el CTT a LN SC ue ae ely Hill Easy Spanish STEP-BY-STEP Master High-Frequency Grammar for Spanish Proficiency—FAST! * Learn Spanish in 15 quick-and-easy steps * Achieve grammar mastery with 150 exercises and readings * Gain confidence in your conversation skills even if you are an absolute beginner Barbara BregsteinEasy Spanish STEP-BY-STEP Master High-Frequency Grammar for Spanish Proficiency—FAST! Barbara Bregstein McGraw-Hill New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney TorontoCopyright ©2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, nc. Allright reservedManufactured in the United Stats of America. 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If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites, please click here.For more information about this title, click here Contents Preface ix Guide to Pronunciation xi The Alphabet xvi Greetings and Salutations xvi Elements of a Sentence Nouns, Articles, and Adjectives 3 The Gender of Nouns and the Definite Article 3 Singular Nouns 3 Plural Nouns 6 The Indefinite Article 7 Singular Indefinite Articles 7 Plural Indefinite Articles 8 Adjectives 9 Singular Form of Adjectives 9 Plural Form of Adjectives 12 Estar, Ser, and Subject Pronouns 14 Subject Pronouns 14 Estar (tobe) 15 Ser (tobe) 18 Reading Comprehension Lacasa 25Contents Hay, Interrogative Words, Days, and Months 27 Hay 27 Interrogative Words 29 Prepositions 31 Days of the Week, Months, and Seasons 32 Reading Comprehension Un pueblo colonial 33 Reading Comprehension Elcine 39 Numbers, Dates, and Time 0 Cardinal Numbers 40 Ordinal Numbers 44 The Date 46 Telling Time 47 Reading Comprehension El restaurante 51 Reading Comprehension Eloficio de la casa 54 Regular Verbs 56 Uses of the Present Tense 56 -ArVerbs 57 -ErVerbs 62 -IrVerbs 64 -Ar and -er Verbs with More than One Meaning 66 Reading Comprehension Una escuela en México 68 Irregular Verbs 70 -ArVerbs 70 -ErVerbs 72 -IrVerbs 75 Reading Comprehension Eltren 79Contents Ir and the Future 2 Ir(to go) 82 The Future with the Verb ir 83 Idioms 85 Idioms with the Verb tener 85 Other Idioms 87 Useful Words: que and para 89 The Relative Pronoun que 89 The Conjunction que 89 The Preposition para 90 Key Vocabulary 91 Las partes del cuerpo (Parts of the Body) 91 La familia 92 Time Expressions with hacer 93 Reading Comprehension Lacita 99 Adjectives and Adverbs 102 Possessive Adjectives 102 Demonstrative Adjectives 104 Neuter Demonstrative Pronouns 105 Adjectives of Nationality 105 Adjectives That Precede aNoun 108 Comparative Adjectives 113 Superlative Adjectives 114 Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives 114 Comparing Nouns 115 Comparing Verbs 115 Adverbs 117 Adverbs That Do Not Take the Suffix -mente 119 Reading Comprehension La fiesta 123Contents II 10 11 Negatives and Prepositions 125 Negatives 125 Prepositions 131 Prepositions Followed by Verbs or Nouns 132 Prepositions Followed by Nouns or Pronouns 132 Pronouns That Follow Prepositions 133 The Preposition por 134 Por and para Compared 136 Reading Comprehension Elcirco 140 Key Vocabulary 141 Nature 141 Weather 142 Reading Comprehension Eltrabajo 149 Objects, Reflexive Verbs, and the Present Subjunctive The Indirect Object 153 Gustar and the Indirect Object 153 Me gusta and me gustan 153 Te gusta and te gustan 155 Le gusta and le gustan 156 Nos gusta and nos gustan 157 Les gusta and les gustan 157 Verbs Like gustar 159 The Indirect Object Pronoun 163 Position of the Indirect Object Pronoun 165 Reading Comprehension Irde compras 174 Reading Comprehension Elviaje 175 The Direct Object 177 The Personal a and the Direct Object 177 Transitive Verbs 178 The Direct Object Pronoun 182 Position of the Direct Object Pronoun 183 The Direct Object Pronoun as.a Person 184 The Direct Object Pronoun asa Thing 186 Reading Comprehension Labienvenida 191Contents vii 12 Reflexive Verbs 193 The Reflexive Pronouns 193 Some Frequently Used Reflexive Verbs 194 Reflexive Verbs Whose English Translations Do Not Necessarily Include Oneself 195 Position of the Reflexive Pronoun 195 Reflexive Verbs with Parts of the Body and Clothing 197 Reflexive Verbs That Express Emotion 197 Reflexive Verbs That Express Movement 198 Reflexive Verbs That Express “To Become” 199 Most Frequently Used Reflexive Verbs 199 Reflexive Verbs with Reciprocal Meanings 202 Se and Impersonal Expressions 203 Reading Comprehension Elencuentro 204 he Present Subjunctive 206 Formation of the Present Subjunctive 206 -ArVerbs 207 -Erand -ir Verbs 208 Irregular Verbs 210 Verbs with Orthographic Changes 210 Uses of the Present Subjunctive 212 After Certain Impersonal Expressions 212 After Certain Verbs 214 After Certain Conjunctions 220 After cuando 221 In Certain Dependent Adjective Clauses 223 After the Expressions por mas que and por mucho que 223 After ojala 223 After acaso, quizas, and tal vez 224 After aunque 224 After Compounds of -quiera 224 After como 224 Reading Comprehension Ladespedida 231viii Contents III preterit Tense, Imperfect Tense, and Double Object Pronouns 14 The Preterit Tense 235 15 Formation of the Preterit 235, Regular -ar Verbs 235 Regular -er and -ir Verbs 236 Uses of the Preterit 238 To Express an Action Completed in the Past 238 To Express a Series of Completed Actions in the Past 239 To Express a Condition That Is No Longer in Effect 239 Irregular Verbs 240 -Ir Verbs with Stem Changes in the Third Person 246 Verbs with Orthographic Changes 248 -ArVerbs 248 -Erand -irVerbs 251 Verbs with Special Meanings in the Preterit 253 Reading Comprehension En la corte (primera escena) 255 The Imperfect Tense 257 Formation of the Imperfect 257 Regular -ar Verbs 257 Regular -er and -ir Verbs 258 Irregular Verbs 259 Uses of the Imperfect 260 To “Set the Stage” in the Past; to Express a Narration, Situation, or Background 260 To Express Habitual, Customary, or Repeated Actions in the Past 260 To Express Continuous Actions in the Past. 261 To Express a Description in the Past 261 To Express Point of Origin in the Past 261 To Express Time in the Past. 262 To Express One's Age in the Past. 262 Preterit and Imperfect Compared 265 Querer, poder, saber 266 Double Object Pronouns 270 Indirect Object Pronoun with Direct Object Pronoun 270 Reflexive Pronoun with Direct Object Pronoun 278 Se Plus the Indirect Object Pronoun and Unplanned Occurrences 279 Reading Comprehension El juicio (segunda escena) 282 Answer Key 284 Index 300Preface Easy Spanish Step-by-Step will help you learn Spanish—talking, reading, and writing—as quickly and as thoroughly as possible. Written for beginner and advanced-beginner learners, it teaches grammar and conversation in the most logical order to enable you to develop your language skills naturally. To take full advantage of the unique grammatical progression of the book, you should study each chapter, or step, one after another. Do not skip around, Each step you take will lead you to the next. Each chapter contains clear grammar explanations; be sure to understand every concept before moving on to the next. Notice that there are few exceptions to rules, so once you have learned a concept, it is yours. ‘Try to learn the vocabulary and verbs provided; they have been carefully selected on the