Every Day Science

Differences
Physical Change & Chemical Change
Physical Change
➢ · In physical change the composition of molecule unchanged and
change is temporary.
➢ · Properties of substance formed but not materially changed and no
new substance formed.
➢ ·It’s not accompanied by heat, electricity or light.

Chemical Change
➢ · In chemical change the composition of molecules of matter is altered
and permanent.
➢ Properties of new substance are changed and new substance are
produced.
➢ Its accompanied by heat, light, or electricity.

Molecule & Atom

➢ · Its primary particle which every kind of matter made up.
➢ · Capable of free existence.
Atom
➢ · Atom is the smallest particle of an element that takes part in
chemical reaction.
➢ ·It may or may not be capable of free existence.
Metals & Non Metals
Metal
➢ These are usually solids at ordinary temperature and posses metallic
luster and high density.
➢ These are good conductors of heat and electricity and usually formed
alloy and basic in nature.
Non-Metal
➢ These are usually exist in all three states and not posses metallic
luster and low density.
➢ These often had conductors of heat and electricity and not form alloy
and acidic in nature.
Stars & Planets
Stars
➢ These are self-luminous and heavenly bodies and not revolve the sun.
➢ Stars are usually stationary examples: Binary , Fixed stars etc.
Planets
➢ Planets are rocky non-luminous bodies and revolve the sun.
➢ Planets usually move examples: Mercury, Venus etc.
Nuclear Fusion & Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
➢ Light atoms are fused together at high temperature and difficult to
carry out at the earth.
➢ No nuclear waste problem and requires cheaper and abundant
elements.
Nuclear Fission
➢ Heavier unstable atoms are broken down to produce energy and easy to
carry out at the earth.
➢ Has nuclear waste problem and requires expensive and rare elements.
Bacteria & Viruses
Bacteria
➢ These are very small but that can be seen by microscope. And lives
everywhere.
➢ It has a cell wall and posses nuclear material but not nuclear
membrane.
Viruses
➢ These are smaller than bacteria and can be seen with microscope and
grow only in side other cells.
➢ It has no cell wall and contain a single molecule DNA and RNA.
Herbivores & Carnivores
Herbivores
➢ The eats green plants, grass and fodder ‫ بوسو‬known as Herbivores. And
animals have specific digestive system for these.
➢ The teeth of animals are specially designed for it and Jaw movement
is special for side motion.
Carnivores
➢ The animals eating flash and meat are called carnivores and
digestive enzymes.
➢ Their teeth specially designed for it and jaw movement is specially
for up and down movement.
Epidemic and Endemic
Epidemic
➢ in at one place a great number of people suffer from one disease in
called Epidemic
➢ it can travel from one place to other. Examples: Influenza, Smallpox,
Cholera etc.
➢ Endemic
➢ if a disease is in particular area or region is called Endemic.
➢ It can't travel from one place to other examples: Goiter, in iodine
deficient areas.
➢ Lunar Eclipse and Solar Eclipse
➢ Lunar Eclipse
➢ it occurs when the earth comes between moon and sun.
➢ Moon goes through series of partial eclipse when moon comes out of
umbral region of Earth's shadow.
➢ Solar Eclipse
➢ it occurs when moon comes between earth and sun.
➢ partial eclipse of sun occurs as in Penumbra can see a part of the Sun.
➢ Asteroid and Meteorite
➢ Asteroid
➢ The small rocky objects which are orbiting the sun and earth lies
orbits of Mars and Jupiter are called Asteroid.
➢ These like as Star but are minor Planets.
➢ Meteorite
➢ Tiny chunk material floating in space which enters Earth's
atmosphere and become meteor is called Meteorite.
➢ A falling star (meteor) is seen as a streak of light in sky.
➢ Hard Water and Heavy Water
➢ Hard Water
➢ Hard water is a type and not makes lather with soap formula is H2O.
➢ It is not used in nuclear power plants.
➢ Heavy Water
➢ Heavy water is deuterium oxide in which hydrogen of water is
replaced by its heavier isotope and formula is D2O.
➢ It is used in nuclear power plants.
➢ Maser and Laser
➢ Maser:
➢ MASER: stands for Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation.
➢ Its not used medically.
Laser
➢ LASER: stands for Light Amplification by stimulated Emission of
Radiation.
➢ Its used medically.
Alpha Rays and Beta Rays
➢ Alpha Rays
➢ Alpha ray is a stream of particle. Each particle contain two proton
and two neutrons.
➢ It has positive charge, because photons are positively charged. And
travel through the air.
Beta Rays
➢ Beta ray is a stream of light which contains electron or protons.
