Module 6 (Cont.
The Complete Response of RL
and RC Circuits
Chapter 8 in Dorf and Svoboda
Volts In the previous example
We only had one or more switch with activities
appearing at the same point of time.
In Sequential switching
We have switching activities occurring at different time instants.
Problems with Sequential Switching
1. Compute
2. Find Norton
Equivalent t0 < t < t1
3. Write
4. Using iL(t)
Find other Valid t0 < t <t1
voltages/currents
Problems with Sequential Switching
1. Compute
2. Find Norton
Equivalent t1 < t < t2
3. Write
4. Using iL(t)
Find other Valid t1 < t <t2
voltages/currents
Problems with Sequential Switching
1. Compute
2. Find Norton
Equivalent t2 < t
3. Write
4. Using iL(t)
Find other
voltages/currents
Problems with Sequential Switching
1. Compute
2. Find Thevenin
Equivalent
3. Write
4. Using iL(t)
Find other
voltages/currents
P8.4-1
Find v(t) for t > 0
Solution steps
Find the voltage on the capacitor
1 just before the time instant of the
Closing or opening of the switch(es)
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
2 for whole circuit EXCLUDING
the capacitor after the switch(es) activity
3 The voltage on the capacitor is
4 Knowing the voltage across
the capacitor (v(t)) you can find any
other voltage or current in the circuit
Before t=0, i.e. t <0, assuming that
the circuit has been left for a long
period of time, so that everything
settled down, we have the following
equivalent circuit.
???
Solution steps
Find the voltage on the capacitor
1 just before the time instant of the
Closing or opening of the switch(es)
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
2 for whole circuit EXCLUDING
the capacitor after the switch(es) activity
3 The voltage on the capacitor is
4 Knowing the voltage across
the capacitor (v(t)) you can find any
other voltage or current in the circuit
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
2 for whole circuit EXCLUDING
the capacitor after the switch(es) activity
We would like to have
Thevenin Equivalent circuit
For this circuit.
Deactivated
Voltage Source
???
This circuit is a voltage divider
In Series
Solution steps
Find the voltage on the capacitor
1 just before the time instant of the
Closing or opening of the switch(es)
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
2 for whole circuit EXCLUDING
the capacitor after the switch(es) activity
3 The voltage on the capacitor is
4 Knowing the voltage across
the capacitor (v(t)) you can find any
other voltage or current in the circuit
3 The voltage on the capacitor is
???
Solution steps
Find the voltage on the capacitor
1 just before the time instant of the
Closing or opening of the switch(es)
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
2 for whole circuit EXCLUDING
the capacitor after the switch(es) activity
3 The voltage on the capacitor is
4 Knowing the voltage across
the capacitor (vc(t)) you can find any
other voltage or current in the circuit
??? 4 Knowing the voltage across
the capacitor (vc(t)) you can find any
other voltage or current in the circuit
Since we know the voltage
across the capacitor, we can
replace it by an independent
voltage source whose value is
function of time and is equal to
(vc(t)).
Dont forget, this is valid only for
Solution steps
Find the voltage on the capacitor
1 just before the time instant of the
Closing or opening of the switch(es)
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit
2 for whole circuit EXCLUDING
the capacitor after the switch(es) activity
3 The voltage on the capacitor is
4 Knowing the voltage across
the capacitor (vc(t)) you can find any
other voltage or current in the circuit
Switch first closed here Then opened here
at t=0 at t = 1.5
To continue solving
the problem
after t=1.5 S
We need
t >1.5 S
The switch opens again and no current passes through the 8 resistor,
thus forcing v(t) to be equal to zero instantaneously.
Note that
In the above problem, it was straightforward to see that v(t)
will be zero right after t=1.5.
However, imagine that it is required to compute vc(t)
instead.
In this case we have to proceed as described in the
following slide.
Thevenin
Equivalent
When the switch When the switch
closed opened
Module 6 (Cont.)
The Complete Response of RL
and RC Circuits (Stability)
Chapter 8 in Dorf and Svoboda
The circuits we have studied
so far are of the type
ONLY ONE ONLY ONE
OR
And its response was always of the form
What happens if
Stable Unstable
What makes a circuit unstable is
Given
ONLY ONE
ONLY ONE
That
both of
&
The circuit is unstable if its Thevenin (Norton)
equivalent resistance Rt is negtaive
Unstable
IF
Circuit
Therefore to design a stable
first-order
(i.e., single energy-storage element)
We must have positive Thevenin
(or Norton) equivalent resistance seen
by the capacitor (or inductor)
Example on design for Stability
P 8.5-2
Find A such that the circuit is stable.