basis of usefulness and frequency. The vocabulary lists will help enhance your communication, while complete verb conjugation given so that you can practice pronunciation as you leam verbs, Over 300 of the most common verbs in Spanish are presented. are Varied written and oral exercises are included to check your understand- ing and progress. (The book has a complete answer key in the back.) It is also a good idea to write your own questions and sentences and practice them aloud. Sometimes, your own creati learning Original readings are included in every chapter; they become progres- sively more challenging in form and content throughout the book. Use these reading comprehension sections to learn new vocabulary and to practice reading aloud. Easy Spanish Step-by-Step is divided into three parts. The first gives you all the fundamentals of the language in the present tense. You will notice that the word order of English and Spanish in this part is essentially the same. This makes learning in the early stages very quick. The second part ns are more interesting and aid in ix Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use,Preface explains verbs, and the present subjunctive. The third part presents the two most used tenses in the past, the preterit and the imperfect. A student once asked me if Spanish is truly easy. It is, in comparison to any of the other languages of the world. To start with, the promunciation is easy. Spanish is a phonetically perfect language, which means that once you lear to pronounce each vowel and consonant, you will be able to pro nounce all words correctly. Before you begin, practice all the sounds out- lined in the Guide to Pronunciation in the following pages. If possible, try to practice with a native speaker. Then, remember to read and answer ques- direct objects, direct objects, direct object pronouns, reflexive tions aloud as much as you can to develop your pronunciation. This book is written with a logical approach that makes it accessible whether you are a self-study leamer or a student in an organized teaching program. With Easy Spanish Step-by-Step, you will see that everything falls quickly into place. In a few weeks, you will be able to read and write Span- ish quite easily. And once you learn the Spanish in this book, you will be able to get along in any Spanish-speaking country. The grammar is standard all parts of the Spanish-speaking world, and although accents change from place to place, you will get accustomed to the sounds very quickly. Have fun and enjoy using Spanish everywhere you need it. Acknowledgments T would like to thank Nestor Rodriguez, teacher of English and Spanish at City College of New York, for his invaluable contribution to the editing and structure of Fundamental Spanish, upon which Easy Spanish Step-by-Step is based, and for his language insights and expertise. I gratefully acknowl- edge his assistance throughout the development of this book. I would also like to thank Silvia Ballinas, teacher and director of Escuela Experiencia in Tepoztlin, Mexico, Antonio Zea, linguist and professor at Escuela Acacias in Malaga, Spain, Alonia King, Janet Odums, and Lois Shearer. I would also like to thank all my students from District Council 37 in New York CityGuide to Pronunciation xi Guide to Pronunciation Spanish spelling an exact reflection of the pronunciation of the language. The pronunciation of each letter is subject to precise and consistent rules, and words are pronounced by adding together the sounds of each individual letter. Vowels The sounds of the vowels are clear and short. Pronounce the examples: Letter a e Consonant: biv Pronounced like the a in father two sounds: the e in café when final the e in set elsewhere the i in machine two sounds: the o in hope the o in for if followed by r the u in rule written as ii when pronounced in gite and giii silent in gue and gui elsewhere Spanish i the b in boat when they occur at the beginning of a breath group, or following I, m, or n softer elsewhere, produced through slightly opened lips Examples Ia casa, la tapa, Panamé, Canada elefante, come, pero, es, hotel si, cine, comida ive, verde, que 00, otro, hospital doctor, profesor uno, tii, puro agiiero, gi a guerra, guitarra y, soy, hay batio, burro, embargo, alba, el vino, el voto, invierno, vamos Cuba, la boca, Havana, la vaca In Spanish, the b and v have the same sound. The sound of English v does not exist in Spanish: © ch the c in cat before a, 0, u, or before a consonant the s in sail before e ori the ch in chum camisa, color, concreto centavo, cita, cinco, chocolate, chorizo Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use,xii Guide to Pronunciation Letter d ~ rr Pronounced like two sounds: the d in dog when it oceurs at the beginning of a breath group, or following I or n the th in other elsewhere English f the gin game before a, 0, u, or before a consonant the h in hat before e ori silent English h (It can also be given a slightly guttural sound.) English k English J, but with the tip of the tongue touching the roof of the mouth the y in beyond, or in some countries, the s in pleasure English m English n the ny in canyon or the ni in onion English p, but not explosive (without the puff of air in the English sound) the k in key (found only in the combinations que and qui) the dd in ladder (a single tongue flap) The r at the beginning of a word or after I, n, or s is trilled like rr. a trill or tongue roll (There is no equivalent sound in English.) Examples donde, falda, conde boda, poder, verdad, nada, cada, estudio futuro, fila, oficina gato, gusto, grande genio, generoso, gitano hombre, hasta, hablar Juan, ojo, mujer kayak, kilometro, kiwi el, hotel, mil, palo caballo, bello, lave menos, cama, marrén nota, nacién, nariz mafiana, Espafa, sefior papel, persona, pobre Quito, queso, equipo caro, barato, para, hablar rosa, el rio, Enrique, las rosas perro, horrible, carroGuide to Pronunciation xiii Letter Pronounced like Examples s Englishs sopa, sala, blusa t English ¢, but not explosive torta, talento, tesoro, (with the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper front teeth) v Spanish b (There is no » sound in Spanish.) w The letter w exists in Spanish only in words of foreign origin and is not considered part of the Spanish alphabet. x English x experto, examen Spanish Il papaya, papagayo, ayer (the y in beyond or, in some countries, the s in pleasure) z thes insail azul, brazo, luz. Stress, Written Accentuation, and Spelling Natural Stress Words that end in a vowel (a, e, i, 0, u) or the consonants n or s have their natural stress on the next to last syllable. cucaracha volumen mafana examen t tomates hablo Words that end in any consonant other than n or s have their natural stress on the final syllable. mujer tad cantar papel doctor. vegetal nariz azulGuide to Pronunciation Written Accents When a word does not follow one of these two rules, it will have a written accent on the syllable that is stressed. teléfono lampara miisica café If a one-syllable word has a written accent, it means that there is another word in the language that has the same spelling, but another meaning. el the he si if yes tu your you se oneself Tknow