ADVANCED DRILLING

ENGINEERING
SKPP 4413 / SKM 4413

DIRECTIONAL, HORIZONTAL &

MULTI LATERAL DRILLING
PROF. DR. ARIFFIN SAMSURI
 FACULTY OF PETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING (FPREE)

Topic Outcomes

Students should be able to:

Outline various types of tools & techniques used to deflect the hole
Describe the tools used in survey the direction & inclination of the
hole & calculate & analyze survey data
Discuss the benefits & problems involved in making directional,
horizontal & multi lateral drilling
Explain the configurations & classification of multilateral wells.

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 DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
Definition:
Process of deviating wellbore along predetermined course to target whose location is
given as lateral distance from vertical

Purpose:
To place well bottom under an inaccessible surface location

Reasons for directional drilling

Inaccessible location (surface)
Target pay zone lies vertically beneath impractical rig site (surface location, i.e. residential area,
river beds, mountain, harbor, road, etc.
Multiple wells drilling from a single site
Associated with offshore production platform: more economical to drill number of wells from single
platform, building multiple sites, pipelines, production facilities, etc.
Sidetracking
To deviate wellbore around & away from an obstruction in original wellbore, such as stuck ds
Relief well drilling
To intersect blowout well near bottom mud & water can be pumped into blowout well
Multiple target
Drill through one target & alter well direction to reach next target for prospect that cant drilled with
vertical well

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 APPLICATIONS
Geological Constraints :
Salt Domes : drill alongside & then at angle below salt to reach
target
Faults: Fault slippage casing damage drilling parallel to fault &
changing direction to cross fault into target

Inaccessible Locations :
Offshore Platform (multi-well platform drilling)
Towns/cities

Relief Well Drilling

Sidetracking :
Fish& workover
Exploration

Completion Strategy :
Multiplezone drainage
Horizontal Wells
Applications
Geological constraint
Inaccessible
location/target
Sidetracking
Completion strategy
FACULTY OF PETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING (FPREE)

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 FACULTY OF PETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING (FPREE)

Slant hole = straight, but at a predetermined angle

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Ariffin, UTM
FACULTY OF PETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING (FPREE)

Innovative-Entrepreneurial-Global
 FACULTY OF PETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING (FPREE)

Advantages @ Horizontal/Multilateral Well

Multiple wellheads on single pad

Less surface & environmental disturbance
Drilling & production waste centralized to one site
Centralization of facilities
Lower operating costs

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 SOME SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
Reaching under river or lake where waters are too deep or
swift to permit platform or barge from surface
Extinguishing oil fire by drilling from site some distance
away & pumping in mud
Drilling under city or other occupied place where vertical
well site impracticable
Deeper hole is reaching under salt dome cap, which forms
oil trap
Redirected hole at right path to by pass lost steel bit
blocking original hole
Undersea drilling from shore. Curving holes reach both
upper & lower oil formations from some location on bluff
Offshore drilling from platform mounted on pilings. Several
holes often drilled from each platform to produces oil more
economically
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 DIRECTIONAL DRILLING TECHNIQUE
General concept:
1. Drill vertical (upper) section of hole
2. Select proper tools for kicking off to non-vertical direction
3. Build angle gradually
4. Continue drilling to final target
Three categories:
1. Kickoff equipment/primary deflection /directional tools
Hole angles usually kicked off by jetting, whipstock, bent sub or
downhole motor tool
2. Rotary systems
As any rotary drilling
3. Drill string considerations
Use sufficient stabilizers & hole angle changes difficult after final hole
angle has obtained
Proper positioning very important can increase hole angle via fulcrum
principle or decrease via pendulum principle

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 INCREASING/HOLD/DECREASE INCLINATION
Increasing inclination Fulcrum Effect
Limber assembly
Near bit stabilizer
WOB forces dc to bend to hole low side
Bit face kicks up

Hold inclination
Packed hole assembly
Stiff assembly
Control WOB & RPM

Decrease inclination Pendulum Effect

Gravity pulls bit downward
No near bit stabilizer

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 PACKED HOLE ASSEMBLIES

String Stabilizer
NB Stabilizer
DP

HWDP
Bit
Steel DC
Monel DC

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 KICKOFF EQUIPMENT/DEFLECTION/DIRECTIONAL TOOLS
Primary deflection tools or kickoff equipment
Use for initiating & maintaining desired hole direction
(1st. deflection tool used to obtain initial deflection in desired direction)

