TPG4160 Reservoir Simulation 2017 page 1 of 2
Hand-out note 14
INTRODUCTION TO COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION
So far, we have only considered so-called Black Oil models. These models assume that the
hydrocarbons may be described as two components, oil and gas, and that hydrocarbon fluid
composition remain constant during the simulation. All fluid properties are assumed to be
determined by oil pressure and bubble point pressure only. All mass transfer between the two
components is normally described by the solution gas-oil ratio term, Rso (although an oil-in-
gas term to handle condensate may easily be included in the Black Oil formulation).
In reservoirs containing light oil, the hydrocarbon composition as well as pressures affect fluid
properties. Equilibrium flash calculations using K values or and equation of state (EOS) must
be used to determine hydrocarbon phase compositions. Compositional simulation is beyond
the scope of this course, however, we will in the following give a short introduction to the
subject.
In a compositional model, we in principle make mass balances for each hydrocarbon
component, such as methane, ethane, propane, etc. In practice, we limit the number of
components included, and group components into pseudo-components.
We still have oil and gas as flowing hydrocarbon phases. In the following we will for
simplicity exclude water, which would have a form identical to its form in the Black Oil
model.
We define
Ckg = mass fraction of component k present in the gas phase
and
Cko = mass fraction of component k present in the oil phase.
Thus, we have the conditions that for a system of Nc components:
Nc
C kg =1
k=1
Nc
C ko =1
k=1
Then, a mass balance of component k may be written (in one dimension, for simplicity):
x
( ) ( )
Ckg gug + Cko ouo = Ckg g Sg + Cko o So
t
Darcy's equations for each flowing phase are identical to the Black Oil equations:
kkro Po
uo =
o x
Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Jon Kleppe
Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics 15.02.17
TPG4160 Reservoir Simulation 2017 page 2 of 2
Hand-out note 14
kkrg Pg
ug = .
g x
Where
Pcog = Pg Po
Pcow = Po Pw ,
and
So + Sg = 1 .
Thus, we may write flow equations for N c components as:
kk P kk P
x g x o x t
( )
Ckg g rg g + Cko o ro o = Ckg g Sg + Cko o So , k = 1, N c
The properties of oil and gas phases depend on pressures and composition, so that the
functional dependencies may be written:
g (Pg ,C1g ,C2 g ,...)
o (Po ,C1o ,C2o ,...)
g (Pg ,C1g ,C2 g ,...)
o (Po ,C1o ,C2o ,...)
If equilibrium K-values are used to determine component ratios, we have:
Cig
= K igo (T , P,Cig ,Cio ) .
Cio
The number of equations that must be solved in compositional simulation depends on the
number of components modeled. Often, we model the lighter components individually, and
group heavier components into a pseudo-component. If non-hydrocarbons are involved, these
may have to also be modeled separately.
The Black Oil model may be considered to be a pseudo-compositional model with two
components. Again neglecting water, if we define our components as:
Component 1 is gas
Component 2 is liquid
Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Jon Kleppe
Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics 15.02.17
TPG4160 Reservoir Simulation 2017 page 3 of 2
Hand-out note 14
Then,
C1g = 1 C2 g = 0
gS Rso oS
C1o = C2o =
o Bo o Bo
Substitution of these mass fractions into the compositional flow equation yields:
kkrg Pg kkro Rso Po Sg So Rso
+ = +
x Bg g x Bo o x t Bg Bg
kkro Po So
= ,
x Bo o x t Bo
which are identical to the Black Oil model equations.
Norwegian University of Science and Technology Professor Jon Kleppe
Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics 15.02.17