Ifa two-syllable word has a written accent that does not affect the pronun- ciation, it means that there different meaning. another word that has the same spelling, but a este this éste this one ese that ése that one Interrogative words have an accent mark that does not affect pronunciation. aque? what? ge6mo? — how? equién? who? epor qué? why? gdénde? where? geudl? which? Spelling Changes * ztoc Nouns and adjectives that end in z change to e to form the plural el lapiz los lipices lanariz las narices feliz felices Z followed by a or o changes to ¢ before ane or i. The sound of z and ¢ are the same. comienza _ comience empiezo _empieceGuide to Pronunciation xv * Other spelling changes Alll other spelling changes occur in order to maintain a required sound. Toear, for example, has a hard c sound that must be preserved in other forms of the verb. Ifyou see toque, with qu replacing the e, it is to maintain the k sound Llegar, for example, has a hard g sound, which must be preserved If yon see Hegue, with gu replacing the g, it is to maintain the hard g sound Castilian Spanish There are only a few differences in pronunciation between the Spanis! ken in Latin America and that spoken in Spain. * Both the ¢ that precedes e or i and the z have the th sound heard in English thought and thing. * When jor g precedes e ori, it has a slightly more guttural sound. ® Tips for Pronunciation * While practicing, remember to keep the vowel sounds short and clear. * Always use the Spanish r sound. Resist the use of the English r. + Implode the sounds of p and t. Make sure there is no puff of air. * Always pronounce z like the letter s * Give the syllables an almost equal emphasis, a sort of staccato sound. Pro- nounce every syllable clearly and precisely in order to develop an even speech pattern.xvi The Alphabet - Greetings and Salutations The Alphabet El alfabeto 0 abecedario Letter(s) Name Letter(s) Name A a N ene B be larga/be grande N ene c ce o ° CH che P pe D de Q cu E © R ere F efe RR erre G ge s ese H (always silent) _hache T te 1 i U u J jota v ve corta K ka Ww doble ve/doble u L ele x equis LL elle Y i griega/ye M eme Zz zeta Greetings and Salutations Hola. Buenos dias. Buenas tardes. Buenas noches. Me Ilamo Susana gCémo se llama usted? Me llamo David. Mucho gusto. gCémo esta usted? Bien, gracias, gy usted? Regular. Mas 0 menos. Hasta luego. Hasta mafiana. Hasta pronto. Adiés, Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Compan Hello. Good morning. Good afternoon Good evening My name is Susan. What's your name? My name is David. Pleased to meet you How are you? ine, thanks. And you? So-so. More or less. So long Until tomorrow. See you soon Good-bye. Inc. Click here for terms of use.I Elements of a Sentence Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use,This page intentionally left blankNouns, Articles, and Adjectives The Gender of Nouns and the Definite Article A noun is a person, place, or thing. In Spanish, all nouns are either masculine or feminine In Spanish, the definite article (Englis der (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural): el, la, los, las. 1 the) agrees with the noun in gen Singular Nouns Masculine The masculine singular noun takes the definite article el. Most nouns that end in -o are masculine. Pronounce the following words aloud elamigo the friend el libro the book elbanco the bank el muchacho the boy el bafio the bathroom el nifio the little boy, the child el carro the car el perro the dog el gato the cat elteléfono the telephone elhermano the brother el vino the wine Many masculine nouns do not end in -o; therefore, it is necessary to learn each noun with its article. elanimal the animal elhospital the hospital el café the coffee el hotel the hotel el doctor the doctor el tomate the tomato elhombre — the man el tren the train 3 Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use,Elements of a Sentence Some masculine nouns end in -a or -ma. elclima the climate elplaneta. the planet el dia the day elpoema the poem eldrama the drama el problema — the problem elidioma the language el programa — the program el mapa the map el sistema the system Feminine The feminine singular noun takes the definite article la. Most nouns that end in -a are feminine. Pronounce the following words aloud. laamiga the friend lalimpara the lamp la blusa the blouse la mesa the table a bolsa the bag la muchacha the girl la cama the bed la nifa the little girl la casa the house la persona the person lacerveza the beer la planta, the plant lacomida the meal la silla the chair lahermana _ the sister la tienda the store la iglesia the church la ventana the window Nouns that end in -eién, -sién, -dad, -tad, or -tud are feminine. la cancion the song la television the television laconversacién the conversation laciudad the city lainvitacién the invitation laverdad the truth la leceién the lesson la amistad the friendship la ilusién the illusion laactitud the attitude A few nouns that end in -o are feminine. la foto the photograph lamano the hand laradio the radio Many feminine nouns do not follow these patterns; therefore, it is impor- tant to learn each noun with its article. la clase the class la mujer the woman la lor the flower la piel the skin la luz the light la suerte the luckNouns, Articles, and Adjectives 5 e Exercise 1.1 Write the appropriate masculine or feminine form of the definite article for each of the following nouns. As you write the answer, make sure you know the meaning of the word, 1, ____ amigo 11, _____ persona 2 hombre 12. _____ eancién 3 casa 13. _____ teléfono 4 luz 14, _____ muchacho 5 hotel 15. ___ flor 6. hermano 16. ____ mujer 7 ciudad 17, _____ bafio 8 carro 18. _____ vino 9 tomate 19. ____ comida 10. cerveza 20. ______ conversacién A noun ending in -ista can be masculine or feminine, depending on whether it refers to a male or a female. The article indicates the gender of the noun. elartista. the (male) artist el pianista the (male) pianist laartista the (female) artist la pianista the (female) pianist eldentista the (male) dentist eltaxista the (male) cabdriver ladentista the (female) dentist lataxista the (female) cabdriver Anoun ending in -nte can be masculine or feminine, depending on whether it refers to a male or a female. The article indicates the gender of the noun. elcantante the (male) singer lacantante the (female) singer elestudiante — the (male) student laestudiante — the (female) student el gerente the (male) manager lagerente the (female) manager el presidente the la presidente the ‘male) president ( (female) presidentElements of a Sentence Plural Nouns Masculi e A masculine noun that ends in a vowel adds -s to form the plural; it takes the definite article los. Singular el dia el hermano el libro el muchacho el perro el problema Plural los dias los hermanos los libros los muchachos los perros los problemas If the noun ends in a consonant, el changes to los and the noun adds -es. el animal el doctor el hospital el hotel el tren Teminine A fem definite article las. ja bolsa a limpara ja nifia ja persona ja tienda ki ki k k k k ja ventana los animales los doctores los hospitales los hoteles los trenes ne noun that ends in a vowel adds -s to form the