Further hole progress controlled by:

Variation in WOB
Use of stabilizers & reamers
Drill string variations
Special bit
Some directional tools:
1. Whipstock
2. Jet bits
3. Downhole motor & bent sub
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DEFLECTION TOOLS
Bent Subs & Mud Motor
BHA
Steerable Systems
Badger Bits
Whipstocks
Rebel Tool
PDM's
Turbines
two basic principles bit drilling off
1. Introduce bit tilt angle into BHA axis just
above bit
2. Introduce sideforce to bit
Bit Tilt Angle & Sideforce
 JETTING BIT
Use one large jet & two smaller jets
Fast & economical
Bit orientation large jet facing desired direction
Drill string held stationary (no rotation) while mud
circulated
Mud jetting action @ large jet wash small cavern
into formation or wash out pocket ds tends to
follow
After washing 6-8 ft hole, rotation & drilling
operation continue. Survey taken at this point
return to normal drilling
Jetting restarted until desired well path achieved or
repeat for more angle if needed
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 WHIPSTOCK
Steel wedge
Set at KOP

To apply sideforce & deflect

bit to required direction
(initiation of deviation)
 WHIPSTOCK
Wedge shaped tool (simple device) to kick off well by forces bit into desired
direction
Types:
1. Removable
Withdrawn from hole with dp
Most widely used
2. Fixed
Stays in hole as permanent installation
Never used in open hole
Used in sidetracking when desired initial deflection point inside casing
Has collar for detached from ds
Procedures:
1. Small bit used to start
2. Oriented whipstock to desired direction
3. Apply wieght to:
Set chisel point
Shear pin
4. Initiate drilling
5. After drilling 1 20ft below whipstock, entire assembly removed
6. Run in regular ds assembly into hole & large hole

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DEFLECTION TOOL
Bent Sub & Mud Motor
Short length pipe with diameter = DC

Threaded connections on either end

Lower connection axis offset < 3 deg.

Introduce tilt angle

Must be used in conjunction with mud

motor, PDM or drilling turbine
Bent sub & PDM can be used in build up
or drop off portion only
Bent Sub
 Bent Sub
vs.
Bent Motor
BHA
 DEFLECTION TOOLS
BENT-SUB & DOWNHOLE MOTOR
Sub has -2 deg. of bend that will deflect motor to
desired direction
Steering tool commonly used with bent sub

KNUCKLE JOINT
An extension of ds incorporating universal joint @
junction, thus rotation at different angle possible
Disadvantage: Angular change may be quite abrupt
dog leg

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 ORIENTATION METHODS
Directional drilling feature:
Orientation of primary deflection tools & to start initial
deflection in the proper direction
Requirements:
Knowing bottom hole position of whipstock or knuckle
joint prior to set
Two basic methods of orienting deflection tools in
used:
1. Drill-pipe alignment method
2. Bottom hole orientation methods

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 DRILL PIPE ALIGNMENT METHOD
Procedures:
Keeping accurate track of dps rotation while run into hole
Affixed deflection tool to dp & faced toward desired
direction
Fastened sighting bar to dp & aimed at derrick leg
Attached next pipe stand to string
Aligned section, removed sighting bar & lowered stand into
hole
At bottom, rotate dp to its original position for desired
orientation
Disadvantages
Slow
Subject to error to torsional stresses pipe (esp. deep hole)
Little used except for shallow well
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 BOTTOMHOLE ORIENTATION METHOD
Procedures:
Inserted special K-monel sub inside string (just above
deflection tool)
Run in hole single shot instrument
Rotate p as desired
Run second shot for proper alignment

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STEERABLE DRILLING SYSTEMS
Allow directional change (azimuth & inclination)
without tripping to change BHA (drill directional or
straight)
Consists of
Bit
Mud motor
Navigation sub
Navigation stabilizer
Survey system - MWD
System is oriented using MWD readings bit will
drill in direction of navigation sub offset angle &
driven by downhole motor oriented or sliding
drilling mode (ds not rotate)
System drill straight by simple string rotation (50-80
RPM) while motor continue to run rotating
drilling mode (ds rotating)
Steerable System
ROTARY STEERING SYSTEM
Application of sideforce & possibility of rotate drill
string when drilling directionally or when in
oriented mode possible to rotate ds all times
during drilling operation ability to transport
cutting
Downhole system
Consist of :
Non-rotating Steerable Stabilizer
Electronic probe
Reservoir navigation or MWD tool

