2 6.55 2774 6.31E06 89327 47.70 1.26E07 1.79E05
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 711 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

o PIPE 152 STD 168.3 154.1 7.11 3601 1.17E07 1.39E05 57.04 2.34E07 2.78E05
p PIPE 203 STD 219.1 202.7 8.18 5419 3.02E07 2.75E05 74.62 6.03E07 5.51E05
q PIPE 254 STD 273.1 254.5 9.27 7683 6.69E07 4.90E05 93.32 1.34E08 9.80E05

r 305 mm 323.9 303.2 10.31 10 158 1.25E08 7.72E05 110.9 2.50E08 1.54E06
s 406 mm 406.4 381.0 12.70 15 708 3.05E08 1.50E06 139.3 6.09E08 3.00E06
t 457 mm 457.2 428.7 14.27 19 863 4.88E08 2.13E06 156.7 9.75E08 4.27E06

NOTE: All values shown are for standard schedule 40 steel pipe, converted to SI units.
Rows dq conform to AISC standards for dimensions of standard weight pipe. Rows ac and rt do not.
Many other sizes of round hollow structural sections (HSS) are available. See AISC Manual.

711
712
Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD
A13 Properties of steel mechanical tubing U.S. Customary units.
Section properties
Wall Torsional constants
6/8/10

Outside Inside thickness,

Nominal size Diameter Diameter tw Area, A I S r J Zp
Ref. OD (in) Wall gage (in) (in) (in) (in2) (in4) (in3) (in) (in4) (in3)
1
a 2 17 0.500 0.384 0.058 0.081 0.00200 0.00800 0.158 0.00400 0.0160
7:01 PM

1
b 2 14 0.500 0.334 0.083 0.109 0.00246 0.00983 0.150 0.00491 0.0197
c 1 16 1.000 0.870 0.065 0.191 0.0210 0.0419 0.331 0.0419 0.0839
d 1 10 1.000 0.732 0.134 0.365 0.0350 0.0700 0.310 0.0700 0.140
Page 712

e 112 16 1.500 1.370 0.065 0.293 0.0756 0.101 0.508 0.151 0.202
f 112 10 1.500 1.232 0.134 0.575 0.135 0.181 0.485 0.271 0.361
g 2 16 2.000 1.870 0.065 0.395 0.185 0.185 0.685 0.370 0.370
h 2 10 2.000 1.732 0.134 0.786 0.344 0.344 0.661 0.687 0.687

i 212 10 2.500 2.232 0.134 0.996 0.699 0.559 0.838 1.398 1.119
j 212 5 2.500 2.060 0.220 1.576 1.034 0.827 0.810 2.067 1.654
k 3 10 3.000 2.732 0.134 1.207 1.241 0.828 1.014 2.483 1.655
l 3 5 3.000 2.560 0.220 1.921 1.868 1.245 0.986 3.736 2.490

m 312 10 3.500 3.232 0.134 1.417 2.010 1.149 1.191 4.020 2.297
n 312 5 3.500 3.060 0.220 2.267 3.062 1.750 1.162 6.125 3.500
o 4 5 4.000 3.560 0.220 2.613 4.682 2.341 1.339 9.364 4.682
p 4 1 4.000 3.400 0.300 3.487 6.007 3.003 1.312 12.013 6.007

q 412 5 4.500 4.060 0.220 2.958 6.791 3.018 1.515 13.583 6.037
r 412 1 4.500 3.900 0.300 3.958 8.773 3.899 1.489 17.546 7.798
s 5 5 5.000 4.560 0.220 3.304 9.456 3.782 1.692 18.911 7.564
t 5 1 5.000 4.400 0.300 4.430 12.281 4.912 1.665 24.562 9.825
 A13(SI) Properties of steel mechanical tubing SI units.
Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD

Section properties
Wall Torsional constants
Outside Inside thickness,
6/8/10

Nominal size Diameter Diameter tw Area, A I S r J Zp

Ref. OD (mm) Wall gage (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3)

a 12.7 17 12.70 9.754 1.473 51.96 833 131.1 4.00 1665 262.3
7:01 PM

b 12.7 14 12.70 8.484 2.108 70.15 1023 161.1 3.82 2045 322.1
c 25.4 16 25.40 22.098 1.651 123.2 8726 687.1 8.42 1.75E04 1374
d 25.4 10 25.40 18.593 3.404 235.2 1.46E04 1147 7.87 2.91E04 2294

e 38.1 16 38.10 34.798 1.651 189.1 3.15E04 1651 12.9 6.29E04 3303
Page 713

f 38.1 10 38.10 31.293 3.404 371.0 5.64E04 2959 12.3 1.13E05 5918
g 50.8 16 50.80 47.498 1.651 254.9 7.71E04 3034 17.4 1.54E05 6068
h 50.8 10 50.80 43.993 3.404 506.8 1.43E05 5632 16.8 2.86E05 1.13E04

i 63.5 10 63.50 56.693 3.404 642.6 2.91E05 9166 21.3 5.82E05 1.83E04
j 63.5 5 63.50 52.324 5.588 1017 4.30E05 1.35E04 20.6 8.60E05 2.71E04
k 76.2 10 76.20 69.393 3.404 778.4 5.17E05 1.36E04 25.8 1.03E06 2.71E04
l 76.2 5 76.20 65.024 5.588 1240 7.77E05 2.04E04 25.0 1.55E06 4.08E04

m 88.9 10 88.90 82.093 3.404 914.2 8.37E05 1.88E04 30.3 1.67E06 3.76E04
n 88.9 5 88.90 77.724 5.588 1463 1.27E06 2.87E04 29.5 2.55E06 5.74E04
o 101.6 5 101.60 90.424 5.588 1686 1.95E06 3.84E04 34.0 3.90E06 7.67E04
p 101.6 1 101.60 86.360 7.620 2250 2.50E06 4.92E04 33.3 5.00E06 9.84E04

q 114.3 5 114.30 103.124 5.588 1908 2.83E06 4.95E04 38.5 5.65E06 9.89E04
r 114.3 1 114.30 99.060 7.620 2554 3.65E06 6.39E04 37.8 7.30E06 1.28E05
s 127.0 5 127.00 115.824 5.588 2131 3.94E06 6.20E04 43.0 7.87E06 1.24E05
t 127.0 1 127.00 111.760 7.620 2858 5.11E06 8.05E04 42.3 1.02E07 1.61E05

713
 714 Appendix

A14 Typical properties of carbon and alloy steels.*

Ultimate Yield
strength, su strength, sy
Material Percent
AISI no. Condition ksi MPa ksi MPa elongation