plural; it takes the las bolsas las kamparas las nifias las personas las tiendas las ventanas If the noun ends in a consonant, la changes to las and the noun adds -es. la cancién la ciudad la flor la invitaci6n la leeci6n I Ja mujer las canciones las ciudades las flores las invitaciones las lecciones las mujeresNouns, Articles, and Adjectives Write the plural form of each of the following singular nouns. xercise 1.2 ExamPLe — el hotel 1 Swearvnaunwn el animal la amistad el teléfono el tren la ventana el doctor la ciudad la bolsa la mesa el idioma los hoteles The Indefinite Article The Spanis line noun and una before a fer lowing lists aloud. By learning these nouns, you are building your vocabulary Singular Indefinite Articles Masculine un amigo un bafio un carro un espejo un gato Feminine una amiga una biblioteca una ciudad una idea una librerfa una maleta a (male) friend a bathroom acar @ mirror acat a (female) friend alibrary acity an idea a bookstore a suitcase 14. la planta 12. la flor 13. el perro 14, [a ilusion 15. la clase 16. la leccién 17. el taxista 18. la lampara 19. Ia silla 20. la luz un jardin un museo un pianista un sillén un tiquete una mujer una pagina una persona una pluma singular indefinite article (English a, an) is un before a mascu- ine noun, Pronounce the word n the fol- agarden a museum a (male) pianist an armchair a ticket @ woman a page a person (male or female) apenElements of a Sentence Plural Indefinite Articles The Spanish plural indefinite article (English some) is umes before a mas- culine plural noun and unas before a feminine plural noun Masculine unos barcos some boats unos idiomas some languages unos gatos some cats unos libros some books Feminine unas artistas some (female) artists unas casas some houses unas conversaciones some conversations unas flores some flowers a Exercise 1.3 Translate the following nouns into English. Remember to practice pronouncing the words. 1. el libro la pagina la casa las flores el bafio 2 3 4 5 6. el vino 7. el muchacho 8. el hermano 9. la biblioteca 0. el café 11. el tren 12. el planeta 13. el dentista 14, el jardin 15. la florNouns, Articles, and Adjectives 9 16. la cerveza 47. la planta 18. la amistad 19. la verdad 20. la suerte 21. la gerente 22. la tienda 23. la ventana 24, un museo 25. un espejo 26. una libreria 27. una pluma 28. una leccién 29. una idea 30. una maleta 31, el sillén 32. los amigos Adjectives An adjective is a word that describes a noun A Spanish adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it modi- fies. In Spanish, an adjective almost always follows the noun it describes, Singular Form of Adjectives Adjectives that end in -o are masculine in form and agree with a masculine noun. As you pronounce the following examples aloud, note that the adjec- tive follows the noun it describes. el libro blanco el gato negro el carro rojo el muchacho simpitico el hombre hermoso the white book the black cat the red car the nice boy the handsome man10 Elements of a Sentence Adjectives that end in -o change the -o to «a when describing a feminine noun. la casa blanca la chaqueta negra Ja Limpara roja la muchacha simpitica la mujer hermosa the white house the black jacket the red lamp the nice girt the beautiful woman Adjectives that do not end in -o have the same form for describing both masculine and feminine nouns. It doesn’t matter what letter ends the adjec- tive, as long as it is not -o. Masculine el libro excelente el perro horrible el poema dificil el barco azul el bafio verde el tren gris el tema interesante el hombre fuerte Key Vocabulary Los colores (The colors) Feminine la comida excelente la cucaracha horrible la leccién dificil la pluma azul la cama verde la mesa gris la lea interesante la mujer fuerte amarillo yellow morado anaranjado orange moreno azul blue negro blanco white rojo gris gray rosado marrén, pardo brown verde Other Adjectives agradable agreeable, pleasant delgado alegre happy dificil barato inexpensive estupendo caro xpensive excelente débil weak facil purple brown-skinned black red pink green slender difficult great, terrific excellent easyNouns, Articles, and Adjectives "1 fantastico fantastic feliz happy feo ugly flaco thin fragil fragile fuerte strong gordo fat grande ig guapo handsom beautiful hermoso beautiful horrible horrible inteligente intelligent o Exercise 1.4 Complete the following phrases with the following Spanish adjective. ON AOR WN 1 12. 13, 14. 15, 16. 17, el hombre la situacién el idioma la persona la flor el jardin la muchacha el vino el apartamento el carro el hotel el clima la hermana el libro la ciudad el hombre el dentista interesante joven maravilloso pequeno pobre rico simpitico sincero tacafo tipico triste viejo (old) difficult) (marvelous) (nice) (yellow) (beautiful) —____ slender) (white) interesting young marvelous, wonderful little, small poor rich nice sincere stingy typical sad old (expensive) (inexpensive) (small) (fantastic) (intelligent) (interesting) (big) (rich) (young)Elements of a Sentence 18. labolsa__________ (red) 19. la ventana (blue) 20. la planta (green) Plural Form of Adjectives Adjectives that end in a vowel add -s to form the plural. Singular Plural blanco blancos: roja rojas verde verdes excelente excelentes Adjectives that end in a consonant add -es to form the plural gris grises facil faciles joven jovenes marrén marrones Adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify. Review each singular and plural form as you pronounce the following nouns and the adjectives that deseribe them. Masculine Singular el libro blanco el tomate rojo el hombre hermoso el bafio verde el barco marrén el tren gris el tiquete caro Teminine a casa blanca la persona simpitica la mujer hermosa Plural los libros blancos los tomates rojos los hombres hermosos los bafios verdes los barcos marrones los trenes grises los tiquetes caros las casas blancas las personas simpaticas las mujeres hermosasNouns, Articles, and Adjectives 13 la comida excelente la leccién facil la muchacha fuerte la tienda vieja 7 a Exercise 1.5 las comidas excelentes las leeciones ficiles las muchachas fuertes las tiendas viejas Write the plural form of each of the following noun and adjective phrases. 1, la lampara azul el amigo fantastico el perro gris la cerveza negra el vino rosado la persona fuerte el dia maravilloso la luz verde la ciudad pequefia Sweearnaunnwn el muchacho joven & Exercise 1.6 Translate the following phrases into Spanish. 