➢ Beta ray can have either +ve or -ve charge and can travel through the
air.
Object Program and Source Program
Object Program
➢ Translated program are called Object Program and can't be
executed by translator.
Source Program
➢ Original Program is called Source Object. And can be executed.
Internal Commands and External Commands.
Internal Commands
➢ these commands are the simplest and commonly used commands
Examples Cls, Date, Time etc.
External Commands
➢ These commands reside on disk as programs files examples are COM,
EXE MAT.
Soft Copy & Soft Copy
Soft Copy
➢ it displays the data on the screen of monitor. It can be carried in a
floppy disk.
➢ A change can be made in a soft copy.
Hard Copy
➢ The data is printed on paper card etc with the help of printer and
can't carried out in a floppy disk.
➢ No change can be made in a hard disk.
Micro Computer and Mini Computer
Micro Computer
➢ its a small computer based on microprocessor and one user can use it
at a time.
➢ Soft ware are used to operate this and a low period computer.
Mini Computer
➢ its five time faster than Micro computer and more than one person can
use it at a time.
➢ Special soft ware used to operate it and very expensive computer.
 Analog Computer and Digital Computer
Analog Computer
➢ it works with continuous type data and and mainly made of electron
devices.
➢ Its very fast in processing and are used for real time simulation.
Digital Computer
➢ its work with data in terms of discrete number or digit and also made
of electron devices.
➢ Its easy to program and are in general purpose use.
Third Generation and Fourth Generation Computer
Third Generation Computer
➢ integrated circuits (ICs) on silicon chips are used for internal
operations.
➢ It increases speed of processor and in primary storage capacity up to 4
mega bytes.
➢ Reduction in size and cost and commonly used in Mini Computers.
Fourth Generation Computer
➢ Chips were used for central processing unit and memory.
➢ The microprocessor were developed and increase primary storage
capacity.
➢ Its very compact and smallest in size and used in Micro and Super
Computers.
Root and Stem
 Root
➢ its descending organ founds inside the soil and away from light and
has no buds in the root.
➢ Its non green part of the plant and root cap is present at the end of the
root.
➢ Nodes are not present.
Stem
➢ Stem is ascending organ founds outside the soil and close to light and
number of buds present.
➢ Its green part of the plant and has no root cap and nodes are present.
Enothermic Reaction and Exothermic Reaction
Enothermic Reaction
➢ these are those reactions which requires abundance of heat. It consume
heat & Energy. Example Nitrogen Mono oxide
Exothermic Reaction
➢ these are those reactions which don't require much heat or energy and
reaction liberate heat. Example Burning of Carbon.
CU and ALU
CU
➢ CU stands for control unit and control activities of Computer and
doesn't perform function of calculations.
ALU
➢ ALU stands for Arithmetic Logic Unit. It performs arithmetic and
 logical operations and perform Algebraic Functions.
Apes and Monkeys
Apes:
➢ Apes has no tail like Gorilla , Chimpanzee etc.
➢ Monkeys
➢ Monkeys has tail and like as monkey
➢ Barrage and Dam
➢ Barrage
➢ barrages are constructed on plain for irrigation at low height not high.
➢ Electricity can't be produced in barrage.
➢ Dam
➢ Dams are constructed for controls flood and for irrigation and at high
height and impossible at ground level.
➢ Dam is constructed to generate electricity.
➢ Isobar and Isotope
➢ Isobar
➢ its a geographical term used for a line which joins the same
atmospheric pressure at sea level at a particularly time.
➢ Isotope
➢ its a different type of element which the same atomic number i.e.
electrons and protons but different atomic weight.
➢ Autopsy and Biopsy
➢ Autopsy
➢ its a medical examination in which organs and tissues of dead body is
performed and used for medico-legal purpose.
➢ Biopsy
➢ its a examination of tumor cells and performed to investigate the
nature of tumor and used for diagnose purpose.
➢ Cardiac Muscle and Skeletal Muscle
➢ Cardiac Muscle
➢ its present in heart only and have central placed nuclei and never
fatigue.
➢ Its composed of long fibers and under involuntary control.
➢ Skeletal Muscle
➢ its present in the skeleton of the body centrally placed in skeletal
muscle and can fatigue.
➢ Its composed of long fibers and under voluntary control.
➢ Haze and Smog
➢ Haze
➢ the dust particle smoke etc, my be visible in atmosphere close to the
earth's surface is called Haze.
➢ It doesn't effect on natural visibility and doesn't occurs near coastal
areas.
➢ Smog
➢ its mixture of solids and liquids as well as particle of smoke.
➢ Some reduces visibility and occurs near coastal areas.