1020 Annealed 57 393 43 296 36

1020 Hot-rolled 65 448 48 331 36
1020 Cold-drawn 75 517 64 441 20
1040 Annealed 75 517 51 352 30
1040 Hot-rolled 90 621 60 414 25
1040 Cold-drawn 97 669 82 565 16
1040 WQT 700 127 876 93 641 19
1040 WQT 900 118 814 90 621 22
1040 WQT 1100 107 738 80 552 24
1040 WQT 1300 87 600 63 434 32
1080 Annealed 89 614 54 372 25
1080 OQT 700 189 1303 141 972 12
1080 OQT 900 179 1234 129 889 13
1080 OQT 1100 145 1000 103 710 17
1080 OQT 1300 117 807 70 483 23
1141 Annealed 87 600 51 352 26
1141 Cold-drawn 112 772 95 655 14
1141 OQT 700 193 1331 172 1186 9
1141 OQT 900 146 1007 129 889 15
1141 OQT 1100 116 800 97 669 20
1141 OQT 1300 94 648 68 469 28
4140 Annealed 95 655 60 414 26
4140 OQT 700 231 1593 212 1462 12
4140 OQT 900 187 1289 173 1193 15
4140 OQT 1100 147 1014 131 903 18
4140 OQT 1300 118 814 101 696 23
5160 Annealed 105 724 40 276 17
5160 OQT 700 263 1813 238 1641 9
5160 OQT 900 196 1351 179 1234 12
5160 OQT 1100 149 1027 132 910 17
5160 OQT 1300 115 793 103 710 23

*Other properties approximately the same for all carbon and alloy steels:
Modulus of elasticity in tension = 30 000 000 psi (207 GPa)
Modulus of elasticity in shear = 11 500 000 psi (80 GPa)
Density = 0.283 lbm/in3 (7680 kg/m3)
OQT means oil-quenched and tempered. WQT means water-quenched and tempered.

[Link] 5 05/02/15 6:37 PM

 A15 Typical properties of stainless steels and nonferrous metals.
Ultimate Yield Modulus of
strength, su strength, sy Density elasticity, E
Material and Percent
condition ksi MPa ksi MPa elongation lb/in3 kg/m3 psi GPa

Stainless steels
AISI 301 annealed 110 758 40 276 60 0.290 8030 28  106 193
AISI 301 full hard 185 1280 140 965 8 0.290 8030 28  106 193
AISI 430 annealed 75 517 40 276 30 0.280 7750 29  106 200
AISI 430 full hard 90 621 80 552 15 0.280 7750 29  106 200
AISI 501 annealed 70 483 30 207 28 0.280 7750 29  106 200
AISI 501OQT 1000 175 1210 135 931 15 0.280 7750 29  106 200
17-4PH H900 210 1450 185 1280 14 0.281 7780 28.5  106 197
PH 13-8 Mo H1000 215 1480 205 1410 13 0.279 7720 29.4  106 203

Copper and its alloys

C14500 copper, soft 32 221 10 69 50 0.323 8940 17  106 117
hard 48 331 44 303 20
C17200 Beryllium copper, soft 72 496 20 138 20 0.298 8250 19  106 131
hard 195 1344 145 1000 4
C36000 brass, soft 44 305 18 124 20 0.308 8530 16  106 110
hard 70 480 35 240 4
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 715 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

C54400 bronze, hard 68 469 57 393 20 0.318 8800 17  106 117

Magnesiumcast
ASTM AZ 63A-T6 40 276 19 131 5 0.066 1830 6.5  106 45
Zinccast-ZA 12 58 400 47 324 5 0.218 6030 12  106 83

715
716
A15 (continued )
Titanium and its alloys
Pure alpha Ti-65A
Wrought 65 448 55 379 18 0.163 4515 15  106 103
Alpha alloy Ti-0.2Pd
Wrought 50 345 40 276 20 0.163 4515 14.9  106 103
Beta alloy Ti-3Al-13V-11Cr
Aged 185 1280 175 1210 6 0.176 4875 16.0  106 110
Alpha-beta alloy Ti-6A1-4V
Aged 170 1170 155 1070 8 0.160 4432 16.5  106 114

Nickel-based alloys
N06600annealed
70F (21C) 93 640 37 255 45 0.304 8420 30  106 207
800F (427C) 89 614 30 207 49
1200F (649C) 65 448 27 186 39
N0611040% cold worked
70F (21C) 175 1205 150 1034 18 0.302 8330 30  106 207
500F (260C) 130 896 18
800F (427C) 120 827 18
N04400annealed [At 70F (21C]
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 716 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

Annealed 80 550 30 207 50 0.318 8800 26  106 181

Cold drawn 100 690 75 517 30

This can be used as specific weight or mass density in lbm  in3.
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 717 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

Appendix 717

A16 Properties of structural steels.

Ultimate Yield Percent
strength, su* strength, sy*
Material elongation
ASTM no. and products ksi MPa ksi MPa in 2 in

A36Carbon steel: shapes,

plates, and bars 58 400 36 248 21
A 53grade B-pipe 60 414 35 240
A242HSLA corrosion resistants:
shapes, plates, and bars
34 in thick 70 483 50 345 21
3 1
4 to 12 in thick 67 462 46 317 21
1
12 to 4 in thick 63 434 42 290 21
A500Cold-formed structural tubing
Round, grade B 58 400 42 290 23
Round grade C 62 427 46 317 21
Shaped, grade B 58 400 46 317 23
Shaped, grade C 62 427 50 345 21
A501Hot-formed structural tubing,
round or shaped 58 400 36 248 23
A514Quenched and tempered
alloy steel; plate
212 in thick 110 758 100 690 18
212 to 6 in thick 100 690 90 620 16
A572HSLA columbium-vanadium
steel: shapes, plates and bars
Grade 42 60 414 42 290 24
Grade 50 65 448 50 345 21
Grade 60 75 517 60 414 18
Grade 65 80 552 65 448 17
A913HSLA, grade 65: shapes 80 552 65 448 17
A992HSLA: W-Shapes only 65 448 50 345 21

*Minimum values; may range higher.

HSLA-High strength low-alloy
The American Institute of Steel Construction specifies E  29  106 psi (200 GPa) for structural steel.
 718 Appendix

A17 Typical properties of cast iron.*

Yield
Ultimate strength strength
Modulus of
su suc sus syt elasticity, E
Material type Percent
and grade ksi MPa ksi MPa ksi MPa ksi MPa psi GPa elongation

Gray iron ASTM A48

Grade 20 20 138 80 552 32 221 12.2 106 84 <1
Grade 40 40 276 140 965 57 393 19.4 106 134 <0.8
Grade 60 55 379 170 1170 72 496 21.5 106 148 <0.5
Ductile iron ASTM A536
60-40-18 60 414 57 393 40 276 24 106 165 18
80-55-6 80 552 73 503 55 379 24 106 165 6
100-70-3 100 690 70 483 24 106 165 3
120-90-2 120 827 180 1240 90 621 23 106 159 2
Austempered ductile iron (ADI)
Grade 1 125 862 80 552 24 106 165 10
Grade 2 150 1034 100 690 24 106 165 7
Grade 3 175 1207 125 862 24 106 165 4
Grade 4 200 1379 155 1069 24 106 159 1
Malleable iron ASTM A220
45008 65 448 240 1650 49 338 45 310 26 106 170 8
60004 80 552 240 1650 65 448 60 414 27 106 186 4
80002 95 655 240 1650 75 517 80 552 27 106 186 2
*The density of cast iron ranges from 0.25 to 0.27 lb /in3 (6920 to 7480 kg/m3).
m

Minimum values; may range higher.

Approximate values; may range higher or lower by about 15%.