Surface system
Comunnication system @ downhole & surface controller
Consist of:
Surface Computer System
By-pass Actuator
Rotary Steering System
Non-rotating Steerable Stabilizer
Downhole System

Non-rotating Steerable Stabilizer

Contained within non-rotating sleeve
Control bit direction
Drive shaft rotate bit through non-rotating sleeve
Sleeve decoupled from shaft not affected by ds
rotation
Electronic Probe
Control interface between all tool components &
manage exchange data to & from surface
Reservoir Navigation or MWD Tool
Provide deep reading measurement & high vertical
resolution reading
Enable operator to downlink course correction to keep
well in zone of interest
 DIRECTIONAL BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLIES
Conventional BHA can be used but very difficult to predict the
rate -> not widely used
Tendency @ increase/decrease of hole angle depend on BHA
flexibility (some degree flexibility) bend @ WOB
Three types BHA have been used to control hole deviation
Packed Hole Assembly
Very stiff, consisting of DC & stabilizer -> used for tangential section drilling
Pendulum Assembly
Unsupported DC will force bit to low side of hole angle decrease or drop off
To increase tendency to drop angle:
Apply less WOB (lower ROP)
Apply more RPM & pump pressure
Reaming down
Use bigger Monel DC below reamer, small DC above

Fulcrum Assembly
Place reamer near bit & apply high WOB DC above reamer tend to bend to low side of hole
reamer as fulcurm forcing bit upward
To increase build up:
Add more WOB
Use smaller monel (increase buckling effect)
Reduce RPM & pump rate
BHA Design
 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MOTOR (PDM)
Downhole motor to drive bit without rotating entire
drill string, powered by fluid, gas or air
Consist of 4 main sections:
Dump valve
By pass valve allow ds to fill up or drain when tripping in
or out of hole
Motor assembly
Rubber lined stator with spirally shaped cavity elliptical
cross section, connecting to connecting rod
Connecting rod
With joint to accommodate eccentric rotor rotation &
transfer this rotation to drive shaft
Bearing & drive shaft assembly
Thrust bearing & radial bearing to allow smooth rotation of
drive shaft, connected to bit sub
PDM Specifications
Mud Motors
TURBODRILL
Mud motor turn bit without rotating ds,
powered by liquid mud
Consist of:

Bladed rotor & stator mounted at right

angle to fluid flow
Rotor attached to drive shaft bit

Advantages:

String & casing wear reduced

Lower torque on string

Higher RPM (better ROP)

Turbodrill
Turbodrill Assemblies
STEERING TOOL
Specially design tool to orientate deflecting tool &
monitor borehole progress
Wireline telemetry instrument measure inclination
& direction (probe) while drilling progressing
Can only be used when mud motor being used
Application:
Kick off
Sidetracking
Correction run
Operation:
Gravity toolface
Magnetic toolface
STEERING TOOL
Downhole Equipment :
magnetometers
accelerometers
conductor wireline

Surface Equipment :
circulating head
side entry sub
wireline unit
processors
drillfloor display
Steering Tool
STEERING TOOL
ADVANTAGES
Save rig time

Better borehole path directional control @

continuous monitoring
Able to monitor orientation of deflection
tool during drilling
DISADVANTAGE

Cannot be used in conventional rotary

drilling (mud motor only) MWD
 SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
Directional drilling requires measurement of :
vertical deviation
horizontal direction
Need combination of plumb-bob /pendulum
reading with simultaneously recorded compass
reading (magnetic/gyroscopic)
Can be single or multiple shot, depending on
number of reading obtainable from a single run

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 PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYING TOOL
Measure inclination & N-S-E-W direction
Photographic disc @ instrument used to produce
image
Three method of running & retrieving photographic
instrument:
Wireline
Dropped down dp, then retrieved by overshot on wireline
Dropped free down dp, sits inside baffle plate (Totco) & retrieved
when trip
Instrument type:
Magnetic Single Shot (MSS)
Magnetic Multishot (MMS)
Gyro Single Shot (GSS)
Gyro Multi Shot (GMS)
 MAGNET SINGLE SHOT
Consists of three section
Angle unit : magnetic compass & inclination
measuring device (plumb bob)
Camera, photographic disc, bulb & battery