➢ Small pox and Measles
➢ Small pox
➢ its caused by virus and viral airborne infection.
➢ Infection of middle ear may not occurs and characterize by eruption of
the skin.
➢ Measles
➢ its caused by virus and highly contagious disease.
➢ Infection of middle ear may occurs and characterize by small red dots
of the skin.
➢ Endocrine Gland and Exocrine glands
➢ Endocrine Glans
➢ its known as ductless glands and discharge their secretions into the
blood.
➢ Exocrine Glands
➢ its known as ducted glands. And don't discharge their secretions into
the blood.
Telescope and Microscope
Telescope
➢ its a device used for view the distant and fainted objects and typically
used to observe the skies.
Microscope
➢ its a instrument used to obtain magnified image of minute objects and
typically used to observe minute objects.
Vaccine and Antibiotic
Vaccine
➢ these are those substance used to prevent a disease from occurring and
don't kill microorganism.
➢ These not used frequently examples Polio, etc.
Antibiotic
➢ these are those chemicals used either kill or retard the growth of
microorganism and used to kill microorganism.
➢ These used frequently Examples ciprofloxacin
Anabolism and Catabolism
Anabolism
➢ its a constructive process of metabolic reactions and reserves energy.
➢ In anabolism unstable smaller chemical components combine to form a
bigger stable molecule.
Catabolism
➢ its a destructive process of the metabolic reactions and provides
energy.
➢ In catabolism bigger organic molecules are broken down into smaller
 chemical components.
Oil and Ghee
Oil
➢ it contains unsaturated fatty acids and cannot be in solid state.
Ghee
➢ Ghee contain unsaturated fatty acids and its in the solid state.
Phobia and Mania
Phobia
➢ phobia is a psychological disorder and a presisten abnormal fear.
➢ It includes Hyfrophodia , agoraphodia etc.
Mania
➢ its a mental disorder and a extreme excitement.
➢ It includes emotionality elation and fighting ideas.
Center of Mass and Center of Gravity
Center of Mass
➢ its a point of the body where if force applied, the body undergoes
translatory motion. And related to the mass of the body.
Center of Gravity
➢ its the point of the body, through which the weight of the body acts and
related to the weight of the body.
Mass and Weight
Mass
➢ A body having quantity of matter is called Mass. Its value always
constant.
➢ Its a scalar quantity and determination of its value, common balanced
is used.
Weight
➢ Earth attracts a body with force is called weight and its value
changes with place.
➢ Its a vector quantity and for determination of its value spring balance
is used.
Carbon Cycle and Nitrogen Cycle
Carbon cycle
➢ its a sequence in which carbon circulates in the natural worlds and
then recycled and totally related to carbon.
➢ In Carbon cycle the CO2 of the atmosphere is absorbed by plants and
process carried out by plants.
Nitrogen Cycle
➢ its a sequence of circulation of nitrogen in the ecosystem and totally
related to nitrogen.
➢ In this fixation of free nitrogen of atmosphere takes place and process
carried out by Bacteria.
Neuron and Neutrons
Neuron
➢ its present in the nervous system of the body and transport impulses.
 Neutrons
➢ these are the particles which are present inside the atom and don't
transport impulses.
Climate and Weather
Climate
➢ its the normal weather conditions for an area during a season or a
year.
➢ Its described by means of an average of the statistics of various
weather factors over a period of time.
Weather
➢ Weather is the condition of atmosphere at any one place & time.
➢ Its described by air, temperature and humidity, wind & speed direction
etc.
Spinal Cord and Vertebral Column
Spinal Cord
➢ its a part of central nervous system and lies under vertebral column.
➢ It conveys impulses into brain and extension of medulla oblongata
Vertebral Column
➢ its part of main skeleton of the body and covers spinal cord.
➢ It doesn't convey impulses into brain and extension of spinal cord and
totally composed of bones.
Uniform Velocity, Average Velocity and Variable Velocity
Uniform Velocity
➢ in uniform velocity speed and direction both same throughout the
motion and velocity remains same all interval of the time.
➢ Its graph is straight line and found dividing displacement to total time.
Average Velocity
➢ in Average velocity either speed or direction both simultaneously
changes throughout the motion and velocity doesn't same at all
interval of time.
➢ Its graph doesn't a straight line and found by dividing total
displacement to total time taken by the body.
Variable Velocity
➢ in variable velocity either speed or direction change and velocity
doesn't remain same at all interval of time.
➢ In variable velocity the velocity and speed never be same and found by
dividing any piece of displacement to time for that displacement.
Alternate Current (A.C) and Direct Current (D.C)
Alternate Current
➢ its obtained by a resistor and generator is connected in series and
direction continuously changed.