1. the red tomatoes the strong men the thin women the yellow blouses the interesting songs the green planets the blue windows the old hotels oNanewWwnEstar, Ser, and Subject Pronouns Subject Pronouns Singular Plural yo I nosotros we ti you vosotros you The familiar plural form vosotros is used only in Spain The familiar singular form ta is used with friends and far its usage varies from count to country he ellos they The masculine plural form ellos refers to a group of males or to a group that includes both males and females. ella she cllas they The feminine plural form ellas refers to a group that includes only females. usted you ustedes you Usted is more formal than ta It is for the first time, in business situations, and with a person you might not know well. Its abbreviation is Ud. sed when mee’ 14 Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use g people The plural form ustedes is used to address more than one person: Latin Americans use ustedes for the plural of both ta and Ud. (since vosotros is used only in Spain). Its abbreviation is Uds.Estar, Ser, and Subject Pronouns 15 There is no subject pronoun it in Spanish. El and ella refer to people and sometimes to animals, but not to things. Estar (to be) Spanish has two verbs that are equivalent to English to be. Begin with the conjugation of the verb estar. yoestoy Lam nosotros estamos — we are tiestas you are vosotros estéis you are élesté eis ellos estan they are ellaesté she i ellas estén they are [Link]é you are Uds. estan. you are Practice the conjugations of the verb aloud. Notice that él, ella, and Ud. have the same form of the verb (the third-person singular). Notice also that ellos, ellas, and Uds. have the same form of the verb (the third-person plural) Estar is used to express four basic concepts: location, health, changing mood or condition, and personal opinion in terms of taste or appearance. * Location Estar is used to describe where something or someone is physically located. Yo estoy en la clase. Tam in the class. Nosotros estamos en el carro. We are in the ca El restaurante esti en la ciudad, The restaurant is in the city. Ellas estan en el bafio They are in the bathroom gEstas ti en el hospital? Are you in the hospital? ® The verb, which carries the action of the phrase, is the essential element of the Spanish sentence or question because of the amount of information it contains. Verb Definitions The infinitive is the unconjugated form of the verb. For example, to be is an infinitive in English. The conjugations are the forms of the verb that belong to a particular pronoun or noun subject. / am and he is are examples of conjuga- tions of the infinitive to be.Elements of a Sentence Health Yo estoy bien, gracias. Ella est4 enferma. Los doctores estan enfermos. gCémo estan Uds.? Estamos bien. Changing Mood or Condition La muchacha esta contenta. Estoy feliz. Los hombres estén cansados. Estamos alegres. {Estas enojado? g and estamos carries the meaning Tam fine, thanks She is sick The doctors are sick. How are you? We are well The girl is happy. Tam happy. The men are tired. We are happy. Are you angry? Often the pronouns yo, ti, and nosotros are omitted. This is possible because estoy can only mean / am, ests means you are whether ti is included or not, we are. * Personal opinion in terms of taste or appearance When estar is used with food, the English equivalent is taste or tastes When estar is used with appearance, the English equivalent is look or looks. La comida esta buena El pescado esté delicioso La sopa est sabrosa. Ella est hermosa hoy. El esta guapo. A Word About Word Order The meal is (tastes) good. The fish is (tastes) delicious The soup is (tastes) delicious She is (looks) pretty today He is (looks) handsome. As you begin learning the basic structure of the Spanish language, you will dis- cover that the word order of English and Spanish is essentially the same for the material covered in Part |, which includes the basic elements of a sentence.Estar, Ser, and Subject Pronouns 17 a Key Vocabulary 7 These words will help enhance your ability to communicate. As you learn them, remember to practice them aloud. Interrogative Words geomo? how? gdénde? — where? equién? — who? Adverbs of Location aqui, act here alli, alla there Adjectives alegre happy (merry) enojado angry bonito pretty feliz happy bueno good guapo beautiful, handsome cansado tired hermoso — beautiful, handsome contento happy (contented) lindo pretty delicioso delicious sabroso delicious enfermo _ sick NOTE: Guapo describes people only; bonito, hermoso, and lindo are used to describe both people and things. Exercise 2.1 Complete the following sentences with the correct form of estar. Pay attention to the meaning of each sentence. Then indicate whether the sentence expresses health, lo- cation, changing mood, or changing condition. eXAMPLES Nosotros €StAMOS en |a clase. (__location esta enferma. (__health La profesora 1. Daniel _____ muy cansado hoy, (_______) 2. Elteléfono y el libro ______ en la mesa. (_______) 3. Lamujer ____ bien; el hombre enfermo. (____________)18 Elements of a Sentence 4. gCémo Uds.2 (______) 5. gDénde ______ ellos? (_____) 6. ¢Dénde ____ el bai, por favor? (____) 7. Elnifio ___ enojado y la nifia ____ triste. (—______) 8. Los muchachos _____alegres. (__) Yo ______ contento. (____________) 10. gQuién —___ aqui? (__________) Xo Exercise 2.2 Translate the following sentences into Spanish. 1. 1am in the yellow house. Where are you? 2. The red blouses are in the big store. 3. The white flower is in the window. 4. We are in the train. 5. How are you? | am fine, thanks. 6. We are tired, and we are happy. Ser (to be) The Spanish verb ser is also equivalent to English to be. In English, there is a single verb that means to be. We say, for example The dog is here. (location) The dog is brown. (description)Estar, Ser, and Subject Pronouns 19 The verb is the same in both cases. But in Spanish, there is a difference, and you have to choose the correct verb. yosoy Tam teres you are vosotros sois éles he is ellos son cllaes she is cllas son [Link] you are Uds. son nosotros somos we are you are they are they are you are Ser is used to express seven basic concepts: description, profession, point of origin, identification, material, possession or ownership, and where an event takes place. * Description La casa es roja. El libro es azul. on viejos. mpiticos. gEs la flor amarilla? * Profession Yo soy estudiante. Eles arquitecto. Ellas son maestras excelentes. Somos doctores. Roberto es abogado. Eres ti ingeniero? The house is red. The book is blue. The cars are old. We are nice. Is the flower yellow? Tama student. He is an architect. They are We are doctors. Robert is a lawyer: Are you an engineer? lent teachers. Spanish does not translate a/an when stating an unmodified profession. Unmodified Modified José es estudiante. * Point of origin De here means from ¢De donde es Ud.? ¢De dénde son Uds.? Yo soy de Nueva York. eDe donde es ella? Somos de Italia. Ellos son de los Estados Unidos. José es un estudiante fantastico. Where are you from? (sing.) Where are you from? (pl.) Tam from New York. Where is she from? We are from Italy. They are from the United States.20 Elements of a Sentence El vino es de Portugal. La cerveza es de México. El café es de Brazil. The wine is from Portugal. The beer is from Mexico. The coffee is from Brazil. In common English usage, we often end a sentence with a preposition, for example, Where are you from? This never oceurs in Spanish; the preposition cannot ever end a sentence, so the preposition, in this case de, is placed in front of the interrogative word dénde Identification Identification specifies characteristics such as relationship, nationality, race, or religion. Somos amigos. José y Eduardo son hermanos. Pablo es espafiol ¢Eres ti cubano? Ella es catdlica Material De here means of. La mesa es de madera. La bolsa es de plistico. Los zapatos son de cuero. Las ventanas son