Timing device or motion sensor unit

Tool in position allowed compass to rotated

to Earths magnetic field
Instrument stop moving / set timing
photograph image
To avoid magnetic field effect, used non-
magnetic dc in BHA Magnetic Declination
Single Shot Tool
Magnetic Single
Shot Tool
MAGNETIC MULTI-SHOT
Determine overall trajectory in single
survey run with special camera unit
Dropped free or lowered into non-
magnetic collar by wireline
Multishot taken during pipe tripping out
with depth tracking
To avoid magnetic field effect, used non-
magnetic dc in BHA Magnetic Declination
Magnetic Multishot Device
 MAGNETIC COMPASS
Widely used & can be single or multiple shot
Data recorded : picture & time vs depth log
Susceptible to magnetic influence of steel dp & dc
normally run inside nonmagnetic dc (monel collar)
Can be run into hole @ situation:
1. Free drop or go-devil operation
Housed in special shock absorber barrels
Retrieved with overshot on wireline or by pulling pipe
2. Wireline operation
Single-shot
lowered into open hole on wireline,
Position on bottom,
Held stationary,
Recording & retrieved
Multi-shot run into open hole with electric cable
3. Drill pipe or tubing operation
Run in dp or tubing

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 GYROSCOPIC
Can be maintaining directional orientation over
considerable time period
Picture can be taken at set timing & desired
interval with record of time, vertical angle &
direction
Not influenced by magnetic disturbances can
be used in cased & open hole
Survey: going in or out of hole

May run on dp, tubing & inside casing on wireline

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GYRO SINGLE SHOT
Used for cased hole or open hole where
offset well cased
Magnetic field effect 100% eliminated

Gyroscope, wheel rotated by electric

motor , lined up with True North direction
at surface
Compass card attached to & aligned with
gyroscope axis reference direction
taken
Tool landed in position, procedure as MSS

Sensitive to vibration & wireline operation

 DIRECTIONAL WELL SCHEMATIC

Kickoff depth

TVD
Inclination

Measured depth

Horizontal displacement

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INTRODUCTION

Functions of Surveying Tools :

monitor/alter wellpath
geological mapping

monitor dog-legs

Types of Tools
mechanical
magnetic

gyroscopic

solid-state

Operating Conditions
high temp./press.
vibration/shock
Program and
Actual
Wellpath
YB = AB Sin a
XB = AB Cos a

Principles of
Surveying
 WELLBORE SURVEYING
Required information:
Initial position of reference point (rotary
table)
Measured depth (AHD) of survey station
Based on ds length in wellbore and distance between bit
& survey tool
Wellbore oriented direction (degree from
north) at survey station : azimuthal direction
Wellbore inclination (degree from vertical)
at survey station
Angle (deg.) that wellbore deviated from vertical
Mathematical model of wellbore trajectory
 WELLBORE AZIMUTHAL DIRECTION
Bit direction when survey azimuth
Angle (deg.) between horizontal component of
wellbore direction (at particular point), measured in
clockwise direction from reference (North).
Three azimuth reference systems:
Magnetic north
Earth magnetic line horizontal component direction (magnetic compass)
True (geographic) north
Geographic pole direction (meridian longitude)
Grid north
Defined by central meridian grid north

Grid convergence angle : angle between longitude

meridian (TN) and north of particular grid system (GN)
Declination : angle between earth magnetic horizontal
component and longitude line
 BASIC DIRECTIONAL WELL SURVEY CALCULATION
Z = MD cos a
H = MD sin a
Y = H cos b
X = H sin b
Where;
Z = true vertical depth (between survey point)
H = hole horizontal displacement
MD = measured depth (ds length)
X = departure, distance east or west of north-south axis
Y = latitude, distance north or south of east-west axis
a = vertical deviation angle
b = horizontal angle (compass direction)
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 WELLBORE TRAJECTORY MODEL