➢ Its certain frequency in Pakistan is 50MZ its not dangerous and
changes high to low or vice versa and changes direction continuously.

Direct Current
➢ its obtained by a battery and direction remain unchanged and also
 obtained by a cell or chemical reaction.
➢ It has no frequency and too dangerous and can't change easily and
unidirectional.
Real Image and Virtual Image
Real Image
➢ its always inverted and can seen on screen.
➢ Its rays after reflection or refraction meet at a real point and exists
physically.
➢ Virtual Image
➢ its always erect and can't be seen on screen.
➢ Its rays after reflection or refraction don't meet at real point and
don't exist physically.
Speed and Velocity
Speed
➢ Rate of change of distance with respect to time is called Speed.
➢ Its a scalar quantity and specified suitable unit and magnitude
direction not required.
Velocity
➢ Rate of Change of displacement with respect to time is called Velocity.
➢ Its a vector quantity and specified by magnitude, suitable unit along
with proper direction.
Distance and Displacement
Distance
➢ Measure of path travel between two points is called Distance and
scalar quantity.
➢ Specified by magnitude and suitable unit and mostly occurs in curved
path.
Displacement
➢ Measure of straight line between two point called Displacement. And a
vector quantity.
➢ Specified by magnitude and suitable unit along proper direction and
never occurs in curved only straight line.
Transverse Waves and Longitudinal Waves
Transverse Waves
➢ in this the displacement of particles of medium is at right angle to the
direction of wave propagation and consist of crest and trough.
➢ Rigidity of medium is necessary for their propagation and their
velocity depend upon Tension and Mass per unit length of medium.
Longitudinal Waves
➢ in this displacement of particle is paralleled to direction of wave
propagation and consists of compression and refraction.
➢ Rigidity of medium is not necessary for their propagation and their
velocity depend upon Density of Medium and Elasticity of Medium.
Regular Reflection and Irregular Reflection
Regular Reflection
➢ it occurs when parallel rays of light strike with an plane surface and
 remain parallel after reflection.
Irregular Reflection
➢ It occurs when parallel rays strike an irregular non smooth surface
and rays doesn't remain parallel after reflection.
Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
➢ Formula KE=1/2 mV square (2)
➢ its defined as , Energy possessed by a body due to its motion and
directly proportional to mass and square of velocity.
Potential Energy
➢ Formula PE= mgh
➢ its defined as, Energy possessed by a body by the virtue of its position
and directly proportional to mass, height and gravitational
acceleration.
Concave Mirror and Convex Mirror
Concave Mirror
➢ its bulging side is polished and reflection occurs from hollow side.
➢ It forms real and imaginary both line.
Convex Mirror
➢ its hollow or concave side polished and reflection occurs bulging side.
➢ It forms only virtual image.
Force and Energy
 Force
➢ Formula F=ma its vector and unit is newton, directly proportional to
mass and acceleration.
➢ Defined as, its an agent which stops or tends motion of the body.
Energy
➢ Formula, E=FS its scalar and unit is joule, directly proportional to
the force and displacement.
➢ Defined as, capability of doing work is called energy.
Heat and Temperature
Heat
➢ Heat is form of Energy which neither creates nor destroyed. Unit Joule
➢ depends on Amount of substance and measured by Calorimeter.
➢ The heat of a body remain constant due to variation of pressure.
Temperature
➢ its degree of hotness and coldness unit is Kelvin
➢ its not depend on amount of substance measured by thermometer.
➢ The temperature of the body varies with pressure.
Atomic Mass and Molecular Mass
Atomic Mass
➢ its stand for Atom of an element.
➢ Its the sum of neutrons and protons in an atom.
Molecular Mass
➢ stands for Molecule of a compound.
➢ Its sum of atomic masses which are present in a molecule.
Symbol and Formula
Symbol
➢ stands for an element and inform only name of element as, Cu, Cl, N.
Formula
➢ stands for a compound and its indicate actual number of each atom
their valencies and molecular mass as, H2O, CO2 , HCL, etc.
Celsius Scale and Fahrenheit Scale
Celsius Scale
➢ its unit of temperature in CGS system and MKS system 1 C = 1.8 F
➢ Freezing point of water 0 C and Boiling point is 100 C
Fahrenheit Scale
➢ its unit of temperature in BE system 1 F = 1.8 C
➢ Freezing point of water is 32F and boiling point is 212 F
LAN and WAN
LAN
➢ stands : Local Area Network and its privately owned communication
network that serve used.
➢ The range is usually within a mile perhaps one office. Or building.
WAN
➢ stands: Wide Area Network and communication network.
➢ The range is usually a state or country.

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