de vidrio. La casa es de piedra. Possession or ownership De here means of. La mufieca es de la nifia. Los amigos son de Marfa La idea es de Pedro. El barco es del hombre rico. Los perros son del muchacho. We are friends. Joe and Ed are brothers. Paul is Spanish Are you Cuban? She is Catholic. The table is of wood. The bag is of plastic. The shoes are of leather: The windows are of glass. The house is of stone. It’s the child's doll. (The doll is of the child.) They are Maria’s friends. (The friends are of Marta.) The idea is Pedro's. (The idea is of Pedro.) The boat belongs to the rich man (The boat is of the rich man.) The dogs belong to the boy. (The dogs are of the boy.)Estar, Ser, and Subject Pronouns 21 a Los gatos son del nifio. The cats belong to the child. (The cats are of the child.) El carro es de los amigos. The car belongs to the friends. (The car is of the friends.) NoTE: The contraction: de + el (of + the) = del. There are only two contractions in the Spanish language; del is one of them. Use de (En- glish of) to express possession or ownership. When de (English of followed by the masculine el (English the), the words contract to del, meaning of the. A Word About Possessives g You can see that the translations above are not exact. There is no apostrophe in Spanish, so when you think of Peter's car, for example, the Spanish struc- ture is el carro de Pedro (the car of Peter). Make sure you understand this con- cept and use whichever English translation seems clearest to you. © Where an event takes place La fiesta es en la casa de José. The party is (takes place) in Joe's house. El concierto es en el club. The concert is (takes place) in the club. La protesta es en la capital. The protest is (takes place) in the capital. The equivalent English translation is take or takes place The party takes place at Joe’s house. The concert takes place at the club, The protest takes place in the capital Exercise 2.3 Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of ser in each blank. Indicate whether the sentence expresses description, profession, point of origin, iden- tification, material, or possession in parentheses. exampte El hombre @S_ guapo. La mujer _€S (description _) 1. El café ___________ de Colombia. (_ guapa también22 Elements of a Sentence ® wanaw 10. 1 12. 13, Ellos___________doctores. Ella __________profesora (—_________) @De donde _________los turistas? (__________) Los hermanos de Pablo ________simpaticos. (_____) El hotel viejo excelente. ( a Nosotros _______ amigos de Raul, (________) Los zapatos _______de cuero, (_______) La mujer y el hombre de Ecuador, (______—_+) Yo ____ de Puerto Rico. gDe dénde ____ ud. (—________) El apartamento ___ de los estudiantes jévenes. (____) é td una estudiante maravillosa? ( —_____) Los tomates _____ verdes y rojos. (____) gQuién ___ el presidente de los Estados Unidos? (______) Exercise 2.4 Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of ser. Indicate the reason for your choice in parentheses. Helena _______ de Colombia. (_____________) El hermano de ella _______catélico. ( Ellos ________profesores excelentes. (_____) Los carros ________ grises. (______) Nosotros ________ estudiantes. (____________) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of estar. Indicate the reason for your choice in parentheses. San Francisco _______ en California, (___)Estar, Ser, and Subject Pronouns 23 2. gComo Ud. Yo bien (—________) 3. El profesor _________ enfermo. (______) 4. Nosotros _____en la clase. (___) 5. ¢—___ ti triste? (____) 6. Los perros __________ en el carro. (___) C. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of either ser or estar. Indicate the reason for each choice in parentheses. examtes Yo S2Y_ espaol, (identification _ Ellos €St4N aqui, (__location 1, José y Juan _____enfermos, (_______) 2. Ta _____ abogado. (________) 3. Lalecci6n sacl, (______) 4. Los estudiantes __________ en la ciudad. (____________) 5. ¢Cémo ___———Uds.? Nosotros bien, gracias, (__ 6. Ellas ____________inteligentes. (_________) 7. gDénde ________ los doctores? (______) 8. El profesor ___________ contento, (__________) 9. Los espejos en el bafio __________ grandes. (____________) 10. Lamesa, las sillas blancas y la lampara __________ en la casa, pero lacasa________ pequefia, (__, ) 11. La amiga de Sara_______ enferma y Sara triste, (TT ) 12. Las puertas de la casa ____________ fuertes. (__________) 13. Los tomates ______ en la tienda. Los tomates verdes de California; los tomates rojos de Guatemala, (—___, eF24 Elements of a Sentence 14, gDe dénde ________ el vino blanco? (___) 15. Los muchachos y las muchachas ______ en el tren. Ellos __________contentos porque _____ amigos. —————————————————— 16. Quién _______ en el bafio? (___) 17. ¢Dénde _____la familia de Fernando? (__ 18. Nosotros __________contentos porque nosotros estudiantes excelentes. (____, ) 19, g—___ Ud. de Suramérica? Ellos de Espafia, (___,__________) 20. Julia____ alegre porque la fiesta fantastic, (tl) Exercise 2.5 Answer the following questions aloud using the appropriate form of ser or estar. éCémo estas? éDénde esta la hermana de Teresa? eDe donde es Ud.? gQuién esta en el carro caro? 5 2 3 4. 5. {Dénde es el concierto? 6. cEsta Ud. alegre? 7. Qs facil la leccién? 8. Dénde estén las flores hermosas? ¢De dénde son? 9. ZEs grande el apartamento de Tomas? 10. gEstas cansado? 11. gEstén los periddicos en la casa de Alicia? 12. gDénde esta el restaurante barato de la ciudad? 13. gEs Ud. de Europa? 14, cEres estudiante o profesor?Estar, Ser, and Subject Pronouns 25 e Exercise 2.6 Complete the following letter with the appropriate form of ser or estar. Queridos amigos, eComo 1.) Uds.? Yo 2.) aqui en Madrid. La ciudad ____________ (3.) hermosa. El museo del Prado —________ 4.) en el centro de la ciudad y_____ 5.) muy interesante. La gente (6.) simpatica y la comida —________ 77,) deeliciosa. Hasta luego. EA Reading Comprehension La casa Mi casa es vieja y grande, con muchas ventanas. Las cortinas en toda Ia casa son gruesas. Las paredes del interior de la casa son blancas; el exterior es gris. El patio es bonito, con flores todavia. Un espejo antiguo y una mesa de madera fina estén en el vestibulo. El comedor es sencillo, con una mesa y seis sillas; la alfombra es roja y azul marino. La cocina es amplia, con paredes amarillas y gabinetes blancos. La nevera es bastante grande, y la estufa y el homo estiin limpios. Dos sillones cémodos y un piano estén en la sala, Mi alcoba con un bafio privado es azul y blanca. Mis libros, mis cuadernos, mis lipices y boligrafos, mi coleccién de discos compactos, y mis vide el estudio. Hoy es un dia hermoso. s estin en Nombres (Nouns) la aleoba the bedroom elgabinete the cabinet laalfombra the rug el horno. the oven el boligrafo the ballpoint pen __el lapiz the pencil la cocina the kitchen lamadera the wood la coleccién the collection lanevera the refrigerator elcomedor — the dining room la pared the wall la cortina the curtain el patio the yard elcuaderno _ the notebook la sala the living room clespejo the mirror el sillon the easy chair clestudio the study elvestibulo the entryway la estufa the stove el video the video26 Elements of a Sentence Adjetivos (Adjectives) amplio ample limpio clean antiguo, old mi, mis — my (sing., pl.) azul marino navy blue privado private cémodo comfortable sencillo simple fino fine, delicate todo all grueso thick Adverbios (Adverbs) bastante enough todavia still Preguntas (Questions) After you have read the selection, answer the following questions in Spanish 1, gs nueva la casa? 2. gEs bonito el dia? 3. gEs grande la cocina? 