TangentialModel
Balanced Tangential Model

Average Angle Model

Curvature Radius Model

Minimum Curvature Model

 Tangential Model

Used only inclination angle & direction measured at lower survey station
Wellbore assumed to be tangential to these angles throughout survey interval
Highly inaccurate & not recommended
 Balanced Tangential Model

Used upper & lower stations survey data

Assume well path lies along two equal length, straight line segments
Inclination & direction each segment given by corresponding survey station
More accurate results
 Average Angle Model

Inclination & direction at two survey station are averaged

Assume wellbore one straight line over survey interval
Good for small survey interval & small curvature rate
Often used at rig site (fairly simple calculation)
 Radius of Curvature Model

Curved path assume has shape of spherical arc passing through measured angle
at two survey station
Inclination & direction assume to vary linearly over course length
Less sensitive to error
Complicated calculation & best handled by computer
 Minimum Curvature Model

Take space vector defined by inclination & direction measurements & smooths them onto
wellbore curve
Path curvature calculated using ratio factor, defined by wellbore dogeg
Best handled by computer
 SURVEY CALCULATION TECHNIQUES
8 methods for computing survey results but 3 most
widely used;
1. Tangential
2. Angle-averaging
3. Radius-of-curvature

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 TANGENTIAL METHOD

Also known as backward station method, terminal

angle method
Uses only inclination & direction angles measured at lower end of
course length
Assumption:
Hole will maintain constant inclination & azimuth angles between survey
points
Wellbore path is assumed to be tangent to those angles throughout section
length
Most inaccurate available method

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 TANGENTIAL METHOD CALCULATION

A (survey point)

Known:
lA Location of A
Distance AB
Inclination Angles lA, lB
Direction Angles AA, AB
lB Calculation:
B (survey point)
VAB = AB cos lB
HAB = AB sin lB

lB

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 ANGLE-AVERAGING METHOD
Also known as average angle method
Assumption:
Borehole is parallel to simple average drift & bearing angles
between any two survey stations/points
Simple average of angles at top & bottom of course
length
Wellbore is calculated tangentially using those two average angles
over course length
Simple & more accurate than tangential method

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 ANGLE AVERAGING METHOD - CALCULATION

A
Vertical Plane
Known:
Location of A (station)
Distance AB
lA Calculation:
Iavg = (lA + lB)/2
Aavg = (AA + AB)/2
lB VAB = AB cos Iavg
HAB = AB sin lavg
lavg B

lavg

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ANGLE AVERAGING METHOD - CALCULATION
Horizontal Plane
N

HAB = AB sin lavg

AB
/\E = AB sin lavg sin Aavg
B /\N = AB sin lavg cos Aavg

Aavg /\Z = B cos lavg

/\N
AA

E
A /\E

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 RADIUS-OF-CURVATURE METHOD
Uses sets of angles measured at each end of course length to
generate space representing wellbore path
Assumption:
Wellbore follows smooth, spherical arc between survey points & passes
through measured angles at both ends (tangent to l and A at both points 1 & 2)
Need computer solution

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RADIUS OF CURVATURE METHOD CALCULATION

Known:
Location point 1
/\MD12
Inclination angles l1, l2
A1 Direction angles A1,A2
l2 l1 Calculation:
Circle arc length, L = Rqrad
R1 /\MD = R1 (l2 l1) (rad)
1 North
A1
l1

l2 /\North

2
/\East East

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 DIRECTIONAL SURVEY REPORT/TABULATION

Measured depth Hole angle Azimuth

(ft) (deg.)
3000 2 N28E
- - -

Measured Drift TVD (ft) Displacement North/South East/West

depth (ft) (deg.) (ft) (ft) (ft)
3000 0 3000 0 0 0

3100 2 3100 1.7 1.2 1.3

- - - - - -

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 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. Lateral or horizontal displacement from target to vertical
line from rig site
2. KOP
3. Desired build up angle rate
4. Final drift angle
5. Plan type

KOP
Depth at which wellbore path will be intentionally
diverted from vertical position
Normally at soft, shallow formation where directional
drilling easier
Selected so that final angle buildup can be achieved prior
to setting surface casing minimizes key seat problem
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 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS cont.
DRIFT/INCLINATION ANGLE
Angle, measured between actual well path at some depth & vertical line
below rig site
Type value: 15-35 deg.
Industry minimum acceptable drift angle: 12-15 deg.
Common upper restraints: 45 48 deg.
Common practical upper limit: 35 deg.
Hole angles > 45-48 deg begin to encounter problems, i.e:
Increased torque , drag, & pumpdown requirements for logging operations