A18 Typical properties of aluminum alloys.*

Ultimate Yield Shear
Alloy strength, su strength, sy strength, sus
and Percent
temper ksi MPa ksi MPa elongation ksi MPa

1100-H12 16 110 15 103 25 10 69

1100-H18 24 165 22 152 15 13 90
2014-0 27 186 14 97 18 18 124
2014-T4 62 427 42 290 20 38 262
2014-T6 70 483 60 414 13 42 290
3003-0 16 110 6 41 40 11 76
3003-H12 19 131 18 124 20 12 83
3003-H18 29 200 27 186 10 16 110
5154-0 35 241 17 117 27 22 152
5154-H32 39 269 30 207 15 22 152
5154-H38 48 331 39 269 10 28 193
6061-0 18 124 8 55 30 12 83
6061-T4 35 241 21 145 25 24 165
6061-T6 45 310 40 276 17 30 207
7075-0 33 228 15 103 16 22 152
7075-T6 83 572 73 503 11 48 331
Casting alloys
(permanent mold castings)
204.0T4 48 331 29 200 8
206.0T6 65 445 59 405 6
356.0T6 41 283 30 207 10
*
Modulus of elasticity E for most aluminum alloys, including 1100, 3003, 6061, and 6063, is 10 106 psi
(69.0 Gpa). For 2014, E = 10.6 106 psi (73.1 GPa). For 5154, E = 10.2 106 psi (70.3 GPa). For 7075,
E = 10.4 106 psi (71.7 GPa). Density of most aluminum alloys is approximately 0.10 lbm/in3 (2770 kg/m3).

[Link] 6 05/02/15 6:37 PM

[Link] 7
A19 Typical properties of wood.
Allowable stress

Compression
Tension
parallel Horizontal Perpendicular Parallel Modulus of
Bending to grain shear to grain to grain elasticity

Type and grade psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa ksi GPa

Douglas fir2 to 4 in
thick, 6 in and wider
No. 1 1750 12.1 1050 7.2 95 0.66 385 2.65 1250 8.62 1800 12.4
No. 2 1450 10.0 850 5.9 95 0.66 385 2.65 1000 6.90 1700 11.7
No. 3 800 5.5 475 3.3 95 0.66 385 2.65 600 4.14 1500 10.3
Hemlock2 to 4 in thick,
6 in and wider
No. 1 1400 9.6 825 5.7 75 0.52 245 1.69 1000 6.90 1500 10.3
No. 2 1150 7.9 675 4.7 75 0.52 245 1.69 800 5.52 1400 9.7
No. 3 625 4.3 375 2.6 75 0.52 245 1.69 500 3.45 1200 8.3
Southern pine 2 to 4
in thick, 6 in and wider
No. 1 1400 9.6 825 5.7 80 0.55 270 1.86 850 5.86 1600 11.0
No. 2 1000 6.9 575 4.0 70 0.48 230 1.59 550 3.79 1300 9.0
No. 3 650 4.5 375 2.6 70 0.48 230 1.59 400 2.76 1300 9.0

719

05/02/15 6:37 PM
720
A20 Typical properties of selected plastics.
Impact
Tensile Tensile Flexural Flexural strength IZOD
strength modulus strength modulus (ft1b/in
Material Type (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) (ksi) (MPa) of notch)

Nylon 66 Dry 21.0 146 1200 8700 32.0 221 1100 7900
30% Glass 50% R.H. 15.0 102 800 5500
ABS Medium-impact 6.0 41 360 2480 11.5 79 310 2140 4.0
High-impact 5.0 34 250 1720 8.0 55 260 1790 7.0
Polycarbonate General-purpose 9.0 62 340 2340 11.0 76 300 2070 12.0
Acrylic Standard 10.5 72 430 2960 16.0 110 460 3170 0.4
High-impact 5.4 37 220 1520 7.0 48 230 1590 1.2
PVC Rigid 6.0 41 350 2410 300 2070 0.420.0
(varies widely)
Polyimide 25% graphite 5.7 39 12.8 88 900 6210 0.25
powder filler
Glass-fiber filler 27.0 186 50.0 345 3250 22 400 17.0
Laminate 50.0 345 70.0 483 4000 27 580 13.0
Acetal Copolymer 8.0 55 410 2830 13.0 90 375 2590 1.3
Polyurethane Elastomer 5.0 34 100 690 0.6 4 No break
Phenolic General 6.5 45 1100 7580 9.0 62 1100 7580 0.3
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 720 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

Polyester with glass-fiber mat reinforcement (approx. 30% glass by weight)

Lay-up, contact mold 9.0 62 16.0 110 800 5520
Cold press molded 12.0 83 22.0 152 1300 8960
Compression molded 25.0 172 10.0 69 1300 8960
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 721 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

Appendix 721

A21 Design stress guidelines.

Direct Normal StressesGeneral machine and structural design

Manner of Ductile Materials Brittle Materials

loading (% Elongation 5%) (% Elongation 5%)
Static loads sd  sy 2 sd  su 6
Repeated loads sd  su 8 sd  su 10
Impact or shock sd  su 12 sd  su 15
Direct Normal StressesStatic loads on steel members of building-like structures
AISC Code: sd  sy 1.67  0.60 sy or sd  su 2.00  0.50 su
Whichever is lower.
Direct Normal StressesStatic loads on aluminum members of building-like structures
Aluminum Association: sd  sy 1.65  0.61 sy or sd  su 1.95  0.51 su
Whichever is lower.
Design Shear StressesFor direct shear and for torsional shear stresses
Based on maximum shear stress theory of failure:
td  sys N  0.5 sy N  sy 2N

Manner of Design Design

loading factor shear stress
Static loads Use N  2 td  sy 4
Repeated loads Use N  4 td  sy 8
Shock or impact Use N  6 td  sy 12

Estimates for the Ultimate Strength in Shear

Formula Material
sus  0.65 su Aluminum alloys
sus  0.82 su SteelPlain carbon and alloy
sus  0.90 su Malleable iron and copper alloys
sus  1.30 su Gray cast iron

Allowable Bearing Stress

SteelFlat surfaces or the projected area of pins in reamed, drilled, or bored holes:
sbd  0.90 sy
Allowable Bearing Load, Ra,Steel roller on flat steel plate
U.S. Customary Units SI Metric Units
Ra  (sy 13) (0.03 dL) Ra  (sy 90) (3.0  10 5dL)
Where: Ra  Allowable bearing load in kips or kN
sy  Yield strength of steel in ksi or MPa
d  Roller diameter in inches or mm
L  Length of roller in inches or mm

(continued)
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 722 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

722 Appendix

A21 (continued)0

Allowable bearing stresses on masonry and soils for use in this book.
Allowable bearing stress, bd

Material psi MPa

Sandstone and limestone 400 2.76
Brick in cement mortar 250 1.72
Solid hard rock 350 2.41
Shale or medium rock 140 0.96
Soft rock 70 0.48
Hard clay or compact gravel 55 0.38
Soft clay or loose sand 15 0.10

Concrete: sbd = Kf c = 10.342A2 >A12f c (But maximum sbd = 0.68 f c)

Where: f c  Rated strength of concrete

A1  Bearing area
A2  Full area of the support

.70

.60

K = 0.34 A2/A1 .50

.40
.35

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

A2/A1
F F
A1 = Bearing area
Steel A2 = Support area
Steel

Concrete Concrete
A2/A1 = 1.0 A2/A1 > 1.0
Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD 8/24/09 3:40 PM Page 723

Appendix 723

A21 (continued)