4. gDénde esta el piano?Hay Hay, Interrogative Words, Days, and Months The single Sy there are, anish word hay (pronounced like English eye) means there is, is there? and are there? in English. Spanish sentences with hay and English ntences with there is, there are follow the same pattern with regard to the inclusion or omission of defi- nite and indefinite articles. The Spanish definite articles el, la, los, and las (English the) never follow hay. Hay unaalfombraen la casa. There is a rug in the house. Hay un drbol en el jardin. There is a tree in the garden Hay dos vasos en la mesa. There are two glasses on the table. Hay tres libros en el piso. There are three books on the floor A question formed with hay uses the same word order as a statement. When written, it carries a question mark at the beginning and end, as all Spanish interrogative sentences do. When spoken, it with a rising intonation. hould be pronounced ¢Hay uma kimpara azul en Is there a blue lamp in the house? la casa? ¢Hay un libro en el bafic Is there a book in the bathroom? ¢Hay un hotel en la ciudad? Is there a hotel in the city? ¢Hay una mesa marron en Is there a brown table in the room? el cuarto? When hay is followed by a plural noun, the article is omitted. Hay tigres en el zoolégico. There are tigers in the zoo. Hay estrellas en el cielo. There are stars in the sky. 27 Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use,28 Elements of a Sentence Xp Hay periddicos en esta tienda? Are there newspapers in this store? ¢Hay tomates rojos en este Are there red tomatoes in this mercado? market? To make a sentence negative, place no before hay. No hay luzen el batio There is no light in the bathroom No hay teléfonos aqui. There are no telephones here. No hay revistas en el hotel. There are no magazines in the hotel. Exercise 3.1 A. Translate the following Spanish sentences into English. 1. gHay una leccién facil en el libro? 2. No hay cucarachas en el restaurante. 3. Hay blusas rojas en la tienda? 4. Hay flores en el balcén del apartamento 5. ¢Hay clase hoy? 6. gHay més preguntas de los estudiantes? B. Translate the following English sentences into Spanish. 1. There are many pens on the teacher's desk. 2. Is there a doctor in the hospital? 3. There are two women in the class.Hay, Interrogative Words, Days, and Months 29 4. There is no beer in Lisa's house. Interrogative Words All interrogative words carry written accents; the accent marks do not affect the pronunciation of the word ¢Como? How? {Como estis ta? How are you? ¢Cémo estén los muchachos? How are the boys? Donde? Where? ¢Dénde esté la casa del alealde? Where is the mayor's house? ¢Dénde estamos? Where are we? gQuién? (sing.), ¢Quiénes? (pl.) Who? EQuién esta aqui? Who is here? {Quién es la persona con José? Who is the person with Joc? ¢Quiénes estan en el carro? Who is in the car? gQuiénes son ellos? Who are they? Qué? What? eQué dia es hoy? What day is today? éQué libro est en la mesa? What book is on the table? eQué hay en el meni? What is there on the menu? ¢Qué? used before ser asks for a definition. ¢Qué es comunicacién? What is communication? {Qué es esto? What is this? EQué es filosofia? What is philosophy? Cuil? (sing), ¢Cuales? (pl.) Which, which one? Which ones? gCual? used immediately before ser asks for a selection or choice from among various possibilities wudl es la capital de Perit? What (which city) is the capital of Peru?30 Elements of a Sentence Cuil es el problema? Cul es el nombre de la nifia? ules son los dfas de la semana? Por qué? Why? ¢Por qué estamos alegres? gPor qué es azul el cielo? gCudnto? How much? uanto es? :Cuanto cuesta? :Cuanto vale? gCudntos?, Cudntas? How many? untos gatos hay en la ciudad? ‘udntas estrellas hay en el cielo? What (which problem) is the problem? What (which name) is the girl’s name? What (which days) are the days of the week? Why are we happy? Why is the sky blue? How much is it? How much does it cost? How much is it worth? How many cats are there in the city? How many stars are there in the sky? Cuantos and cuantas are adjectives and must agree in gender with the plural nouns they deseribe Cuando? When? udndo es la fiesta? udndo es el concierto? o Exercise 3.2 When is the party? When is the concert? Complete the following questions with the appropriate interrogative word. As you do this exercise, review ser, estar, and hay. Le es la bolsa de Maria, la bolsa roja o la bolsa azul? a. g dia es hoy? 3. ¢__ etn los estudiantes? 4, ¢—_____ hay muchas personas en el parque hoy?Hay, Interrogative Words, Days, and Months 31 5. ¢—________ es la mujer con el perro marrén? 6. go hay espejos en el baiio de los hombres? 7. ¢———__________ libros hay en la libreria? 8. g__ estan Uds.? Prepositions Xo You have already learned three of the most common prepositions in Spanish en in,on de from, of con with You can combine these prepositions with an interrogative word to further your ability to ask questions. n qné tienda hay muchos In what store are there many books? libros? ¢En cual parque hay animales In which park are there exotic exéticos? animals? eDe dénde es el hombre? Where is the man from? ¢De qué color es la mesa? (Of) what color is the table? gDe quién es la idea fantistica? Whose fantastic idea is it? (Of whom is the fantastic idea?) in estis? Whom are you with? ‘on qui Exercise 3.3 Complete the following questions with the appropriate preposition 1. ¢____ qué ciudad esté la estatua de la libertad? 2. g___ qué color es la casa grande? 3. ¢____ qué material es la ventana? ag quignes estan Uds.? 5 cuales paises hay plazas hermosas? 6% quign es el carro caro?32 Elements of a Sentence Days of the Week, Months, and Seasons Los dias de la semana (The days of the week) To refer to a day of the week in English. we say Monday or on Monday. In Spanish, the article el is used with the name of the day to express this idea. Days of the week are not capitalized in Spanish, el lunes el martes el miércoles el jueves el viernes Monday, on Monday Tuesday, on Tuesday Friday, on Friday el sabado eldomingo Sunday, on Sunday Wednesday, on Wednesday Thursday, on Thursday Saturday, on Saturday To form the plural of the days of the week, el changes to los and -s is added only to el sabado and el domingo. The names of the days of the week from el lunes to el viernes already end in-s los lunes: los martes los miércoles los jueves los viernes los sabados los Fridays, on Fridays domingos Sundays, on Sundays Hay clase los lunes gHlay fiestas los sibados? gDénde esté Tomas los domingos? El jueves es el dia de accién de gracias. EI martes es el dia del amor la amistad. Estamos en clase los miércoles ¢Dénde estas los viernes? Los meses (The months) Mondays, on Mondays Tuesdays, on Tuesdays Wednesdays, on Wednesdays Thursdays, on Thursdays Saturdays, on Saturdays There is class on Mondays Are there parties on Saturdays? Where is Thomas on Sundays? Thursday is Thanksgiving Day. Tuesday is St. Valentine's Day, We are in class on Wednesdays. Where are you on Fridays? enero January abril April febrero February mayo May marzo March junio JuneHay, Interrogative Words, Days, and Months 33 julio July octubre October agosto August noviembre — November septiembre — September diciembre December Las estaciones (The seasons) el verano the summer el otofio the autumn, the fall elinvieno the winter la primavera _ the spring(time) Partes del dia (Parts of the day) lamafiana the morning la tarde the afternoon la noche the night, the evening nA Reading Comprehension Un pueblo colonial Estoy, con unos amigos, en Guanajuato, un pueblo® colonial y antiguo® en el centro de México. Estamos aqui con los padres de Laura. Laura y yo somos estudiantes de espafiol; la madre de ella es arquedloga’ y el padre es politico.