BUILD & DROP ANGLE RATE

Build angle rate describe angle buildup amount below KOP until drift angle
reaches desired value
Drop angle rate describe angle decrease rate prior to returning to vertical
which normally apply only in S plans
Typical range:
1-4 deg/100ft with 3 deg/100ft most common
>4 deg/100ft possible dog-leg & key-seat problems

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 HOLE PLAN TYPES
Straight kick
Builds angle & drill directionally through target
Most common used
S-type kick
Drop angle prior to drilling to target so entry is vertical
which may improve:
Completion
Production efficiency
Effective cementing job
Angle dropping requires fewer stabilizers @ BHA
Azimuth control problems may occur
Key-seat may develop if vertical long section hole drilled
Need 10-20% more drilling time than straight kick
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Typical
Configurations
 DIRECTIONAL HOLE PLANNING
Common used: 3 patterns: Type 1, 2, & 3
Type 1:
Desired deflection in surface zone & maintained to total
depth
Applicable to moderate depth (desired small deflection &
not required intermediate casing string)
Type 2:
Applied to deep wells which required intermediate casing
string
Directional part at shallow depth:
Softer formation faster ROP, trip less costly & frequent
Type 3:
Applied at multi-pay fields where separate well drilled for
each pay
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 DEVIATED WELL PLANNING
Target Specification :
Depth

Along Hole Depth (AHD) : depth from surface

reference point, measured along borehole trajectory
True Vertical Depth (TVD) : vertical depth below
reference point
Location

TVD lateral displacement from wellhead in Northerly &

Easterly direction (latitude & longitude)
Size & Shape

Rig Location
Adjacent Wells
Casing and Mud Programmes
Hole Size
Geological Section
Well Trajectories
 WELL PROFILE PLANNING
Three type of deviated well profile:
1. Build & hold
Most common & simple
2. S-shaped
More complex
Often used for exploration & appraisal
well due
Easier to assess potential productive zone
Efficient stimulation treatment (vertically
entered)
3. Deep kick off
Horizontal well drilling
Most difficult
 WELL PROFILE PLANNING
(Parameter Defining Wellpath)
1. Kick Off Point (KOP)
Depth at which change @ well inclination initiated & well
orientation in particular direction
Shallow KOP :
To reduce inclination of tangent section
Easier to kick off
More stable formation less problem

2. Build up Rate (BUR)/Drop Off Rate (DOR)

Rate (deg/100ft) at which well deviated from vertical
Common : 1- 3 deg./100ft & if build up >3deg/100ft doglegs
severity
3. Tangent (Drift) Angle
Inclination (degree from vertical) of long straight section after
build up section (tangent section)
Common: 10 -60 deg.
If < 10 deg: difficult to control trajectory
If > 60 deg. Difficult to run wireline tools
A = rig location
B = KOP
R = build up section radius
a = tangent angle
Trajectory
Planning
 WELL PROFILE PLANNING
(Defining Points on Wellpath)
Build Up Section Radius (R) :
R = 36000 / 2pg
g = build up rate, deg./100ft

Tangent Angle (a):

a=x+y
tan x = (d R)/D
tan y = R cos(x) / D

Along Hole Depth (AHD) at end of build section

Measured depth at end of build section
AE = AB + BE
BE / 2pR = a/360
 WELL PROFILE PLANNING
(Defining Points on Wellpath)
TVD at end of build section: AX
AX = AB + PE
PE = R sin a

Displacement at end of build section XE:

XE = OB OP
OP = R cos a
OB = R
AHD of target
Total measured depth, AT = AE + ET
WELL PROFILE PLANNING
(Defining Points on Wellpath)
Example:

KOP = 2000 ft
TVD of target = 10000 ft
Horizontal displacement of target = 3000 ft

Build up rate = 2 deg./100 ft

 DIRECTIONAL WELL PATH PLANNING CONSIDERATION

Technical constraint & issues to be

considered:
Target location

Target size & shape

Surface location (rig location)

Subsurface obstacles (adjacent well, fault,

etc)
Factor must be considered:

Casing & mud programmes

Geological section
 SURVEY CALCULATION & PLOTTING RESULTS
One well : reference point = rotary table
Multiwell platform: reference point
= drilling template centre or wellhead area centre
Steps:
1. Calculate survey station position
North & East coordinates by using one model
2. Calculate station vertical section displacement
Line from reference point to target target bearing
Calculate true horizontal distance from survey station to
reference point projected onto target bearing
Distance measured along target bearing to this point vertical
section

3. Calculate section dogleg severity

Is total three dimensional angular change between stations
= divide change in angle by course length between station then
multiplying 100
Example of Compass Displays (MSS Disc)
Dogleg Severity
 DOG-LEG SEVERITY
At station A:
Inclination
= aA
Azimuth = bA
At station B:
Inclination
= aB
Azimuth = bB
Dog-leg angle (f) = cos-1{(cosaAcos aB + sin aAsin aB cos(bA - bB )}
Dog-leg severity (DSL) = f / L
L = measured depth between station A & B
DOG-LEG SEVERITY - Exercise
At station A:
Inclination
= 5 deg.
Azimuth = 145 deg.
At station B:
Inclination
= 8 deg.
Azimuth = 135 deg.
L = 90 ft
Calculate DSL ?
 DIRECTIONAL DRILLING PROBLEM
Potential for dog-leg key-seat
Large angle changes over short course length high
bending stresses on pipe
Common practice: limit to 4-6 deg/100ft

DL = 100 / {(L)[(sin l1 sin l2)(sin A1 sin A2 + cos A1cos A2) + cos l1 cos l2]}

Where;
DL = dog-leg, deg/100ft
L = course length, ft
l1 & l2 = inclination at upper & lower surveys, deg
A1 & A2 = direction at upper & lower surveys, deg
Ariffin, UTM
 RISK
Strictly based on economic consideration on
surface location costing
Potential for dog-leg & key-seat problems

Analysis error due to :

survey data accuracy,
survey quality
calculation method

Ariffin, UTM
EXERCISE
Given:
Sidetrack well from 1500ft
Target depth = 10000 ft
Horizontal departure = 3500 ft
Build up rate = 1.5 deg./100ft
Calculate:
Well drift angle
TVD & horizontal deviation at end of build
up section
Total measured depth to target
DOWNHOLE TELEMETRY TOOL
Real time surface read out MWD
Cost-effective method (2 hrs/10,000 ft)

MWD

Consist of downhole measuring unit,

telemetry system & surface read-out
unit
Telemetry may be :
conducting wireline (steering tool)
signals @ mud column (MWD)

Downhole measuring unit:

Gyroscpoe

Magnetometer
MWD
Configuration
AVERAGE ANGLE METHOD
Inclination & direction of both survey station are
averaged
Average drift angle : a = (aA + aB)/2
Average azimuth angle : b = (bA + bB) / 2
AB = MDB - MD = course length
PB = course displacement = AB sin a
TVD Station B = PA = AB cos a
PC = North displacement (/\N) = PB cos b
CB = East displacement (/\E) = PB sin b
NB = NA +/\N = North coordinate B
EB = EA +/\E = East coordinate B
aaa
Average Angle Method
AVERAGE ANGLE METHOD
Vertical Section Station B (VS) = OX = OB cos
q
Closure OB = (EB2 + NB2)0.5

q = angle TON angle BON (target bearing bearing of B)

Tan (angle BON) = EB / NB

EXERCISE

Survey Station 23 :
Station MD Inc. Azi. N E TVD VS
22 3135 24.5 92 -30.78 344.60 3086.95 345.02
23 3500 25.5 92.5
Target bearing 095 deg.
Calculate :
North & East coordinates
TVD
Vertical section
Dogleg severity
Of the next station according to average angle
method
Exercise Result
 d
Measured depth (ft) Hole angle (deg.)
Azimuth
5000 15 N30E
6000 16 N28E
7000 17 N50E
8000 17 N20E
9000 17 N30E

By using radius of curvature technique, calculate:

A. TVD
B. N/S & E/W position
Ariffin, UTM
 MD (ft) Hole Angle (deg.) Azimuth
2000 1 N27E
2300 3 N15E

Calculate:

A. TVD
N/S & E/W

By tangetial & angle-averaging

method
FACULTY OF PETROLEUM & RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING (FPREE)

Thank You

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