Allowable Bearing Stresses on Masonry and Soils

Allowable bearing stress, sbd
Material psi MPa
Sandstone and limestone 400 2.76
Brick in cement mortar 250 1.72
Solid hard rock 350 2.41
Shale or medium rock 140 0.96
Soft rock 70 0.42
Hard clay or compact gravel 55 0.38
Soft clay or loose sand 15 0.10

Concrete: sbd = Kf c = (0.34 2A2>A1)f c (But maximum sbd = 0.68f c)

Where: f c 5 Rated
strength of concrete
A1 5 Bearing area
A2 5 Full area of the support

Design Bending StressesGeneral machine and structural design

Manner of Ductile Materials Brittle Materials

loading (% Elongation .5%) (% Elongation ,5%)
Static loads sd 5 sy /2 sd 5 su /6
Repeated loads sd 5 su /8 sd 5 su /10
Impact or shock sd 5 su /12 sd 5 su /15
Design Bending StressesAISC specifications for structural steel carrying static loads on building-
like structures
sd 5 sy /1.5 5 0.66 sy
Design Bending StressesAluminum Association specifications for aluminum carrying static
loads on building-like structures
sd 5 sy /1.65 5 0.61 sy or sd 5 su /1.95 5 0.51 su
Whichever is lower.
Design Shear Stresses for Beams in Bending
Rolled structural steel beam shapesallowable web shear stress (AISC)
td 5 0.40 sy
General ductile materials carrying static loads: Based on yield strength of the material in shear
with design factor, N 5 2:
td 5 sys /N 5 0.5 sy /N 5 sy /2N 5 sy /2(2) 5 sy /4 5 0.25 sy
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/4/08 3:19 AM Page 724 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

724 Appendix

A22 Stress Concentration Factors

A221 Axially loaded grooved round bar in tension.

2.5

2.4 D/dg = 2.0

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.0
D/dg = 1.2

1.9

D/dg = 1.1
1.8
Kt

1.7
D/dg = 1.05

1.6
r = Groove radius
1.5

F dg F
1.4 D

1.3
max = Kt nom
1.2 nom = F/(d2g/4)

1.1

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
r/dg
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/4/08 3:19 AM Page 725 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

Appendix 725

A222 Axially loaded stepped round bar in tension.

2.5

2.4 F d F
D
2.3
r = Fillet radius

2.2 max = K
t nom
nom = F/(d2g/4)
2.1
D/d = 3.0

2.0

1.9
D/d = 2.0

1.8
Kt

1.7
D/d = 1.1
D/d = 1.2
1.6

1.5
D/d = 1.05
1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
r/d
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/4/08 3:19 AM Page 726 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

726 Appendix

A223 Axially loaded stepped flat plate in tension.

3.4
Thickness = t

F F
3.0 H h max = Kt nom

nom = F = F
2.6 Amin t h
r

Kt
2.2

1.8 H/h = 2.0

1.2
1.4 1.1
1.01
1.0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32
r/ h
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/4/08 3:19 AM Page 727 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

Appendix 727

A224 Flat plate with central hole in tension and bending

5.0
Thickness = t

4.0 d w

Basic geometry

Kt 3.0 max = Kt nom

nom based on
A B net section

2.0

1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
d/w

Curve A Curve B Curve C

Direct tension Tension load Bending in
on plate applied through the plane of
a pin in the hole the plate

nom = F = F nom = F = F nom = Mc = 6Mw

3 3
Anet (w d)t Anet (w d)t Inet (w d )t

M M
F F = total load
Note: Kt = 1.0 for d/w < 0.5
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/4/08 3:20 AM Page 728 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

728 Appendix

A225 Round bar with transverse hole in tension, bending, and torsion.

BA C
11.0

10.0
d
9.0 D

8.0 Basic geometry

7.0
A
Kt 6.0
g

5.0 C

4.0
B
3.0

2.0

1.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
d/D

Note: Ktg is based on the nominal stress in a round

bar without a hole (gross section).

max=Kt gross tmax=Kt tgross

g g

Curve A Curve B Curve C

Tension Bending Torsion
F F

M M T T

gross = F = F gross = M = M tgross = T = T

A D2/4 S D3/32 Zp D3/16
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 729 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

Appendix 729

A226 Grooved round bar in torsion.

2.5

2.4 r = Groove radius

T
2.3
T
D dg
2.2

2.1
tmax=Kt tnom
2.0 tnom=T / (dg3/16)

1.9

1.8
D/dg = 2.0
Kt 1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4
D/dg = 1.2

1.3

1.2
D/dg = 1.05
1.1

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
r/dg
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/4/08 3:20 AM Page 730 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

730 Appendix

A227 Stepped round bar in torsion.

T r = Fillet radius

D d T tmax=Kt tnom
tnom=T / (dg3/16)

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6
D = 2.5
Kt 1.5 d
D = 1.67
1.4 d
D = 1.11
1.3 d
D = 1.25
1.2 d

1.1

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
r/dg
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 731 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

Appendix 731

A228 Grooved round bar in bending.

2.5
r = Groove radius
2.4 M M

2.3 dg
D

2.2
smax = Kt snom
2.1 snom = M/( d 3g /32)

2.0

1.9

1.8
D/dg = 2.0
Kt
1.7
D/dg = 1.2
1.6
D/dg = 1.05
1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
r/dg
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/4/08 3:21 AM Page 732 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

732 Appendix

A229 Stepped round bar in bending.

2.5
M M
2.4
D d
2.3
r = Fillet radius
2.2
smax = Kt snom
2.1 snom = M/(p d 3/32)

2.0 D/d = 3.0

1.9
D/d = 2.0
1.8
Kt D/d = 1.50
1.7
D/d = 1.2
1.6
D/d = 1.10
D/d = 1.05
1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
r/d
Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD 8/24/09 3:42 PM Page 733

Appendix 733

A2210 Stepped flat plate in bending.

3.4

Thickness = t
3.0 smax = Kt snom
H h
M M
snom = =
Smin t h2/6
2.6
M M
r

Kt 2.2

1.8

H/h = 2.0
1.4
1.2
1.01
1.05
1.0
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32
r/h

A2211 Shafts with keyseats

bending and torsion.
Type of keyseat K*t
Sled-runner 1.6
Profile 2.0
*Kt is to be applied to the stress computed for
the full nominal diameter of the shaft where the
keyseat is located.
Z01_MOTT8490_05_SE_APP.QXD 6/9/10 4:05 PM Page 734

734 Appendix

P - PL3
y yB = ymax = at center
L/2 48EI
A B C

x
Between A and B:
L - Px
y = (3L2 - 4x2)
(a) 48EI

Pab(L + b)23a(L + b)
y max =
27EIL
at x1 = 2a(L + b)3
a>b P - Pa2b2
c yB = at load
a b 3EIL
A x1 B C D
Between A and B (the longer segment):
x v
- Pbx 2
L y = (L - b2 - x2)
6EIL

Between B and C (the shorther segment):

-Pav 2
y = (L - v 2 - a2)
6EIL

At end of overhang at D:
Pabc
yD = (L + a)
(b) 6EIL

-Pa
yE = ymax = (3L2 - 4a2) at center
24EI
P P -Pa2
yB = yC = (3L - 4a) at loads
a a 6EI
E
A B C D
Between A and B:
x
-Px
L y = (3aL - 3a2 - x2)
6EI