° Hay una escuela con clases de misica, de guitarra, de baile y de historia. Es el verano, el clima es maravilloso y los mexicanos son muy simpaticos. Hay fiestas los viernes y los sibados. Hay muchas clases de mos estudiantes serios.° La madre de Laura est contenta porque hay unas ruinas de los Olmecas° en el campo. El padre de ella esta contento también porque el viaje es tranquilo y relajante.® Estoy feliz en la casa de piedra en las montafias. Hay mis una comida en la tarde y conversacién durante’ el dia. Todo esta bien, lunes a viemes® también ys “a en la mafiana, °el pueblo town °serio serious antiguo old, ancient “los Olmecas an ancient people of Mexico arquedloga archeologist who disappeared around 600 4.0. el politico politician Srelajante relaxing “de lunes a viernes from Monday through “durante during Friday34 Elements of a Sentence Nombres masculinos el afto el érbol el ascensor el avién el boligrafo el bus el campo el coche el cuarto el cumpleafios el dia el dinero el edificio el equipaje el hogar el jardin el lapicero Nombres femeninos la avenida la biblioteca la calle la camisa la carta la ciudad la cocina la cuenta la ducha la entrada la esealera la escuela la fiesta la frase la gente la guerra la habitacién the year the tree the elevator the airplane the ballpoint pen the bus the countryside the car the room the birthday the day the money the building the baggage the home the garden the ballpoint pen the avenue the library the street the shirt the letter the city the kitchen the check, the bill the shower the entrance the stairs the school the party the sentence the people the war the room el lapiz el mensaje el mes. el nifio el pats el papel el parque el periddico el piso el precio el ruido el salon el sitio el suefio cl teatro el tema el viaje la hoja la librerfa la lave la medicina la musica la obra la pagina la palabra la pared la playa la pregunta la puerta la salida la salud la semana la tarea la tarjeta the pencil the message the month the child the country the paper the park the newspaper the floor the price the noise the classroom the place the dream the theater the theme the trip the leaf the bookstore the key the medicine the music the play the page the word the wall the beach the question the door the exit the health the week the homework the postcardHay, Interrogative Words, Days, and Months 35 Adjetivos alto tall flojo lax amable kind gracioso amusing amistoso —_ friendly hondo deep ancho wide largo long bajo low, short (in height) lento slow bello beautiful libre free carifioso affectionate nuevo new ciego blind orgulloso proud corto short (in length) peligroso dangerous dulce sweet pesado heavy, dull duro hard ripido rapid, fast elegante elegant raro strange emocionante — exciting sencillo simple especial special sordo deaf estrecho narrow suave soft fiel ‘faithful tranquilo tranquil Conjunciones (Conjunctions) Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses. mientras while porque because ° or si if pero but y and Exercise 3.4 You now have a new vocabulary of nouns and adjectives; test how many you recall in the following exercises. A. Translate the following Spanish phrases into English 1. el cuarto bello la persona agradable la amistad dulce la obra emocionante ORwWwD el dia lindoElements of a Sentence el edificio bajo el suefio raro la guerra larga la avenida ancha Swvana el afio nuevo B. Translate the following English phrases into Spanish. Make sure the adjective agrees with the noun. 1. the affectionate child 2. the simple homework 3. the dangerous city 4. the short person 5. the short month 6. the beautiful beach 7. the friendly woman 8. the kind man 9. the narrow avenue 0. the proud people e Exercise 3.5 Answer the following questions aloud using hay, ser, or estar. zHay hojas en los arboles en el verano? éCon quiénes estas ta en la escuela? zDe qué color es la habitacién de Julia? EDe quién es el jardin? zEn qué tienda hay tomates? gHay perros en el campo? Qué hay en el agua? eCual es la idea del estudiante inteligente? 1 2 3, 4 5 6. gDénde estan las playas bonitas de la ciudad? 7. 8. 9. 0. gDénde esta Ud.?Hay, Interrogative Words, Days, and Months 37 Zp 11. gCual es bella, la paz o la guerra? 12. gQuién esta aqui con Ud.? 13. gDénde esta el bafio, por favor? 14. cHay preguntas? Exercise 3.6 Complete the following sentences with the appropriate form of ser, estar, or hay. Be sure to include accent marks when they are needed. EXAMPLE Si hoy _€S_ sdbado, gpor qué —€St@N_ enojados los hombres? 4. eCual la escuela de los nifios? 2. gQuién aqui? 3. gDe qué color la puerta? 4, gPor qué _______carifiosa la amiga de Laura? 5, ¢_________ mucha gente en el hotel hoy? 6. La palabra en la frase; la frase en la pagina; la pagina ________en el libro. 7, ¢___ edificios altos en Madrid? 8. Las playas y las piscinas _________ en el campo. gQué _____ en la ciudad? 9. _____ muchos lapices y boligrafos en la mesa de la mujer. é ella la profesora de la clase? 40. En el verano, plantas verdes y flores hermosas en los parques. 11. Los hombres _______ altos. Los nifios ____ bajos. 412. Nosotros ___ estudiantes excelentes porque las lecciones no ________ dificiles. 13, ¢___ ella flaca porque ella ___ enferma? 14. Yo en la clase pero el maestro no aqui 15, ¢_______peligrosa la ciudad en la noche?38 Elements of a Sentence ZR 16. 17, 18. 19. 20. 24 luces en las avenidas porque es Navidad El carro negro ________barato; el coche verde es caro. eCua| ____ el carro del hombre rico? Si Manuel y Jorge __________ estudiantes excelentes, gpor qué __________tristes en la clase? Quiénes ________ en la casa los miércoles en la mafiana? gDénde ________ Ud. en la noche? eCus| _______ la bolsa de Sara, la bolsa roja o la bolsa gris? Eltren gris __________ pequefio; los buses, grandes Exercise 3.7 Translate the following Spanish sentences into English. 1 eDénde estan los estudiantes los domingos? El sabado y el domingo son dias de fiesta. En la primavera, hay flores bellas en los parques. En el otofio, hay hojas amarillas y rojas en los arboles. Qué dia es hoy? Hoy es miércoles. Qué mes es? Es septiembre ¢Cuédntos dias hay en junio? gCuantos dias hay en un afio? Las calles de México son estrechas. Las casas son bajas y bonitas. éPor qué estan los periédicos y las revistas en el piso?