Between B and C:
-Pa
y = (3Lx - 3x 2 - a2)
(c) 6EI
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 735 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

Appendix 735

A23 (continued)

- 5wL4 - 5WL3
yB = ymax = = at center
384EI 384EI
Total load = W = wL Between A and B:
w = uniformily distributed load
A B C - wx 3
y = (L - 2Lx 2 + x 3)
D 24EI
x L/2 a
L At D at end:
wL3a
yD =
(d ) 24EI

Between A and B:
w = uniformily
A distributed load B - wx 2
C y = [a (2L - a)2 - 2ax 2(2L - a) + Lx 3 ]
24EIL
a
Between B and C:
x
L
- wa2(L - x)
y = (4Lx - 2x 2 - a 2)
(e) 24EIL

MB = concentrated moment at B

y Between A and B:
x
c a6a - d
MB -MB 3a2 x3
y = - 2Lbx -
A B C 6EI L L
a b Between B and C:
L
c 3a2 + 3x 2 - bx d
x3 3a2
- a2L +
MB
y =
(f) 6EI L L

RA P At C at end of overhang:

- Pa2
yC = (L + a)
A x D B C 3EI
0.577L
RB At D, maximum upward deflection:
L a PaL2
yD = 0.06415
(g) EI
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 736 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

736 Appendix

A23 (continued)

Total load = W = wL
At C at center:

c (L - 2a) - bd
-W(L - 2a)3 5 a2
a
w = uniformly distributed load 24
y =
A 384EI L L L - 2a
B D E
C
a a At A and E at ends:
L
c - 1 + 6a b d
-W(L - 2a)3a 2 3
b + 3a
a a
y =
(h) 24EIL L - 2a L - 2a

P P At C at center:

B D PL2a
y =
A C E 8EI
a a At A and E at ends at loads:
L /2
L - Pa2
aa + Lb
3
y =
(i) 3EI 2

w = uniformly distributed load At B:

wa2L2
y = 0.03208
EI
A B C D
0.577L At D at end:
L a - wa3
y = (4L + 3a)
( j) 24EI
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 737 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

Appendix 737

At B at end:
y P - PL3
L yB = ymax =
A B 3EI

Between A and B:
x
- Px2
y = (3L - x)
(a) 6EI

At B at load:

- Pa3
yB =
3EI

L At C at end:

P - Pa2
yC = ymax = (3L - a)
a b 6EI
A B C Between A and B:

x - Px 2
y = (3a - x)
6EI

Between B and C:
- Pa2
y = (3x - a)
(b) 6EI

W  total load  wL

L At B at end:

- WL3
w  uniformly distributed load yB = ymax =
A B 8EI

x
Between A and B:
-Wx2
y = [2L2 + (2L - x)2]
(c) 24EIL

MB  concentrated moment at end

L At B at end:
- MB L2
yB = ymax =
A B 2EI

x
Between A and B:
MB
- MB x 2
y =
(d) 2EI
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 738 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

738 Appendix

P y Deflections
L/2 L/2 At B at load:
A B D C

0.447L - 7 PL3
MA L yB =
11
RA 16 P 5
RC 16 P 768 EI
x v ymax is at v = 0.447L at D:
11
P
16 - PL3
yD = ymax =
Shearing 107EI
force,V 0
16 P
5

5PL Between A and B:

 MB
32
Bending - Px2
moment, y = (9L - 11x)
96EI
M
0
Between B and C:
3PL
 MA - Pv
16
y = (3L2 - 5v2)
(a) 96EI

Reactions

Pb
RA = (3L2 - b2 )
2L3
Pa2
RC = (b + 2L)
L 2L3
P
a b Moments
A B C C
- Pab
MA = (b + L)
2L2
MA
RA RC Pa2b
x v MB = (b + 2L)
RA 2L3
Shearing Deflections
force,V
0 At B at load:

- Pa3b2
RC yB = (3L + b)
MB 12EIL3
Bending Between A and B:
moment,
0
M - Px2b
y = (3C1 - C2x)
MA 12EIL3
C1 = aL(L + b); C2 = (L + a)(L + b) + aL

Between B and C:
- Pa2v
y = [3L2b - v 2(3L - a)]
(b) 12EIL3
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:18 AM Page 739 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

Appendix 739

A25 (continued)

Ractions

W = total load = wL y 5
RA = W
8
w = uniformly distributed load 3
A
RB = W
D C B 8
L/2
MA 0.579L Moments
RA RB
L MA = - 0.125WL
x
RA ME = 0.0703WL
Shearing 3
8L Deflections
force, V
At C at x  0.579L:
0
E RB
- WL3
L/ ME = Mmax yC = ymax =
4 185EI
Bending
A
At D at center:
moment, 0 B
M - WL3
yD =
192EI
MA
Between A and B:
-Wx 2(L - x)
y = (3L - 2x)
(c) 48EIL

RA P Reactions
MA L a
A C - 3Pa
RA =
B 2L

b
RB 3a
RB = Pa1 +
2L
P

Moments
Shearing
force, V 0
Pa
RA MA =
2
MA MB = - Pa
Bending
moment, 0
Deflection
M
At C at end:

- PL3 a2 a3
a 2 + b
MB
yC =
(d ) EI 4L 3L3
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:19 AM Page 740 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

740 Appendix

A25 (continued)
L
y Moments
P
L/2
A B C PL
MA = MB = MC =
8
MA MC
RA = P/2 RC = P/2
x Deflections
Shearing
RA At B at center:
force, V
0
- PL3
RC yB = ymax =
L/ 192EI
4 MB = PL/8

Bending Between A and B:

moment, 0
M
MA MC - Px2
y = (3L - 4x)
(e) 48EI
Reactions
Pb2
RA = (3a + b)
L3
Pa2
RC = (3b + a)
L3
L
P Moments
a b - Pab2
(a > b) D MA =
A B C L2
x v 2Pa2b2
MA x1 MC MB =
RA RC
L3
- Pa2b
MC =
L2
RA Deflections
Shearing
force, V At B at load:
0
- Pa3b3
yB =
3EIL3
RC
2aL
At D at x1 =
MB 3a + b
Bending
- 2Pa3b2
0
yD = ymax =
moment, 3EI(3a + b)2
M MA
MC Between A and B (longer segment):
- Px 2b2
y = [2a(L - x) + L(a - x)]
6EIL3
Between B and C (shorter segment):
- Pv 2a2
y = [2b(L - v) + L(b - v)]
(f) 6EIL3
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:19 AM Page 741 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

Appendix 741

A25 (continued)

L Moments
y W = total load = wL
-WL
MA = MC =
w = uniformly distributed load 12
A
B C WL
x MB =
MA MC 24
L/2
RA = W/2 RC = W/2 Deflections
At B at center:
- WL3
RA yB = ymax =
384EI
Shearing
force, V 0 Between A and C:

- wx 2
RC y = (L - x)2
24EI
MB
Bending
moment, 0
M

MA MC
(g)

Reactions
w = uniformly distributed load 3wL
RA = RC =
A B C 8
x1 x1
L L RB = 1.25wL
RA RB RC Shearing forces
3wL
VA = VC = RA = RC =
VB 8
VA 5wL
Shearing VB =
force, V 8
0
Moments
VC
VB
MD = ME = 0.0703wL2
3L 3L
8 8 MB = - 0.125wL2
MD ME
Deflections
Bending At x1  0.4215L from A or C:
moment, 0
M - wL4
A D E C ymax =
185EI
MB
Between A and B:
B
-w 3
y = (L x - 3Lx 3 + 2x4)
(h) 48EI
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:19 AM Page 742 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

742 Appendix

A25 (continued)
y
Reactions
w = uniformly distributed load
RA = RD = 0.4wL
A B C D
L L L RB = RC = 1.10wL
RA RB RC RD
Moments
ME = MF = 0.08wL2
0.6wL
0.4wL 0.5wL MB = MC = - 0.10wL2 = Mmax
0.5L 0.4L
Shearing MG = 0.025wL2
force, V 0

0.5wL 0.4wL
0.4L 0.6wL

Bending ME MF
moment,
M MG
0
E G F

MB MC
(i)

Reactions
w = uniformly distributed load RA = RE = 0.393wL
A B C D E RB = RD = 1.143wL
L L L L
RC = 0.928wL
RA RB RC RD RE
Shearing forces

0.39L +VB +VD VA = + 0.393wL

+VA +VC 0.39L - VB = - 0.607wL
Shearing 0.54L
0 + VB = + 0.536wL
force, V
0.54L - VC = + 0.464wL
VC VE
VB VD + VC = + 0.464wL
- VD = - 0.536wL
MF MI + VD = + 0.607wL
Bending
moment, MG MH - VE = - 0.393wL
M
0 Moments
MB = MD = - 0.1071wL2 = Mmax

MC MF = MI = 0.0772wL2
MB MD MC = - 0.0714wL2
( j) MG = MH = 0.0364wL2
Z01_MOTT8498_05_SE_APP.QXD 4/3/08 1:19 AM Page 743 TEAM-B 103:PEQY138:Appendix:

Appendix 743

A26 Conversion factors.

Mass Standard SI unit: Kilogram (kg). Equivalent unit: Ns2/m.
14.59 kg 32.174 lbm 2.205 lbm 453.6 grams 2000 lbm 1000 kg
slug slug kg lbm tonm metric tonm
Force Standard SI unit: Newton (N). Equivalent unit: kgm/s2.
4.448 N 105 dynes 4.448 * 105 dynes 224.8 lbf 1000 lb
lbf N lbf kN K
Length
3.281 ft 39.37 in 12 in 25.4 mm 1.609 km 5280 ft
m m ft in mi mi
Area
144 in2 10.76 ft2 645.2 mm2 106 mm2 43,560 ft2 104 m2
ft2 m2 in2 m2 acre hectare
Volume
1728 in3 231 in3 7.48 gal 264 gal 3.785 L 35.3 ft3
ft3 gal ft3 m3 gal m3
Section Modulus
1.639 * 104 mm3 109 mm3
in3 m3
Moment of Inertia or Second Moment of an Area
4.162 * 105 mm4 1012 mm4
in4 m4
Density (Mass/Unit Volume)
515.4 kg m3 1000 kgm3 32.17 lbmft3 16.018 kg m3
slug ft3 gramcm3 slug ft3 lbmft3
Specific Weight (Weight/Unit Volume)
157.1 Nm3 1728 lbft3
lbfft3 lbin3
Bending Moment or Torque
8.851 lbin 1.356 Nm
Nm lbft
Pressure, Stress, or Loading Standard SI unit: Pascal (Pa). Equivalent units: N  m2 or kg  ms2.
144 lbft2 47.88 Pa 6895 Pa 1 Pa 6.895 MPa
lbin2 lbft2 lbin2 Nm2 ksi
Energy Standard SI unit: Joule (J). Equivalent units: Nm or kgm2  s2.
1.356 J 1.0 J 8.85 lbin 1.055 kJ 3.600 kJ 778 ftlb
lbft Nm J Btu Whr Btu
Power Standard SI unit: Watt (W). Equivalent unit: J/s or Nm/s.
745.7 W 1.0 W 550 lbfts 1.356 W 3.412 Btu hr 1.341 hp
hp Nms hp lbfts W kW

General approach to application of conversion factors: Arrange the conversion factor from the table in such a manner that, when multiplied by
the given quantity, the original units cancel out, leaving the desired units. See examples on next page.
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744 Appendix

Example 1. Convert a stress of 36 ksi to MPa.

6.895 MPa
s = 36 ksi * = 248 MPa
ksi

Example 2. Convert a stress of 1272 MPa to ksi.

1.0 ksi
s = 1272 MPa * = 184 ksi
6.895 MPa

A27 Review of the fundamentals of statics.

Introduction
The study of strength of materials depends on accurate knowledge of the forces acting on
the load-carrying member being analyzed or designed.
It is expected that readers of this book have completed the study of a course in statics
in which the principles of physics mechanics are used to determine the forces and moments
acting on members of a structure or a machine.
Presented here is a brief review of the principles of statics to help readers recall
fundamental principles and problem-solving techniques.

Forces
A force is a push or pull effort applied to a structure or a member of the structure. If the
force tends to pull a member apart, it is called a tensile force. If the force tends to crush the
member, it is called a compressive force. See Figure A271 for examples of these kinds of
forces applied in line with the axis of the members. These are called axial forces.
Forces on members in static equilibrium are always balanced in such a way that the
member will not move. Thus in the two cases in Figure A271, the two axial forces, F,
are equal in magnitude but they act in opposite directions so they are balanced. You should
also note that every part of these members experiences an internal force equal to the exter-
nally applied force, F. Figure A272 shows this principle by illustrating a part of the ten-
sile member cut anywhere between its ends. The force on the left is the externally applied
force, F. The force on the right is the total internal force acting on the material of the mem-
ber across its cross section.

Moments
A moment is the tendency for a force to cause rotation of a member about some point or
axis. Figure A273 shows two examples. Each of the forces shown would tend to rotate
the member on which they act about the point identified as A.
The magnitude of the moment of a force is the product of the force times the per-
pendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the point about which the
moment is being computed. That is,

M = Force times distance = F * d

The direction is simply observed from the figure to be clockwise or counterclockwise.

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Appendix 745

FIGURE A271 F
Types of axial forces.

F F

(a) Tensile force

F
(b) Compressive force

FIGURE A272 Cut at any section

Internal force.
F F
External force Internal force

FIGURE A273 Line of

Illustrations of action of F1
moments.
a
12 in F1 = 100 lb
Point A

b
8 in
F2 = 60 lb

Line of
action of F2

(a)

F1 = 3.0 kN F2 = 4.0 kN
Line of
action of F3

F3 = 5.0 kN

c
0.8 m Line of
action of F2

Point A

Line of a b
action of F1 0.5 m 0.6 m

(b)
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746 Appendix

Example from Figure A273(a)

Moment about A due to F1: MA = F1 * a = (100 lb)(12 in) = 1200 lbin Clockwise
Moment about A due to F2: MA = F2 * b = (60 lb)(8 in) = 480 lbin Counterclockwise

Example from Figure A273(b)

Moment about A due to F1: MA = F1 * a = (3.0 kN)(0.5 m) = 1.5 kNm Counterclockwise
Moment about A due to F2: MA = F2 * b = (4.0 kN)(0.6 m) = 2.4 kNm Clockwise
Moment about A due to F3: MA = F3 * c = (5.0 kN)(0.8 m) = 4.0 kNm Counterclockwise

Free-Body Diagrams
The ability to draw a complete free-body diagram of a structure and its members is an
essential element of static analysis. You must show all externally applied forces and moments
and determine all reaction forces and moments that will result in the structure being in
equilibrium.

Example from Figure A274

Show the free-body diagram for the complete structure and for each of the two members.
The applied force is F1 acting perpendicular to member BC.
See Figure A275 for the result. The following discussion summarizes the important
points.

a. The structure is comprised of members AB and BC that are connected by a pin joint
at B. AB is connected to the pin support at A. BC is connected to the pin support at C.
Pin joints can provide a reaction force in any direction but they cannot resist rotation.
We normally work with the horizontal and vertical components of the reaction forces
on a pin joint. Therefore, we show in Figure A275(a) the two components, Ax and
Ay, at A. Similarly, we show Cx and Cy at C.
b. Figure A275(b) is the free-body diagram of member AB. You should recognize that
the member would be in tension under the applied forces. The pin at B pulls down
and to the right. Therefore, the pin at A must pull up and to the left to keep AB in
equilibrium.
c. You should further recall that member AB is an example of a two-force member
because it is loaded only through pin joints. The resultant forces on a two-force
member always act along the line between the two pins. We label that force as AB.
Its components in the x and y directions are also shown. Note that the force system at
A is equal and opposite to that at B.

FIGURE A274
Support structure.
A

F1

C 20 = B

a b
0.3 m 0.5 m
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Appendix 747

FIGURE A275 Ay
Free-body diagrams of
structure and its A
Ax
components.
F1

Cx C 20 = B

a b
Cy 0.3 m 0.5 m

(a) Free-body diagram of entire structure

AB
ABy
20 A
ABx

B ABx
20 =
ABy
AB
(b) Free-body diagram of member AB

F1
B
By
Cx C
B
Bx
a b

Cy l

(c) Free-body diagram of member BC

d. Figure A275(c) is the free-body diagram of member BC. This member is called a
beam because it carries a load, F1, acting perpendicular to its long axis. There must be
an upward reaction force at both B and C to resist the downward force F1. We call
those forces By and Cy. Member AB exerts the supporting force on member BC at B.
That force acts upward and to the left. We call the horizontal component of that force
Bx. The total force at B is equal to the force AB described in (c). Finally, to balance the
horizontal forces, there must be a force Cx acting toward the right at C.

Static Equilibrium
When a structure or a member is in static equilibrium, all forces and moments are balanced
in such a way that there is no movement. The equations that describe static equilibrium are:

a Fx = 0 a Fy = 0 a Fz = 0
a M = 0 About any point
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748 Appendix

The first three equations state that the sum of all forces in any direction must add to zero.
We typically do the analysis in three perpendicular directions, x, y, and z. The fourth equa-
tion states that the sum of the moments about any point must be zero.
We use the equations of equilibrium to determine the values of unknown forces and
moments when certain forces and moments are known and when suitable free-body
diagrams are available.

Example from Figures A274 and A275

Determine the forces on all members and at all joints for the structure shown in Figure
A274. The given data are: F1  18.0 kN, a  0.3m, b  0.5m,   20.
Solution. We use the free-body diagrams shown in Figure A275.
Step 1. Use part (c) first. We sum moments about point C to find the force By.

a MC = 0 = F1 a - By l = (18.0 kN)(0.3 m) - By (0.8 m)

Then,

By = (18.0 kN)(0.3 m) (0.8 m) = 6.75 kN

We then sum moments about point B to find the force Cy.

a MB = 0 = F1b - Cy l = (18.0 kN)(0.5 m) - Cy (0.8 m)

Then,

Cy = (18.0 kN)(0.5 m)(0.8 m) = 11.25 kN

We can check to see if all vertical forces are balanced by summing forces in the vertical
direction.

a Fy = Cy + By - F1 = 11.25 kN + 6.75 kN - 18.0 kN = 0 (Check)

Step 2. Consider the forces acting at B. We know that By  6.75 kN. We also know
that the total resultant force, B, acts at an angle of 20 above the horizontal toward the left.
This is because it is applied through the pin by the force AB. The free-body diagram in
(b) indicates that AB acts along the direction of the member AB because it is a two-force
member. We can then say,

By = B sin 20
Bx = B cos 20

Then,

B = By (sin 20) = (6.75 kN) (sin 20) = 19.74 kN

Bx = B cos 20 = (19.74 kN)(cos 20) = 18.55 kN

Step 3. The forces acting at pin B on both member AB and member BC must be
equal and opposite because of the principle of action-reaction. Therefore, the axial force
on member AB is: AB  19.74 kN. The force AB acts at both A and B along the line between
the two pins in a manner that places the member AB in tension. The components of AB at
pin A are equal to the components at pin B, but they act in opposite directions.
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Appendix 749

Step 4. The only unknown now is Cx, the horizontal force acting at C on member
BC. We can use the free-body diagram of member BC again from part (c) of the figure.

a Fx = 0 = Cx - Bx

Then,

Cx = Bx = 18.55 kN

Equilibrium of Concurrent Force Systems

When the line of action of all forces acting on a member pass through the same point, the
system is called a concurrent force system. For static equilibrium to exist in such a sys-
tem, the vector sum of all forces must add to zero. Two methods can be used to analyze a
concurrent force system to determine unknown forces.

The Component Method

This method calls for each force to be resolved into perpendicular components, usually
horizontal and vertical. Then the classic equations of equilibrium are applied.

Example Using Figure A276

Determine the force in each cable when the mass of the load is 1500 kg and the angle
  25

FIGURE A276 A
Load carried by three = 25
cables showing force
analysis.
B
C
AB ABy

BC
D B
ABx
Load
BD

(a) Cable system (b) Free-body diagram of B

with components of AB

AB

O AB Intersection of
= 25 B BC
65 lines of action
of AB and BC
BD 90 25

BD BC
(c) Free-body diagram of B with (d) Vector triangle showing
vectors drawn to scale vector sum BD + BC + AB
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750 Appendix

Solution. There are three cables that we will call AB, BC, and BD. All three are
two-force members and pass through point B as shown in part (b). Therefore, they are
concurrent.
Step 1. Determine the weight of the load. (See Section 15.)

w = mg = (1500 kg)(9.81 m s2) = 14 715 N = 14.7 kN

This is also the force in the cable BD.

Step 2. Draw the free-body diagram of point B and resolve each force into its x and
y components. This is done in part (b) of the figure.
Step 3. Use Fy  0 to solve for the unknown force AB.

a Fy = 0 = ABy - BD

Then,

ABy = BD = 14.7 kN

But ABy is the vertical component of the cable force AB. Then,

ABy = AB sin u = AB sin 25

AB = ABy (sin 25) = (14.7 kN) (sin 25) = 34.8 kN

Step 4. Use Fx  0 to find the unknown force BC.

a Fx = 0 = BC - ABx

Then,

BC = ABx = AB cos 25 = (34.8 kN)(cos 25) = 31.6 kN

Summary: The three cable forces are:

AB = 34.8 kN BC = 31.6 kN BD = 14.7 kN

The Vector Polygon Method

This method calls for the vector addition of all forces acting at a point. When the forces
are in equilibrium, the polygon created by the vectors will close, indicating that the vector
sum is equal to zero.

Example Using Figure A276(c)

Determine the force in each cable when the mass of the load is 1500 kg and the angle
  25
Solution. We must add the vectors, AB  BC  BD, as shown in part (d) of the fig-
ure. The graphical solution would call for drawing each vector in its proper direction and
with a length scaled to its magnitude. The vectors are connected tip to tail. We will sketch
a graphical vector diagram but solve for the required forces analytically.
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Appendix 751

Step 1. The sum can be done in any order and we could start at any point, say point
O. We will actually sum the forces in the order BD  BC  AB. Lets first draw the known
vector BD vertically downward to scale. The value is BD  14.7 kN as found in the com-
ponent method.
Step 2. Add vector BC from the tip of BD and acting horizontally to the right. Its
length is unknown at this time, but its line of action is known. Draw the line of indefinite
extent for now.
Step 3. Then, adding vector AB to the end of vector BC should cause the vector
polygon to close by having the tip of AB fall right on point O. We can pass a line through
point O in the direction of AB. Where this line crosses the line of action of vector BC estab-
lishes where the tip of BC is. Similarly, the tail of AB is also at that point.
Step 4. In the vector triangle thus formed, we know all three angles and the length
of one side, BD. We can use the law of sines to find the lengths of the other two sides.

BD AB
=
sin 25 sin 90

Then,

AB = (BD)(sin 90)(sin 25) = (14.7 kN)(sin 90)(sin 25) = 34.8 kN

Also,

BD BC
=
sin 25 sin 65

Then,

BC = (BD)(sin 65) (sin 25) = (14.7 kN)(sin 65) (sin 25) = 31.6 kN

Summary. The results for the cable forces are identical to those found from the com-
ponent method.

AB = 34.8 kN BC = 31.6 kN BD = 14.7 kN

Law of Cosines Applied to Force Analysis

In some vector triangle solutions, you will know the magnitudes of two forces and the
angle between them. You can solve for the third force using the law of cosines.
Say for example, in Figure A276(d), you know the magnitudes of AB  34.8 kN,
BC  31.6 kN, and that the angle between them is 25. You could solve for the magnitude
of the force BD from:

(BD)2 = (AB)2 + (BC)2 - 2(AB)(BC) cos 25

= (34.8)2 + (31.6)2 - 2(34.8)(31.6) cos 25 = 216

Then,

BD = 1216 = 14.7 kN

You must carefully model the sides and angle to match the form of this equation.
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752 Appendix

Trusses
A truss is a structure comprised of only straight members connected by pin joints with
loads applied only at joints. The result is that all members are two-force members carry-
ing either tensile or compressive loads. Figure A277 shows an example. Next we
describe the method of joints for analyzing the forces in all members of a truss.

Example Using Figure A277

Find the forces in all members of the truss shown in Figure A277. Determine both the
magnitude and direction (tension or compression) for each force.

FIGURE A277 B C
Forces on a truss and
its joints.
4 ft 4 ft

A D E F
4 ft 6 ft 4 ft

F1 = 1200 lb F2 = 1500 lb
(a) Complete truss with its supports

B C

= Tan1 ( ) = 33.7
4
6

4 ft 4 ft

A = 45 D = 33.7 E 45 F
Fx = 0
4 ft 6 ft 4 ft
Ay Fy
F1 = 1200 lb F2 = 1500 lb
(b) Free-body diagram of complete truss

BD

CD
AB CDy
ABy ABx B BC 33.7
45 AD 45 D CDx
A AD DE
ABy
ABx
AB F1 = 1200 lb
Ay BD
(c) FBD of Joint A (d) FBD of Joint B (e) FBD of Joint D

CE CF
CFy
DE E EF EF 45
F
CFx

F2 = 1500 lb Fy
(f) FBD of Joint E (g) FBD of Joint F
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Appendix 753

Analysis by Method of Joints

There are nine members in the truss. The general method for finding the forces in each
member is described next.

a. Solve for the reactions at the supports for the entire truss.
b. Isolate one joint as a free body and show all forces acting on it. The selected joint
must have at least one known force acting on it. It is recommended that there be no
more than two unknown forces.
c. When a member is in tension, the force pulls out on the joint at either end. Conversely,
a compression member pushes into a joint. Try to draw unknown forces in the proper
direction that will ensure that the joint is in equilibrium.
d. Use the equations of static equilibrium for forces in the horizontal and vertical direc-
tions to determine the unknown forces at the selected joint.
e. Forces found at the first joint become known forces for analyzing other joints. Move
to nearby joints and repeat steps b, c, and d repeatedly until the forces in all joints
have been found.

Completion of the Analysis of the Truss in Figure A277

Step 1. Using the entire truss as a free body, solve for the support reactions at joints
A and F. See part (b) of the figure.
Sum moments about support A to find support force Fy at point F.

a MA = F1(4 ft) + F2(10 ft) - Fy (14 ft) = (1200 lb)(4 ft) + (1500 lb)(10 ft) - Fy (14 ft)
Fy = [(4800 + 15 000) lb ft] 14 ft = 1414 lb Upward

Sum moments about support F to find support force Ay at point A.

a MF = F1(10 ft) + F2(4 ft) - Ay (14 ft) = (1200 lb)(10 ft) + (1500 lb)(4 ft) - Ay (14 ft)
Ay = [(12 000 + 6000) lb ft] 14 ft = 1286 lb Upward

Step 2. Isolate joint A as a free body. See part (c) of the figure. Work with compo-
nents of the force AB. ABx  AB cos 45. ABy  AB sin 45.

a Fy = 0 = Ay - ABy
ABy = Ay = 1286 lb
Then,

AB = ABy (sin 45) = (1286 lb) (sin 45) = 1818 lb Compression

a Fx = 0 = AD - ABx
AD = ABx = AB cos 45 = (1818 lb)(cos 45) = 1286 lb Tension

Step 3. Isolate joint B as a free body. See part (d) of the figure.

BD = 1286 lb Tension
a Fx = 0 = ABx - BC = 1286 lb - BC
BC = 1286 lb Compression
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754 Appendix

Step 4. Isolate joint D as a free body. See part (e) of the figure.

a Fy = 0 = 1200 lb - BD + CDy = 1200 lb - 1286 lb + CDy = CDy - 86 lb

CDy = 86 lb

Then,

CD = CDy (sin 33.7) = (86 lb)>(sin 33.7) = 155 lb Compression

a Fx = 0 = DE - AD - CDx = DE - 1286 lb - (155 lb)(cos 33.7)
DE = 1286 lb + 130 lb = 1416 lb Tension

Step 5. Isolate joint E as a free body. See part (f) of the figure.

a Fy = 0 = 1500 lb - CE
CE = 1500 lb Tension
a Fx = 0 = EF - DF = EF - 1416 lb
EF = 1416 lb Tension

Step 6. Isolate joint F as a free body. See part (g) of the figure.

a Fy = 0 = Fy - CFy = 1414 lb - CFy = 1414 lb - CF sin 45

CF = 1414 lb (sin 45) = 2000 lb Compression

Summary of Forces in Members of the Truss

AB = 1818 lb (C) AD = 1286 lb (T) BD = 1286 lb (T)
BC = 1286 lb (C) CE = 1500 lb (T) CD = 155 lb (C)
DE = 1416 lb (T) EF = 1416 lb (T) CF = 2000 lb (C)